was and is a valuable assistant to the genealogist and the historian. Its loss or depreciation in the present day every literary person must lament. In the age in which we live it is absolutely worthless in England to the genealogist, because any "tinker, tailor, 'pothecary, or thief," who makes money enough behind the counter to set up "a one-horse shay," may look about amongst the richest of his neighbours of the same name, copy his coat of arms, paint it on the panel of his "shanderidan," and then sport it as his own. If a coat of arms has been used by a family from the period of the early years of George III. it may be presumed to be genuine and that they have a right to it; dating since that period, it may be looked upon with suspicion. A coat of arms, however, is merely a sort of hieroglyphic of a man's family name, borne by himself and all his male descendants only (unless male heirs fail, when females succeed), and lawfully begotten, of course. That is the simplest way of putting it. yet there are some seal engravers so supremely ignorant as not to have a clear idea as to which is the dexter or which is the sinister side of a shield, and through error will reverse the tinctures. In the above description the field is spoken of as "charged with cross crossletts," not semée. The number of cross crosslets does not appear to be material. In this old coat the number is seven on the dexter, gules, red, right, or in front of the lion, and six on the sinister, azure, blue, or behind him, making thirteen in all. I look upon it merely as a matter of convenience to the artist how many may be packed in without overcrowding. I have found eight a convenient number where the lion is a good size. This painting on vellum appears to have been folded and kept in a book before it was framed, as there is a crease across the middle. It is still in the frame that held it in my childhood days, and presenting the same appearance. A few years ago, fearing that worms and worm-holes would work entire deWhen I was a child, I can recollect seeing an struction to it, I dosed it well with benzine, which old coat of arms, framed and glazed, hanging is said to be a good thing to arrest the progress of against the wall in my late father's private room. these destroyers. Wishing to know something of The same now hangs in the room where I am the early history of this painting, and believing writing; and as it is my authority for the family that it is likely to have been done for Edward armorial bearings, of undoubted age, and, as I Hutchinson, who lived at Alford, in Lincolnshire, believe, the strongest argument that any of my for forty-five years, and was buried there Feb. 14, name can produce, I will describe it. The vellum 1631, and that it was taken to America by his on which the painting is executed measures eldest son William in 1634, and brought back by 118 inches; the red and blue colours em- the Governor in 1774, I took it some years ago to ployed have stood well, especially the red, the the Heralds' College for examination. From the blue being slightly slate colour, and where the fact of its being described as "Borne by the name gilding has worn off a green ground appears under- of Hutchinson of Lincolnshire," it may be inferred neath, which may have been purposely placed that the bearer was the only person of that name there, or may be a stain given to the vellum by then in the county, or else that he was the printhe vehicle used as gold size by the artist. There cipal one. I learned at the Heralds' College that a is a squire's helmet of large size above the shield coat of arms similar to my painting was granted and supporting the crest, and the ducal coronet of to Edward Hutchinson, of Wickham, in Yorkshire, the latter is set off with five full strawberry leaves, July 4, 1581. The following is a verbatim copy instead of three strawberry leaves and two points, of the statement given me by Mr. Planché :as it is the custom to depict the ducal coronet in "Arms as in Painting, granted to Edward Hutmodern heraldry; and, lastly, there is a label chinson of Wickham, Yorkshire, by T. Flower, underneath the shield, but, remember, there is no Norroy, July 4, 1581. J. P. Planché, Rouge motto. I may further add that the mantling, in Croix, April 30th, 1855." Now Edward of Yorkred and white, is very profuse, filling up all the shire received his grant in 1581, and Edward of picture to the frame. Beneath this achievement Lincolnshire baptized his eldest son on the 14th there is a description of it in the quaint language of August, 1586 (as I have seen in the Alford of the old heralds, which is quite as valuable as a register), being a space of only five years, which is guide and as an authority as the painting itself. coming pretty close. I am not contending that It runs thus :the two Edwards are one and the same person, but it is hard to escape the inference that the one at Alford was the son or grandson of the one at Wickham. If