Vincent (Dean). History of the Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients in the Indian Ocean. 1807, 2 vols., 4to., maps and plates.

Vivien de Saint-Martin. Description historique et géographique de l'Asie Mineure, comprenant les temps anciens, le moyen âge, et les tèmps modernes, avec un précis détaillé des voyages qui ont été faits dans la Péninsule depuis l'époque des Croisades,......précédée d'un tableau de l'histoire géographique de l'Asie depuis les plus anciens temps jusqu'à nos jours. Paris, 1852, 2 vols., 8vo., maps.

Voyages faits en Terre-Sainte par Thetmar en 1217, et par Burchard de Strasbourg en 1175, 1189 ou 1225; par le baron Jules de Saint-Genois. 4to.

Le saint voyage de Jérusalem, par le baron d'Anglure (1395). Paris, 1858, sm. 8vo.

Voyage d'oultremer en Jhérusalem par le seigneur de❘ Caumont, l'an 1418, publié par le marquis de la Grange. Paris, 1858, 8vo., plates.

Voyages faits principalement en Asie, dans les xii, xiii, xive, et xve siècles; avec une introduction par P. Bergeron. Leyde, 1729; or La Haye, 1735, 2 vols., 4to.

"Letter to another Friend," p. 328. There are
also "Some Additional Passages of Mr. Cooke,"
pp. 351-2, and "A Letter to his Daughter," p. 352.
There is a reference by Cooke at p. 321 to some
account of himself in the Relation of his Passage
by Sea from Wexford to Kingsale.
ED. MARSHALL.

Is MR. STILLWELL correct in styling the above a regicide? His name is not amongst the signatures on the warrant to execute Charles I., and I am under the impression that only those whose signatures appear on the warrant were styled regicides. SYWL.

CAROLS (5th S. viii. 491.)-In Parker's Glossary of Architecture, third ed., 1840, vol. i. p. 38, the term is thus noted:-" Carol, carrol, carrel, carola (Lat. studium), a small closet or enclosure to sit in."

I am well acquainted with the example in the cloisters of Chester Cathedral concerning which Mr. Parker writes, in his book entitled The Medieval Architecture of Chester, p. 28:-"In the west walk (of the cloisters) are the places prepared for the carols of the monks, or their studies, to sit and write in; . . . . they were so called probably from their being square, carrels, or quarrés.”

J. W. W.

It seems that in some places carols was the name given to recesses in ancient cloisters where the monks studied and transcribed manuscripts. It is asked what is the derivation. In Gaelic cro has several meanings, among them a hut, a house; -ol is the diminutive from caol, small; in composition the c is aspirated and loses its sound. In some cases a word may be said to be derived from another; in other instances it may be said to be derivable from another: perhaps the latter way is the one here. The early Celtic Christian church was overlaid or superseded by the Roman Catholic, and some terms from a Celtic source may have come into use. Some Celtic words begin in Gaelic with C, and in Cornish with t: the Gaelic cro, a house, is the analogue of the very common Cornish word tre. THOMAS STRATTON.

Carrells, carralls, caroles (Fr.), karils, quarrels, quadrils; so called from their square shape.

Mr. Parker, in his Glossary of Architecture, says::-"Carola is applied to any place enclosed with skreens or partitions. In Normandy and

elsewhere in France the rails themselves are termed

caroles. Also this term was applied to the aisles of French churches which have skreened chapels

on one side."

Carol quadrellus, a pew.

T. F. R.

J. T. M.

THE WORKHOUSE KNOWN AS THE BASTILLE (5th S. viii. 406.)-I have heard the workhouse

called Bastile at Darlington; and Lieut.-Col Egerton Leigh's Cheshire Glossary contains:

"Bastils, the Poor House or Work House. Not used simply except as a synonym. Very common throughout England. Of course, the origin of the word would be the French State prison, the Bastille, destroyed by the Paris mob in 1789."

