NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS. ADAMS & FRANCIS insert ADVERTISE MENTS in all Newspapers, Magazines, and Periodicals. Terms for transacting business, and List of London Papers, can be had on application to ADAMS & FRANCIS, 59, Fleet Street, E. C. ALL the YEAR ROUND.-Conducted by Charles Dickens.-Advertisements for All the Year Round should be sent before the 16th of each Month to ADAMS & FRANCIS, 59, Fleet Street, E. C. THE ADAMS & FRANCIS, 59, Fleet Street, E. C. ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY'S PRO CEEDINGS.-Advertisements should be sent to ADAMS & FRANCIS, 59, Fleet Street, E.C. RUPTURES.-BY ROYAL LETTERS PATENT. WHITE'S MOC-MAIN LEVER TRUSS COM PANY, LIMITED-WHITE'S MOC-MAIN LEVER TRUSS is allowed by upwards of 500 Medical Men to be the most effective invention in the curative treatment of HERNIA. The use of a steel spring, so often hurtful in its effects, is here avoided; a soft bandage being worn round the body, while the requisite resisting power is supplied by the MOC-MAIN PAD and PATENT LEVER, fitting with so much ease and closeness that it cannot be detected, and may be worn during sleep. A descriptive circular may be had, and the Truss (which cannot fail to fit) forwarded by post on the circum. ference of the body, two inches below the hips, being sent to the Manufacturer, MR. JOHN WHITE, 228, PICCADILLY, LONDON. ELASTIC STOCKINGS, KNEE-CAPS, &c., for VARICOSE VEINS, and all cases of WEAKNESS and SWELLING of the LEGS, SPRAINS, &c. They are porous, light in texture, and inexpensive, and are drawn on like an ordinary stocking. Prices, 48. 6d., 78. 6d., 108., and 168. each. Postage free. JOHN WHITE, MANUFACTURER, 228, PICCADILLY, London. E. LAZENBY & SON'S PICKLES, SAUCES, and CONDIMENTS.-E. LAZENBY & SON, sole proprietors of the celebrated receipts, and manufacturers of the Pickles, Sauces, and Condiments so long and favourably distinguished by their name, beg to remind the public that every article prepared by them is guaranteed as entirely unadulterated.-92, Wigmore Street. Cavendish Square (late 6, Edwards Street, Portman Square), and 18, Trinity Street, London, S.E. HARVEY'S SAUCE.-CAUTION.-The admirers of this celebrated Sauce are particularly requested to observe that each bottle prepared by E. LAZENBY & SON bears the label, used so many years, signed "Elizabeth Lazenby." 仔 WRIGHT'S COAL-TAR SOAP SAPO CARBONIS DETERGENS." IS USED BY EVERY FAMILY OF DISTINCTION IN THE IT IS THE MOST HEALTH-PRESERVING ADJUNCT TO THE Highly and Extensively Recommended by Mr. JAMES STARTIN, Surgeon to St. John's Hospital for Diseases of the Skin; the late Dr. JAMES STARTIN 3, Savile Row; Dr. McCALL ANDERSON, Woodside Crescent, Glasgow; and the other Leading Members of the Profession. "It is the only true antiseptic soap."-British Medical Journal IN TABLETS 6d. AND 18. EACH, OF ALL CHEMISTS. "SAPO CARBONIS DETERGENS." Proprietors of the Coal-Tar Pill," Pilula Carbonis Detergens," and Solut of Coal-Tar, Liquor Carbonis Detergens," particulars of which are enclosed with each Tablet of Soap. LONDON, SATURDAY, APRIL 20, 1878. CONTENTS. - N° 225. NOTES:-Dice, 301-Daines Barrington: White's "Selborne" -The Pury Family, &c., 304-Bishopstone Church, 305Illustrated Visiting Cards, &c.-Sale by Candle-Moses's Rod-Old Spelling of "Velvet," 306. " QUERIES:-A Devonshire Custom, 306-Chevalier D'EonT. Challoner, the Regicide-"The Golden Age; or, England in 1822-3"-William de Roos-"Mr. Bonneile's Book," 307 -Llyn Corn Slwc-The Blessing of Cramp Rings-Mrs. Cranmer's Marriage-Milton's First Wife, Mary PowellEmber Days-"Alice in Wonderland"-Ford: HeinsPhilpot Family-Relayed or Relaid?-Corsican Seal, 308Miniature of Charles I.-Whoever "hears the whistlers,' &c.