so, we ascertain the period when this branch left Yorkshire, and became “Hutchinson of Lincolnshire.” The heralds did not deny that my painting might be as old as the period under consideration, though they were not certain. They declared it to have been evidently done by a professional artist; that it was not the "He Beareth, parted per Pale, gules & Azure, a Lyon Rampant Argent, Armed & Langued or: ye feild Charged with Cross Crossletts of ye 4th for ye Crest a Cockatrice azure, Crested Weloped, & Armed Gules, Issuing out of A Ducall Crown or: & is Borne by the name of Hutchinson of Linconshire." Guided by this description, no person who is conversant with even the merest rudiments of English heraldry could emblazon the arms wrong; and original painting (which perhaps they have), but that it was an early copy of it. It has long been my wish to look up the evidence of the supposed link between the two Edwards, but a check in not yet having discovered the will of Edward of Alford, and too many other irons in the fire, have prevented. This Edward of Alford had four sons: William, who went to America in 1634; Samuel, who died a bachelor of seventy-seven; Richard, the ancestor of the Earls of Donoughmore; and John, who may have been the parent of such of the name as still favour that county. Well, so much for the old painting. The next modicum of evidence I have to produce is a large silver tankard, with handle and cover, which was the private drinking mug of Thomas Hutchinson (born in 1674), the governor's father, with the family arms on an oval shield, surrounded by Jacobean foliage and scroll-work, engraved on the front of it. The rampant lion has the end of his tail incurvate, according to a practice not uncommon with the old heralds, but the one on the vellum has his tail excurvate, as most usually represented. And here we have nine cross crosslets, the lowest one being in the middle, on the pale. In the early days of the colony at Boston, Massachusetts, church plate was probably not easily procurable, so he gave this tankard to the Cld North Church for the sacramental wine, and there it remained until about 1870, when, owing to alterations that were being carried out in the city, the church plate was offered for sale, and the tankard was purchased by a descendant of the governor, when it was removed to England, where it now is, and, I am happy to say, once more restored to the family. Next comes a seal which belonged to Governor Hutchinson. It has twelve cross crosslets. There is the very mistake in it with respect to dexter and sinister, made by the engraver, to which I have alluded above; and that this really is an error and absolutely wrong is plain from this fact, namely, that it does not correspond with more ancient authorities actually in the governor's possession. On turning to the American engraving of the governor in the New Eng. Hist. and Gen. Reg., I see that the shield under the portrait bears eleven cross crosslets, and the coronet has five full strawberry leaves, like the vellum painting. his unflinching and disinterested loyalty, having twice declined a baronetcy offered to him by the king (Aug. 15 and Nov. 5, 1774), and suffered the loss of all his property in America by riot and confiscation, assumed the following, "Libertatem colo, licentiam detestor," and this is engraved on his seal. On the American engraving the motto given is "Non sibi, sed toti"; but I do not know any authority for this, or whence it came. "Fortiter gerit crucem" belongs to the Donoughmore branch. The Salem branch has adopted the words "Gerit crucem fortiter," which is a mere transposition of the preceding; but no link to connect the two branches has yet been discovered beyond probability. To distinguish different offshoots as connected more or less nearly with the main stock, heralds make slight alterations in the tinctures or charges of armorials; thus, in the coat borne by the Earls of Donoughmore, the cross crosslets are silver instead of gold, and with Hutchinson of Cornforth, and afterwards of Whitton House, in the county of Durham, the lion is gold instead of silver, and so on. So far from the correctness of the assertion that the governor's branch had no coat armour being unimpeachable, it may rather appear that all other branches had to go to it for their various heraldic bearings. The weak point in my argument is this: I have not proved that Edward of Alford was next heir to Edward of Wickham, however reasonable the assumption may be ; but from Edward of Alford-say the date 1586, when his eldest son was baptized-down to the present time, I cannot doubt that the family has regularly borne coat armour, which is a space of 292 years. At the present_time I am the chief or eldest representative in England of Edward Hutchinson of Alford, and next to me comes my cousin, the Rev. W. P. H. Hutchinson, who luxuriates in one of the Duke of Sutherland's comfortable livings in Staffordshire. PETER ORLANDO HUTCHINSON. Old Chancel, Sidmouth, Devon. "WHIG" AND "TORY" (5th S. ix. 25.)