The word does not occur in Messrs. Nodal and Milner's Glossary of the Lancashire Dialect, nor does Halliwell record it with the above meaning attached to it. ST. SWITHIN.

The term Bastille applied to the workhouse is not local. Forty years ago it was a general term through England. More, your correspondent may be informed that such use of the word did not arise from the "lower ten." With the change of the poor laws forty years and more ago appeared a large book on the English Bastilles, or a similar title comprising those words, by G. R. Wyther Baxter, if my memory is correct to each initial. The book was most voluminous, and most people would say now most intemperate. Newspapers adopted the term, and it became at once popular and the one slang word for the new union-houses. W. G. W.

I remember that every one in the part of Derbyshire where I lived in my young days called the workhouse "the Bastile." The workhouse was looked upon as a veritable prison, and it was considered by many quite as great a disgrace to be obliged to go into the one as to be put into the other. THOS. RATCLIFFE.

Worksop.

"the

In the days of my youth I always heard the Kidderminster workhouse spoken of as Bastile" by the lower classes; and, since then, I have frequently heard the same misapplication of the word in various counties. CUTHBERT Bede.

APSLEY FAMILY OF THAKEHAM, CO. SUSSEX (5th S. viii. 409.)—I think this the solution of D. C. E.'s question. Alice, eldest daughter and co-heiress of Sir Edward Apsley, and sister to the Edward Apsley who died a bachelor, did marry Sir John Butler, son and heir of Sir Oliver Butler, of Teston, Kent, who, however, died before his father and without issue. His widow married

secondly George Fenwick, of Brinkburne, co.
Northumberland, afterwards a colonel in the
Parliamentarian forces. They had issue two
daughters, named after two of their_mother's
and "Dorothy."
Apsley aunts-"Elizabeth"
According to the Visitation of Northumberland,
1666, the former married Sir Thos. Haslerig, of
Noseley Hall, Bart., and had children. The latter
married Sir Thos. Williamson, Knt. and Bart.,
of East Markham, Notts, and afterwards of North
Wearmouth Hall, co. Durham. She died 1699,

aged fifty-four. "Brunton" Hall is simply a mistake for Brinkburne. "Lady Alice Boteler, wife of George Fenwick," as she is called on her tombstone in America, emigrated there with her second husband in 1639. He was one of the company who held the patent of Connecticut, granted to the Earl of Warwick, in which Lord Say and Sele, Lord Brooke, Sir Arthur Haslerig, &c., were interested. Thos. Lechford, in his News from New England, 1641, says "Master Fenwike with the Lady Boteley" were living at Connecticut river's mouth" in a fair house, and "well fortified and one Master Higginson, a young man, their chaplain." The lady died shortly after the birth of her daughter Dorothy, Nov. 4, 1645, and was buried at Saybrook. Her remains were removed in 1870, to make room for a railway terminus, and reinterred in the presence of the principal inhabitants of that town; and a long account of the ceremony, and some interesting particulars of her family, appeared in an American newspaper.

George Fenwick soon after returned to England, was governor of Berwick for the Parliament, married secondly Katherine, daughter of his old friend Sir Arthur Haslerig, of Noseley (who was also a Parliamentarian, and much connected with the North), and she survived him, but they had no children. Brinkburne passed into the possession of his brother, Claudius Fenwick, M.D., and his heirs. J. BOYD.

Moor House.

very readable papers," for some of them will probably last as long as our language. Lovers of Burns have a kindly value for No. xcvii., from the pen of Mr. Mackenzie, which I believe first drew public attention to "the Ayrshire ploughman" (see "N. & Q.," 5th S. ii. 325). Mr. Mackenzie died in 1831. There is a fair biographical notice of him in the Annual Biography, vol. xvi. pp. 10-23. EDWARD SOLLY.