-A Welsh Manor-Authors Wanted, 309. REPLIES:-"O nimis felix," &c., 309-Boucher's Glossary of Archaic Words"-Cricket: The Lyttelton Cricket Match, 311-Mr. Arber's Reprints, 312-Unenclosed Commons Princess Schwarzenberg-Dante, 313-Junius-Death Edward, Duke of York-Collect for Ash Wednesday, 314A "Cottacel"-Marquis v. Marquess-Manor of Mere-The Royal Crown over a Civilian Crest-The Previous Question -Death of Charles II. P. M. A. C. F., 315-Thomas Curnick-"Dandy Pratte "-Sir H. Davy-"Heads of the People "-Dana, 316- Licence to eat Flesh in Lent"Whig" and "Tory"-Drayton-"Pumpernickel "-"The Lass of Richmond Hill"-The Tidal " Bore"-" Shack "Cry matches! 318-Sutton Mutton-A Tirling-Pin"Hoping against hope," 319. Notes on Books, &c. Notes. DICE. " of The siege of Troy is the date usually assigned for the invention of dice playing. Isidorus of Seville attributes it to a warrior of the name of Alea, from whom, he says, the game took its name : "Alea est ludus tabulæ inventa à Græcis, in otio Trojani belli, à quodam milite, nomine Alea, à quo et ars nomen accepit."-Orig., l. xviii. c. 57. He is followed in this by Hugo von Trumberg, a German poet of the beginning of the fourteenth century. In a poem which he entitles Der Renner he mentions Aber,” probably a slip of the pen for “ Aleo,” which the rhyme requires, as the inventor of what he calls Schachkabel, “ a game which gives rise to much sin and mischief": "Nun ist ein ander Spiel Des Herren pflegen, von dem doch viel 66 Vor Troja, dess doch venig fro," &c. Schachzabel, it is true, is often used to mean chess, but it is evident from the following passage, in which he enumerates the various throws and the "Sünden und Schaden" which follow them, that he refers to a game of chance played with dice : "Von Zincken quater Essen Sigt mancher in Kummers-Fressen, Von Zincken quater Dreyen Mag mancher Waffen schreyen. Von Zincken quater Duss Suidas, though agreeing with Isidorus and Hugo as to the date of the invention, differs from them as to the inventor. Instead of the unknown Alea he mentions Palamedes, famous for his knowledge of mathematics and of astronomy. According to his interpretation of the game which he calls Táßλa, and which seems to have resembled the modern backgammon, the board represented the World, the dice-box heaven, whence all good and evil proceed. The passage is as follows in Wolf's translation : "Tabula nomen ludi; hanc Palamedes ad Græci exercitus delectationem magnâ eruditione atque ingenio invenit. Tabula enim est mundus terrestris, duodenarius numerus est Zodiacus, ipsa vero area, et septem in ea grana sunt septem stellæ Planetarum, Turris est altitudo coeli, ex qua omnibus bona et mala rependuntur." To these authorities we may add Sophocles, who also attributes the invention of dice to Palamedes, in a play bearing the hero's name, and quoted by Eustathius as follows: οὐ λιμὸν οὗτος τόνδ' ἄπῶσε σὺν Θεῷ εἰπεῖν, χρόνου τε διατριβὰς σοφωτάτας ἐφευρε φλοίσβου μετὰ κοπὴν καθημένοις πεσσοὺς κύβους τε τερπνὸν ἀργίας ἄκος. If, however, as is usually received, the Greek ἀστραγάλος and the Latin talus are the κύβος and the alea in their primitive form, we have the authority of Homer for fixing their origin at a time anterior to the Trojan War. It was after having slain the son of Amphidamas in a quarrel at dice that Patroclus was sent from home to be brought up with Achilles, in the house of Peleus :ἀλλ' ὁμοῦ ὡς ἐτράφημεν ἐν ὑμετέροισι δόμοισιν, εὐτέ με τυτθὸν ἐόντα Μενοίτιος ἐξ Οπόεντος ἤγαγεν ὑμέτερόνδ', ἀνδροκτασίης ὑπὸ λυγρῆς, ἤματι τῷ, ὅτε παῖδα κατέκτανον Αμφιδάμαντος, νήπιος, οὐκ ἐθέλων, ἀμφ' ἀστραγάλοισι χολωθείς. Il. xxiii. 84-88. Herodotus, however, differs essentially from the authors already quoted. He utterly ignores Palamedes and the siege of Troy, and asserts that all the games that were played by means of the kúẞos, of the aorpayáλos, and of the opaípa were invented by the Lydians. Stranger than this divergence from the generally received opinion is the origin which he assigns to these pastimes. It was not for recreation and amusement that the Lydians had recourse to them, but for the purpose of assuaging,, or at least of forgetting, the pangs of hunger. Being reduced to half rations during a time of famine, they hit upon the expedient of fasting