-Dr. Johnson was certainly not the first writer of a dictionary who gave these two words, nor can much be said respecting the correctness of his definition of their meaning. In the case of Whig he only gives, "the name of a faction," and then quotes the well-known passage from Burnet's History of his Own Time, vol. i. p. 43, deriving the term from the Scotch carters' expression, "Wiggam." In the case of Tory Dr. Johnson says more, for he explains it as A word about mottoes, and I have done. Although mottoes may not be subjected to the same strict rules that regulate the rigid accuracy of the charges and tinctures, it would be well that those who assume mottoes should always keep to the same; and it would be still better if people did "A cant term derived, I suppose. from an Irish word not sometimes filch the mottoes of their neigh-signifying a savage. One who adheres to the antient bours. I do not see that any of the name ever constitution of the State, and the apostolical hierarchy used a motto until the time of the American of the Church of England, opposed to a Whig," revolution, a century ago, when the governor, for and gives illustrations of its use by Addison and : Swift. There is far more thought in Johnson's definition of Whig and Tory given by Boswell (Life of Dr. Johnson, 1791, vol. ii. p. 399) :"A wise Tory and a wise Whig, I believe, will agree. Their principles are the same, though their modes of thinking are different. A high Tory makes government unintelligible: it is lost in the clouds. A violent Whig makes it impracticable: he is for allowing so much liberty to every man that there is not power enough to govern any man. The prejudice of the Tory is for establishment: the prejudice of the Whig is for innovation. A Tory does not wish to give more real power to Government, but that Government should have more reverence. Then they differ as to the Church. The "Whiggism, Faction or parti des moderez, &c., F. adversatio regiminis despotica, L. "Tory, Voleur d'Ireland, F. Latro prædo Hybernicus, L." This was all "for the sake of Foreigners who desire an acquaintance with the English Tongue." In the fifth edition of Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1731), of which I have a copy, the definition attached to Whiggish in 1730 is to be found sub* "A Whig," and we have an addition: "Whiggism, the Tenets and Practices of Whigs." A somewhat briefer explanation is given of Tory than that quoted by CLARRY:- Tory is not for giving more legal power to the Clergy, but wishes they should have a considerable influence, founded on the opinion of mankind: the Whig is for "Tory, a Word first used by the Protestants in Ireland to limiting and watching them with a narrow jealousy." signify those Irish common Robbers and Murderers who The definition given in Bailey's first folio dic-stood outlaw'd for Robbery or Murder: now a nickname tionary, 1730, is also to be found in his first octavo given to such as call themselves High-Church Men or to dictionary of 1721, and is also to be met with in the Partisans of the Chevalier de St. George." ST. SWITHIN. earlier dictionaries. In dictionaries prior to the Revolution, though both Whig and Tory are given, it is not in their political meaning. Thus Skinner, in his Etymologicon, 1671, gives "Tory Rory, Irish Tory, or Thory-Insanus, nisi, quod suspicor Hibernica sit originis. Whig, serum." The derivation of the two words, Tory from the Irish, and Whig from the Scotch, whether from Wiggam or Wey, has been very fully discussed already (see 1st S. iv. 164, 281, 492; vi. 520; x. 482; xi. 36; 2nd S. iii. 480; 3rd S. viii. 460). EDWARD SOLLY. I have just been presented with two copies of Bailey which are numbered on the back i. and ii. respectively. The book which claims to be vol. i. is by many years the younger of the two: it is of "the one and twentieth edition," and is not mentioned in the E.D. Society's Bibliographical List. MR. BAILEY notes it, "N. & Q.," 5th S. ii. 515. Vol. ii. bears the date 1727. It was issued as a kind of supplement to the first volume of the Dictionary, which had been for some years before the public. It consists of two parts bound together. The title-page at the beginning of the book announces the "Universal Etymological English Dictionary, in Two Parts. . . . Vol. II."; another title-page, which occurs about one-third from the end of the work, introduces "An Orthographical Dictionary, showing both the Orthography and Orthoepia of the English Tongue," and is "Vol. II." likewise. Consulting the former part of this edition of 1727 on CLARRY's question, I do not find the word Whig, as a noun, with its definition, but the paragraph concerning Whiggish is there, as in the edition of 1730, and Tory is there too; but the clause beginning "also the enemies," and ending with "Tories," does not appear. In that part of the dictionary called "Orthographical," and