This was a weekly paper of the Tatler tribe. It ran through a hundred and one numbers, and appeared on the Saturdays of 1785-7, its first issue being dated February 5 in the former, and its final January 6 in the latter year. It makes three volumes of the British Essayists, edited by Alexander Chalmers. The Lounger succeeded to the Mirror, and was mainly by the same authorsMessrs. H. Mackenzie, R. Cullen, M'Leod, Bannatyne, Alex. Abercromby, W. Craig, and G. Home. Vide Chalmers's "Advertisement" to the Mirror, wherein he says:—

"In this edition it has been thought proper to furnish the reader with the following table (and a similar one is annexed to the Lounger), by which he is informed of the author of every number except the few which were furnished by correspondents neither known at the time nor ever afterwards discovered, and who chuse still to remain unknown to the public." This valuable table seems to have been forgotten in the case of the Lounger, but from that affixed to the Mirror I learn that the letters of "John Homespun," which must have amused MR. WING at Stow, were by Mackenzie. ST. SWITHIN.

The title-page of this work affords all the information that is likely now to be obtained concerning it, namely, that it was a periodical paper published in Edinburgh in the years 1785 and 1786, and in a collected form, in 3 vols., in 1787. Few persons, I imagine, share your correspondent's curiosity respecting the names of the contributors to this bygone but by no means uncommon book, in comparing which in style to the Spectator and the Rambler he no doubt means that, like these, the Lounger was first issued in numbers. With regard to date, it appeared seventy-four years after the commencement of the former, and thirty-five years after the latter of these publications.

"THE LOUNGER" (5th S. viii. 409.)—This periodical was projected in 1785 at Edinburgh by Henry Mackenzie, the well-known author of The Man of Feeling. Together with a small band of literary friends, he brought out in 1779 a folio periodical called the Mirror, which lasted for two years, and has been frequently reprinted in 3 vols., 12mo. In 1785 the idea was revived under the title of the Lounger, and 101 numbers were printed. The Lounger, like the Mirror, appeared first in folio, but was subsequently reprinted in 12mo. The chief contributors were H. Mackenzie and Lord Craig, who wrote more than half the numbers. Besides these, Lord Abercrombie, Frazer Tytler, Mr. Cullen, Dr. Henry, Mr. M'Leod, Bannatyne, D. Hume, Prof. Richardson, and Mr. Greenfield all contributed. The Mirror was published at threepence a number, and about four hundred copies were sold of the first issue. When reprinted, Mackenzie and his friends, who were known as the "Tabernacle Club," received one hundred pounds, which they handed to the Orphan Hospital, and enough over to buy a hogshead of claret for themselves. There is an interesting criticism of the Lounger in Sir Richard Phillips's Public Characters for 1802-3. It is ABRAHAM FLEMING (5th S. viii. 409.)—He was quite safe to say that the Lounger contains "some rector of St. Pancras, London. He was a most

CHARLES WYlie.

notice on his appearance in Edinburgh towards In the Lounger Burns was first brought into the close of the year 1786. The editor, Henry Mackenzie, in giving a specimen of his poetry, introduces the fact by saying, "My readers will discover a high tone of feeling, a power and energy of expression, particularly and strongly characteristic of the mind and the voice of a poet," &c.

JAMES M'KIE.

Cox's Magna Britannia, 1720, the name is spelt
Thurlemire. In the Guide to the Lakes, 1778, the
lake is described as "Leather Water, called also
Wythburn and Thirlmeer." The latter name is
evidently one of considerable antiquity. When
was the name Brackmeer, which is suggestive of
sea water, first used?
EDWARD SOLLY.

Was this gate ever used exclusively as a footway? and, if so, when was it first opened as a carriage road? AJAX.

"CIVET CAT" (5th S. viii. 468.)-Being without information as to the nature of the "certain miscellaneous articles" in which a shop, referred to by CLERICUS RUSTICUS, deals, I can only conUSE OF EVERGREENS AT CHRISTMAS (5th S.jecture that the following extract furnishes the viii. 482.)—As an item of Christmas lore, and reply to his query :à propos of the reason for using evergreens at Christmas, the following tale, told to Mr. C. G. Leland by an English gipsy, is not out of place :"The ivy, and holly, and pine trees never told a word where our Saviour was hiding himself, and so they keep alive all the winter, and look green all the year. But the ash, like the oak, told of him where he was hiding, so they have to remain dead through the winter. And so we gipsies always burn an ash fire every Great Day." -The Engl. Gipsies and their Language, by C. G. Leland, Lond., 1874.