one day and eating the next, and, in order to render this enforced abstinence less noticeable to their stomachs, of spending the whole of the fast day in the excitement of gambling : The throw called Venus also received the name "Talos arripio, invoco almam meam nutricem Herculem, The lowest or unlucky cast was known as damnosi Φασὶ δὲ αὐτοὶ Λυδοὶ καὶ τὰς παιγνίας τὰς νῦν σφίσι τε καὶ Ἕλλησι κατεστεώσας, ἑαυτῶν ἐξεύρημα γενέσθαι. ἅμα δὲ ταύτας τε ἐξευρεθῆναι. Το obtain the favour of a lucky cast it was customπαρὰ σφίσι λέγουσι, καὶ Τυρσηνίην αποικίσαι, ary for players to invoke the gods or sometimes ὧδε περὶ αὐτῶν λέγοντες· ἐπὶ Ατυος τοῦ Μάνεω their mistresses : βασιλῆος σιτοδείην ἰσχυρὴν ἀνὰ τὴν Λυδίην πᾶσαν γενέσθαι καὶ τοὺς Λυδοὺς τέως μεν διάγειν λιπαρέοντας· μετὰ δὲ, ὡς οὐ παύεσθαι, ἄκεα δίζησθαι· ἄλλον δὲ ἄλλο επιμηχανᾶσθαι αὐτῶν. εξευρεθῆναι δὴ ὦν τότε καὶ τῶν κύβων καὶ τῶν αστραγάλων καὶ τῆς σφαίρῃς, καὶ τῶν ἄλλεων πασέων παιγνιέων τὰ εἴδεα, πλὴν πεσσων. τούτων γὰρ ὧν τὴν εξεύρεσιν οὐκ οἰκηνοῦνται Λυδοί. ποίεειν δὲ ὧδε πρὸς τὸν λιμὸν ἐξευρόντας τὴν μὲν ἑτέρην τῶν ἡμερέων παίζειν πᾶσαν, ἵνα δὴ μὴ ζητέοιεν σιτία τὴν δὲ ἑτέρην σιτέεσθαι, παυομένους τῶν παιγνιέων.—Lib. i. c. 49. The original die of the ancients was, as has already been remarked, the talus, a small bone found in the foot joint of certain animals. According to Pliny's definition, "rectum in articulo pedis os est, ventre eminens concavo, in vertebra ligatum" (Pliny, b. ii. c. 46). Later on the talus used in playing was made in imitation of this bone, and consisted of six uneven and unequal sides. Of these six sides two were broad and flat, and bore the numbers one and six respectively. Ace was termed canis or vulturius by the Romans, and Kvov or xos by the Greeks. Six, the highest and best throw, was called Venus and xos. Two narrower sides, of which the one was slightly concave, the other slightly convex, bore the four and the three respectively. The extremities were not marked by any figures, two and five not occurring in the game. Such is the explanation given by one of the commentators on Martial, ii. 1. 14: "Formam seu figuram talorum tute conjectare potes, cum ad similitudinem talorum, qui in pedibus animalium sunt, effecti dicantur, et maximè Leonis, nec rotundi planè nec quadrati. Sex habent latera, sed quatuor tantum in usu ludentium, duo quippe sunt incurva, ut illis talus vix posset insistere, consistit tamen aliquando rectus : duo illa incurva Græci κεραίαστ, id est, antennas appellitant."-Raderus ad Mart., ii. 1. 14. To this we may add Sabellicus's commentary on a passage in Suetonius :— "Me quoque per talos Venerem quærente secundos, To prevent cheating, or at least to render it less easy, the dice were thrown through an instrument which was variously termed turricula, burum, fritillus. "Quærit compositos manus improba mittere talos? Si per me (turriculam) misit, nil nisi vota facit." This instrument was funnel-shaped, open at both ends, and notched or grooved inside to prevent the dice from sliding evenly through. This explains the following passage in Ausonius :"Vidimus et quondam tabulæ certamine longo, Omnes qui fuerant, enumerasse bolos, Alternis vicibus quos præcipitante rotatu Fundunt excisi per cava buxa gradus." Amongst the Greeks these primitive dice seem to have been considered childish. We are told that Phraates, King of the Parthians, sent golden dice to Demetrius, King of Syria, as a reproach for his levity: "Regi Demetrio in opprobrium puerilis levitatis, taxillos aureos à rege Parthorum fuisse datos (fertur)" (Joh. Sarisb., de Nugis Curial.). The tessera or kißo were precisely similar to the modern dice, and require no further description. As regards the games in which they were used, they seem to have been chiefly three in number, eoToßolívda, рoαipéσior, and Staypappiopòs. In the first of these, which was usually played with three dice, the highest cast won the stakes. Three aces were the worst and three sixes the best throw, and it was from this