above referred to, Bailey has : "Whig, un ennemy du despotism, F. Qui adversatur dominum despoticum, L. Whig signifie aussi une sorte de petit lait, et de la tres petite biere. Tory, voleur d'Irlande, coureur de marais. Remarquez que les Tory's (sic) d'Irlande sout à peu prês comme les Bandits d'Italie, ou les Cossaques de l'Ukraine, gens qui ne vivent que de vols et de rapines. En Angleterre, ou les esprits se sont aigris malheureusement depuis quêques et l'autre des mecontents, qui se distinguent encore années, il s'est fait deux puissans Partis, l'un de la Cour aujourd'hui ces deux noms odieux de Tory et de Whig." -A Short Dictionary, English and French, with another French and English, by Guy Miege, London, 1685, 4to. These next definitions are of a later date, viz. 1706, but likely enough some of the earlier editions of Phillips contain substantially the same statements. I have unluckily only a late edition to refer to. They will read but tamely after the last : "Whig, whay, or very small Beer; also a nickname, contradistinguished from Tory, and given to those that were against the Court-Interest in the time of K. Charles II. and James II.: a Fanatick, a Factious Fellow. a Fanatical or Rebellious Humour. Whiggism, the tenets and practice of the Whigs, "Tory, an Irish Robber or Bog trotter: also a nickname given to the stanch Royalists, or High flyers, in the time of King Charles II. and James II."-The New World of Words, or Universal English Dictionary, by Whig without the article is "Whey, Butter-milk, or very small Beer." A New World of Words, 1658, 1662, 1669, 1671, 1678, 1696, 1700. Edward Phillips, sixth edit., edited by John Kersey, Your correspondent CLARRY asks whether the The Close, Exeter. See the Percy Anecdotes, s.v. "Whig and Tory." Defoe, in his Review of the British Nations, defines the word Tory in reference to the Irish freebooters. These references show that the terms were current long before 1730. FREDK. RULE. [MR. C. L. M. STEVENS (Guildford) refers CLARRY to an exhaustive note by his father on this subject in 1s: S. iv. 281.] OBELISK IN RUDSTON CHURCHYARD (5th S. ix. 107.)-This obelisk still stands in Rudston Churchyard, and was seen a few months since by me. In an interesting little book on this subject, by the Rev. P. Royston, he states that on measuring the stone himself he found the dimensions to be as follows: 25 ft. 4 in. high; 6 ft. 1 in. E., 5 ft. 9 in. W., in width; 2 ft. 9 in. N., 2 ft. 3 in. S., in thickness. Mr. Royston also gives an extract from the parish register stating the stone to be as large underground as above, but does not say what was the nature of the experiments made by Sir Wm. Strickland by which this conclusion was arrived at. As to the origin of the monolith many theories have been started. Some believe it to be of Druidical origin, and to have formed part of a trilithite, similar to some of those at Stonehenge. Mr. Thos. Thompson, an eminent Yorkshire antiquary, believed the stone to be the Beauta stone of a Viking named Rudd (hence the name of the village), who was buried here, and that the stone itself was brought from Denmark to be erected over his grave. He says also that a Danish gentleman who visited England, having seen a saga at Copenhagen which relates this story, was at considerable trouble to visit the place and verify the account. This view has, however, been gravely disputed, since there appears to be a doubt as to the existence of the saga in question. Can any of your readers give information respecting this? EAST YORK. He There is a paper on this stone, by Dr. Samuel Pegge, in the Archæologia, vol. v. p. 95. gives two reports of its dimensions, preferring that which he quotes from Mr. Willan, namely, that the length of the stone, including the half which is underground, is 16 yards, its breadth 5 ft. 10 in., and its thickness 2 ft. 3 in. Prof. Phillips says it is "29 feet above the surface, and is reported to be rooted even deeper underground." It is not, he asserts, of the same kind as the Boroughbridge as might easily be obtained on the northern moorstones, "but consists of a finer-grained grit, such lands, about Cloughton, beyond Scarborough, to which ancient British settlement a road led from Rudston by Burton Fleming and Staxton" (The Rivers, Mountains, and Sea Coast of Yorkshire, p. 106). The author of Murray's Yorkshire considers." it Tadcaster is known as Rudgate. Little Rudstone is worth remarking that a part of the Roman road which crosses the Wharfe at St. Helen's ford, at is a village on the Wolds about 4 miles S.; of the Humber) is the name of Rudstone Walk, near Drewton (adjoining S. Cave and a little N. apparently marking the line of an ancient road." ST. SWITHIN. and THE “MARSEILLAISE" (5th S. ix. 105.)