H. T. C.

:

Serle's Gate, LINCOLN'S INN (5th S. viii. 491.) -So called because it was the gate leading to Serle's Court, as New Square was originally called. See Cunningham's Handbook of London, 1850, p. 444. The site of New Square was, after the Restoration, the property of Sir John Birkenhead, F.R.S., Master of the Faculty Office and Court of Requests, who died in 1671. It was then acquired by Mr. Henry Serle, or Searle, a bencher of the Inn (Knight's London, iv. 372), who died intestate and left his property heavily mortgaged about 1690 (Timbs's London and Westminster, i. 176). The Society of Lincoln's Inn purchased this part of Serle's estate about 1697. Hatton, in his New View of London, 1703, mentions Serle's Court as the new square designed and partly built by Henry Serle, Esq., who died before it was completed.

EDWARD SOLLY.

MR. WARD is in error in saying that Cunning ham does not give the explanation of the name of this gate. If he will consult the 1850 edition, sub Serle Street, he will find some particulars of Mr. Henry Serle (who appears to have owned considerable property in this part of London), and the express statement: "The old name for Lincoln's Inn New Square was Serle's Court; the arms of Serle, with those of the Inn, are over the gateway next Carey Street." MR. WARD may supplement Cunningham's information by a reference to the late W. H. Spilsbury's Lincoln's Inn, pp. 81-82. W. P. COURTNEY.

15, Queen Anne's Gate.

Sir John Birkenhead was the conductor of the Royalist paper, Mercurius Aulicus. See Thornbury's Haunted London, p. 493.

The publisher's name was Illidge, not Illidoc. GEORGE POTTER. 42, Grove Road, N.

"The Civet is common all over Europe as a perfumer's sign, as it was said to produce musk. A Dutch perfumer in the seventeenth century wrote under his sign: 'Dit's in de Civet kat, gelyk gy kunt aanschouwen, Maar komt hier binnen, hier zyn parfumien voor

mannen en vrouwen."

This is the Civet, as you may see; but enter. Perfumes sold here for men and women.' -The History of Signboards, p. 162 (London, John Camden Hotten, 1866). ST. SWITHIN.

Shops in which fancy articles are sold used those articles was the once favourite scent prefrequently to bear the above sign, because among pared from a secretion of the so-called civet cat weasels, and a native of North Africa. (Viverra civetta), an animal nearly allied to the This scent, as is remarked in the Guide to the Zoological Society's Gardens, edited by Mr. P. L. Sclater, is now superseded by purer and more delicate floral perfumes. A graphic account of the way in which these animals were kept, chiefly in Holland, and of the manner of extracting their secretion twice or three times weekly, will be found in Bewick's History of Quadrupeds, or indeed in any old work on natural history.

Blandford St. Mary, Dorset.

W. R. TATE.

[The old gilt figure of the Civet still distinguishes the long established firm of Gattie & Peirce, perfumers, Bond Street. Shakspeare, in King Lear, shows who sold the article in his time: "Give me an ounce of civet, good apothecary, to sweeten my imagination"; and Cowper (Conversation, 1. 283) lets us know that, in his days, gentlemen were perfumed with it like milliners:"I cannot talk with civet in the room,

A fine puss-gentleman that's all perfume."] COCKER'S "ARITHMETIC" (5th S. viii. 349.)— Having occasion to make search with respect to this name, I made reference to a copy of the work alluded to in the Public Library, Newcastle-onTyne, my object being merely to ascertain the author's Christian name. I took no other note, but remember that the date of publication was