game that the expression, ἢ τρεῖς ἑξ, ἤ τρεῖς κύβοι ("neck or nothing "), was derived. Such at least is the explanation given by the commentators : 'Qui plura puncta attulisset, abibat victor; at cui tria tantum puncta ceciderant, infelicissimum jactum "Tali latera suum singula numerum faciebant, latus faciebat, ideoque certissime perdebat. Non erat enim, quod unitatem habuit Canis sive Canicula appellabatur, qui posset inferius punctum adducere. Indeque ad hanc et quia minimus is erat numerus, damnosus erat. Latus ludi speciem referendum est istud proverbium ǹrpsic huic oppositum Venus dicebatur sive Cous, senarium, Tρεiç Kúßoi."-Salmasius, ap. Souter ad vocem continens, qui omnium maximus, sex lucrifaciebat KUWV. nummos reliqua duo Chius et Senio dicta, ternarium ille, hic quaternarium continens. Chius tres nummos, senio quatuor lucrantes. Binarius et senarius in talo non erat numerus. : The second of these games, προαιρέσιμον, seems to have been very similar to that still in vogue amongst German students. The winning number was determined before each main by each of the players in turn. Thus the highest odd or the highest even number might be selected, or again the product of the numbers of two of the dice divided by the third-indeed, any arbitrary combination, without regard to the rules in use for the other games. Ovid seems to allude to some such combination in the following distich : "Et modò tres jactet numeros, modo cogitet aptè Quam subeat partem callida, quamque vocet.' De Arte Amandi, l. ii. The third of the games which I have mentioned was played with dice, counters, and a board. Though critics and commentators have thought it worth their while to write long dissertations on the subject, all that we know about it is merely conjectural. The tabula, or board, seems to have borne some resemblance to our modern backgammon board. It is at least described as consisting of twelve lines on each side: "Constat ex bis senis lineis seu viis, scilicet ab utraque parte ludentium." The men, or counters, were thirty in number, fifteen being of one colour and belonging to one player, fifteen of another and belonging to his adversary. They were called calculi. "Discolor ancipiti sub jactu calculus astat, Decertantque simul candidus atque niger: Ut quamvis parili scriptorum tramite currant, Is capiet palmam quem sua facta vocant." We may gather from this that this game was not one of mere chance, but that it also required some skill, and that a good player could turn even unlucky casts to his advantage. This is alluded to by Terence in the Adelphi : "Ita vita est hominum quasi cum ludas tesseris, Adel., iv. 7. It was consequently easy for a courteous player to manage his game so as to lose even against an inferior adversary. This is what Ovid advises lovers to do when playing with their mistresses:"Seu ludet, numerosque manu jactabit eburnos; Tu male jactato, tu male jacta dato." This game was so well known that many of the terms used in it became household words. It is thus that Cicero employs "reducere calculum": "Itaque tibi concedo, quod in duodecim scriptis solemus, ut calculum reducas, si te alicujus dati poenitet" (Cicero, in frag. Hortens.). De Art. Am. The pro verb, κινήσω ἀφ' ἱερας, was an allusion to the line, "linea sacra," which divided the tabula into two parts. When all the counters had reached the last division they were said to be "ad incitas," an expression which we find used figuratively in Plautus: **Sy. Profecto ad incitas lenonem rediget, si eas abduxerit. Mi. Quin prius disperibit, faxo, quam unam calcem civerit." Panul., iv. 2. The well-known exclamation, "Jacta est alea," was in use long before Cæsar uttered it, or at least its Greek equivalent, ȧveppipdw ó kúẞos, on the bank of the Rubicon. Though forbidden by the laws, "vetita legibus alea," dice playing seems to have been the favourite amusement of the Romans under the emperors. Augustus was addicted to it, as we learn from Suetonius :-"Notatus est et ut pretiosæ supellectilis