—If the does this account for the use Schumann has Marseillaise is a German and not a French air, made of it in his very fine and characteristic song, Die beiden Grenadiere, introducing the air with grand effect at the conclusion of the song, at the words One would hardly think that Schumann would "So will ich liegen"? take the air unless it were German in its origin. I should add he does not give the song note for note from beginning to end. Is it possible that Schumann's version is the German Volkslied, improved upon, as the case may be, by the French officer? H. A. W. "THE ILLUMINATED MAGAZINE" (5th S. ix. 198.)-CUTHBERT BEDE has a sharp memory, but the, to me, very grave error of adding ten years to in his notes of last Saturday he has committed my age. I was in my teens when I illustrated some of my father's articles in the Illuminated, having been born in December, 1826. the magazine, viz. "Luke Roden," was that of actor. Reform Club. THE FOURTH ESTATE OF THE REALM (5th S. ix. 167.)-I am not aware that the reporters' gallery has ever been called the "fourth estate"; but the newspaper press was so designated by Mr. C. Ross. was the author of the dictum that the press is the I have always understood that Edmund Burke fourth estate of the realm. I am not aware that any one ever applied that expression to the reporters' gallery in the House of Commons. At the present day it is applied solely to the press as an institution. J. PENDEREL-BRODHURST. Colchester. A PAINTING BY GUERCINO DA CENTO (5th S. ix. 168.) The answer to E. A.'s query will be found on p. 389, l. 15, of the Oracula Sibyllina a D. Johanne Opsopao Bretanno cum interpretatione latina Sebastiani Castalionis (Paris, 1599). The line is "Salve casta Sion, permultaque passa puella,” a translation of χαῖρε ἁγνὴ θύγατερ Σιών καὶ πολλὰ παθοῦσα. The Latin continues : INVITATION CARDS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY (5th S. ix. 168.)-I have often heard the late Mortimer Collins say that it was a usual thing in the last century to write notes on the backs of playing cards as well as invitations. He attempted to imitate the custom himself, and often sent a note (generally in verse) on a playing card by post; but, as cards in these days are always ornamented on the back, he was compelled to use the front only, and would manage to put address, stamp, and note on an ace, deuce, or trey of any suit. 5, New Burlington Street. FRANCES COLLINS. CATSKIN EARLS (5th S. viii. 308.)-The trimming of an earl's robes was originally of catskin, but at some period subsequent to 1529 it was changed to ermine. The earls created before that date were, however, allowed the privilege of wearing the catskin trimming, though I believe they seldom, if ever, avail themselves of it. The only earldoms still remaining, which were in existence previous to the change, are those of Shrewsbury, Derby, and Huntingdon. RIVUS. "PLATFORM" (5th S. ix. 146, 195.)—If the word "platform" in the stage direction for the opening scene of Hamlet be due to Theobald, and not to Shakspeare, I presume that Shakspeare is responsible for the word in the second scene of Act i.:"Upon the platform, where we walked." And also "Upon the platform 'twixt eleven and twelve." JAYDEE. for the Isle of Man, 1805 (79), x. 429; and (2) "ROYD" (5th S. ix. 169, 195.)-Royd, Rode, Rod, simply and in composition, are found in many place names in England. The words signify a clearing, land first brought under cultivation. See Halliwell, sub voc. "Rode-land"; Taylor, Words and Places, p. 502, under "Royd"; Jamieson, vol. ii., under "Roid." The words exist in one form or another in all the Teutonic tongues. Old Ger. riuti, riutjan; Mod. Ger. reuten, rotten; A.-S. wrotan. The English form of the word is principally drawn from a Northern source. Icelandic or Old Norse hrjoða, which is explained by Holmboe (Det Norske Sprogs, Wien, 1852), "et opryddet eller aabent Sted i skoven-en Mark" ("a cleared or open place in a wooda Mark"). Hence the Danish rode oprode, with the same meaning. Rod, Royd, Rode, are common place names in South-east Lancashire, West Yorkshire, and Cheshire, in such combinations as Ormerod, Blackrod, Martinroyd, Boothroyd, Stony royd, Holroyd, North Rode, Odd Rode, &c. South Sandyknowe, Wavertree. [See 5th S. iii. 151, 212, 292, where will be found notes by MR. WEDGWOOD and MR. SKEAT.] THE FIRST LOCAL NEWSPAPER (3rd S. i. 287, 351, 398, 435, 479; ii. 38, 92; 5th S. viii. 72, 140, 153, 179, 232, 330; ix. 12, 98, 155.)—I think I can satisfy most of MR. PATERSON's inquiries. The Stamford Mercury was originally published in halfTHE ISLE OF MAN (5th S. viii. 127, 251, 298, yearly volumes, and was so published up to the end 470; ix. 177.)-The following Parliamentary papers of 1730-in all thirty-six half-yearly volumes were do not seem to be known to your correspondents published. No earlier volume is known than vol. vii., on this matter, so I beg leave to note them as commencing Thursday, January 5, 1715/6. This items of information: (1) Acts respecting the would make January 3, 1712/3, the commenceDuke of Athol's Claim of further Compensation | ment of the paper. No. 18 of vol. x., Nov. 7, |