Corinthiorumque præcupidus, et aleæ indulgens" (Octav. Aug., c. 71). Claudius is said to have made it the subject of a treatise, and to have invented a board on which he could play in his carriage or litter: "Aleam studiosissime lusit, de cujus arte librum quoque emisit. Solitus etiam in gestatione ludere, ita essedo alveoque adaptatis, ne lusus confunderetur" (Sueton., Claud. Cæs., c. 33). And Domitian devoted all his leisure, early and late, to the dicebox: "Quoties otium esset, alea se oblectabat, etiam profestis diebus, matutinisque horis (Sueton., Flav. Domit., c. 21). But gambling was not a vice of civilization alone. Tacitus records that it was carried to such an extent among the Germanic tribes that players often staked their liberty on a cast of the dice. Amongst the wild Huns, if we admit the authority of the following extract, gambling seems to have been the chief object in life : "Ferunt Hunnorum populos omnibus bellum inferre nationibus, fæneratoribus tamen esse subjectos; et cum sine legibus vivant, aleæ solius legibus obædire, in procinctu ludere, tesseras simul et arma portare, et plures suis quam hostilibus ictibus interire. In victoriâ suâ captivos fieri, et spolia suorum perpeti, quæ pati ab hoste noverint. Ideoque nunquam belli studia deponere, quod victi aleæ ludo, cum totius prædæ munus amiserint, ludendi subsidia requirunt bellandi periculo."—Ambrosius 1. de Tobia, c. 10. To transcribe all the hard things that have been said of gambling by both pagan and Christian writers would far exceed our limits. One remark, however-it is from Aristotle-is so apt and so brief that it deserves a place. Gamblers, he says, are worse than thieves-the latter expose themselves to peril for the sake of gain, but the former rob their friends, οἱ δε ἀπὸ τῶν φίλων κερδαίνωσιν, is dei didóval. To this may, in conclusion, be added an epigram, from an unknown author, bearing the quaint epigraph : "In tesserâ quot latera, tot patibula. "Quæris, cur facies bis monstret tessera ternas? Scilicet in sese tot gerit illa cruces. Ludentis prima est: Socium manet altera: rursum Tertia spectantem; quarta docentis erit; Quinta inventoris, sed judicis ultima muti Qui cruce non subolem sustulit atque patrem." L. BARBÉ. Bückeburg, Schaumburg-Lippe. DAINES BARRINGTON: WHITE'S It was through Daines Barrington that Gilbert White's papers on the Hirundinidae were presented to the savants of the Royal Society, and through Barrington's encouragement, as the fifth published letter of Gilbert White to him shows, the simple, unobtrusive parish priest of Hampshire was induced to commence that Natural History of Selborne which ranks among the most delightful publications of our country. The debt of gratitude which the whole world owes to this pompous antiquary for the gift of a book eagerly devoured both by the scientific student and the ignorant tyro can never be repaid. After this tribute of praise I shall not be deemed guilty of ingratitude to the memory of Daines Barrington if I extract from Charles Lamb's essay, The Old Benchers of the Inner Temple, the following extraordinary anecdote, showing how little the receipt of White's delightful letters had benefited his best-loved correspondent: "When the accounts of Barrington's treasurership came to be audited, the following singular charge was unanimously disallowed by the bench: Item, disbursed Mr. Allen, the gardener, twenty shillings for stuff to poison the sparrows, by my orders."" To me it is indeed marvellous that the favourite friend of the ardent naturalist of Selborne should ever have been seduced into ordering the destruction of these cheerful visitants to the dull courts of the Temple. 66 Permit me now, Mr. Editor, to ask in your columns a few questions which arise from Professor Bell's edition of this English classic. In p. xlix of the introductory memoir there is printed an extract from an unpublished letter to Pennant. I own to a feeling of pain that the letter has not been printed in full: if there is no impediment to its publication would it not be well for it to be given to the world in the columns of "N. & Q." at this late hour? Gilbert White says in the twentysecond letter to Pennant (dated Jan. 2, 1769), "I am well acquainted with the south hams of Devonshire"; and in the account-book under date of June 30, 1752, is a payment of four pounds (the carriage first to London and then to Oxford costing with the "porterage into the cellar" a further sum of 19s.) for a "hogshead of cyder from the Southams of Devon." The cider must have proved a great success, for in May of the following year Gilbert White paid 17. 17s. 6d. for a half hogshead, as a present for his father, and a like sum for the same quantity as a present to his "uncle White." In letter 31 to Pennant ring-ousels are said, on the authority of "an observing Devonshire gentleman," to frequent some parts of Dartmoor and to be bred there; the same statement occurs in letter 39, and in letter 22 to Daines Barrington swallows are said, no doubt on the authority of the same Devonshire gentleman, to have arrived at South Zele in that county on April 25 in 1774. Is the name of this gentleman known, and at what period of his life did Gilbert White obtain his knowledge of the South-hams district of Devonshire? The seventh letter to Churton, containing the sentence, “I will take care of your Rex platonicus and hope I shall bring it you at Exeter," suggests that Churton may have drawn him into the West, but the last word I venture to think should be read Easter. The thirty-eighth letter to Barrington concludes with what Gilbert White terms a "lovely quotation" from Lucretius. Mr. Bell reprints from a review of White's Selborne, which appeared in the Topographer for 1789, a translation of this passage originally published in Sonnets and other Poems, [Anon.] Lond., Wilkie, 1785, and adds that he had not succeeded in discovering its author. It may save a future editor some trouble if I state that the translation was by Sir Egerton Brydges; I feel but little doubt that the review in the Topographer was also from his pen. edition of Sonnets and other Poems appeared without the author's name in March, 1785, but a new edition in the same year, and a subsequent edition in 1795, bore his name on the title-page. Is Hatt's History of Oxfordshire (p. xxi of memoir) an error for Plot's? The date 1770, assigned to letter 35 to Barrington, should be 1777. Gray's Beggar's Opera (ii. 262, note) is of course a provoking misprint for Gay's. I cannot but think that if letter 13 to Samuel Barker were shown to the head of the Rashleigh family, he could suggest a solution for the illegible name of the place where Mrs. Rashleigh saw rushes in use in 1775. The first P. W. TREPOLPEN. THE PURY FAMILY, &c. When the siege commenced Pury was equally active in arms and in council, and attempts to seduce him were renewed, but without effect. In Dorney's Diurnall we read : "Thursday, 17th August. This day a printed paper, conteyning the king's message and our answer thereto, was with a persuasive letter for the surrendering up of the sent out of the king's army unto Mr. Alderman Pury, citie, the close of which printed paper runs thus:-'Let the world now judge, if his Majestie could have sent a more gratious message to his most loyall subjects, and whether these desperate rebels deserve any mercy, who their returning this rebellious answer they have set their after so many offers do still refuse a pardon; but since own suburbs on fire, which surely is not to keep the city either for King or Parliament.' [A copy of this 'printed paper' is amongst the Tanner MSS.] At the same time there was also sent unto him certain specious considerin the delivering up of the citie, notwithstanding the late ations and reasons subtilly composed to satisfie conscience oath and protestation, wherewithall the said Capt. Pury being not convinced, did not divulge the same till after the seige was raised." It appears also that Pury with others became |