finest Song of the Season: always received with Immense Applause. No. 1, Bass; No. 2, Baritone. 28. post free. "A powerful dramatic aria, certain to entail encore." Live Stock Journal, September 7, 1877. "A very fine song."-English Mechanic. IRISH STATE PAPERS, ELIZABETH, 1588-1588. In imperial 8vo. pp. 710, price 158. cloth, "A song of chivalry, a worthy companion to the 'Warrior Bold' CALENDAR of STATE PAPERS relating to and 'Stirrup Cup."" No extra charge for time given. Illustrated Priced Catalogue, with full particulars of Terms, post free. F. MOEDER, 248, 249, 250, Tottenham Court Road; and 19, 20, and 21, Cross Street, W. C. Established 1862. F MOEDER begs to announce that the whole of the above Premises have just been Rebullt, specially adapted for the Furniture Trade, and now form one of the most commodious Warehouses in the Metropolis. Bed-Room Suites, from 61. 68. to 50 Guineas. F. MOEDER, 248, 249, 250, Tottenham Court Road; and 19, 20, and 21, Cross Street, W.C. Established 1862. IRELAND, of the REIGN of ELIZABETH, Vol. III. 1586-1588, July, preserved in H.M. Public Record Office. Edited by H. C. HAMILTON, F.S.A., published under the Direction of the Master of the Rolls, and with the Sanction of H.M. Secretary of State for the Home Department. **The period embraced in this Volume begins with January, 1588. and ends in July, 1588, with the departure of the Lord Deputy Perrot from Ireland, and with the first tidings of the arrival of the Armada off the Lizard. London: LONGMANS & CO. and TRÜBNER & CO. MATTH. PARIS. CHRONICA MAJORA. Now ready, pp. 676, in royal 8vo. price 108. half bound, MATTHAEL PARISIENSIS Albani CHRONICA MAJORA, Vol. IV. 1240-1247. Edited by H. R. LUARD, D.D., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and published by authority of the Lords Commissioners of H. M. Treasury, under the Direction of the Master of the Rolls. This work contains the Chronica | Majora of Matthew Paris, one of the most valuable and most frequently consulted of the ancient Engligh Chronicles. It is published from its commencement for the first time. The editions by Archbishop Parker and William Wats severally begin at the Norman Conquest. The fourth volume contains the history of the reign of Henry III. for the eight years 1240-1247. The whole is certainly by Matthew Paris, the MS. having been executed under his direction at St. Alban's, and corrected afterwards by his own hand. London: LONGMANS & CO. and TRÜBNER & CO. PROVIDE AGAINST ACCIDENTS, RAILWAY PASSENGERS' ASSURANCE COMPANY, A fixed sum in case of Death by Accident, and a Weekly Allowance £1,230,000 has been paid as COMPENSATION. Apply to the Clerks at the Railway Stations, the Local Agent, or 64, CORNHILL, LONDON. WILLIAM J. VIAN, Secretary. WRIGHT'S COAL-TAR SOAP IS USED BY EVERY FAMILY OF DISTINCTION IN THE IT IS THE MOST HEALTH-PRESERVING ADJUNCT TO THE Highly and Extensively Recommended by Mr. JAMES STARTIN, Surgeon to St. John's Hospital for Diseases of the Skin; the late Dr. JAMES STARTIN 3, Savile Row; Dr. McCALL ANDERSON, Woodside Crescent, Glasgow; and the other Leading Members of the Profession. "It is the only true antiseptic soap."-British Medical Journal, IN TABLETS 6d. AND 18. EACH, OF ALL CHEMISTS. Proprietors of the Coal-Tar Pill," Pilula Carbonis Detergens," and Solution of Coal-Tar. Liquor Carbonis Detergens," particulars of which are enclosed with each Tablet of Soap. 5th S. IX. MAR. 16, 78.] NOTES AND QUERIES. LONDON, SATURDAY, MARCH 16, 1878. CONTENTS.- N° 220. the Softening the Rocks, 204-Headings of Letters-The Paston Letters-An Ancient Legend-The Red Hand of Ulster: Calverley of Calverley, 205-"Historic Certainties; or, Chronicles of Ecnarf"-Hydrophobia-The Man of the Sea, QUERIES:-" Philosophy in Sport"-Heraldic, 206-Thomas Family-Coleti aditio-Papal Medals-A Candle presented as a Token of Sympathy-"An Unlawful Cottage The 206. Nates. "GARETH AND LYNETTE." CHAPTER III. " " Ironside, the Red Knight of the Red Lands, who 66 Jennens Case, 207-Emblems-Gainsborough v. ZoffanyMellon-Rhodes Family-Grimaldi-"The Crypt"-Racine's &c.-An Old "Animadversions, "Athaliah "-Milton's Book, 208-The Jews-Authors Wanted, 209. REPLIES:-St. George-Heraldic: Hutchinson Family, 209 "Whig" and "Tory," 211-Obelisk in Rudston Churchyard-The "Marseillaise "-"The Illuminated Magazine -The Fourth Estate of the Realm, 213-A Painting by Guercino da Cento-Invitation Cards of the Eighteenth Century-Catskin Earls-"Platform "-The Isle of Man"Royd"-The First Local Newspaper, 214-Personal Pro-curtseyed the Lady Lionês down to the ground, verbs-F. Bartolozzi, R.A-Chronograms-Inventor of holding up her hands in supplication. With that Roller Skates, 215-"Rubbish" and "Rubble "-Gentlemen Sir Ironside called out bravely, "Leave thy look-Mistress (or Lady) Ferrars-"The Splendid Shilling Samuel Bailey of Sheffield, 216-Amen Corner-The Son of ing, sir knight; lo, here am I, and I warn you Theodore, King of Corsica-Fire-ships-Thomas de Cheddar that lady is mine." After a few more words the Shandygaff-Snuff Spoons and Mulls-"Estridges "-Old damsel withdrew, and the two knights addressed Receipts, 217-"The Third Part of the Pilgrim's Progress""Stag"-" Dataler-Varangians-Drowned Bodies Re- themselves to battle. When they came together covered-The Pronunciation of "Are"-"Beef-eater," 218- either smote other "so that the peytrels, sursengles, and croupers burst," and both combatants "Dame" and "Lady"-Authors Wanted, 219. fell to the ground. Then drew they their swords Notes on Books, &c. and ran together like fierce lions; they reeled from side to side, they hewed each other's harness into splinters, and still they fought from morn till noon. At noon the Red Knight's strength was greatest. It went on increasing till that hour and then it waned. Awhile they rested to take trasing, raising, breath, and then fell to again, loyning, staggering, panting, bleeding"; now butting like two rams, now goring each other as two wild boars, now grovelling on the ground, now hurtling together, and thus fought they from noon to vesper-song. Their armour was so hacked that their naked bodies were seen through the huge "Oh," said gaps [sickness and decay]. At length the sword of Gareth fell from his hand and the knight lay prostrate, but Sir Ironside fell also. the damsel," my sister is looking on, sobbing and weeping. I fear me her heart will break." On hearing this Sir Gareth took new courage, leapt So thick his strokes hailed down that to his feet, caught up his sword, and began the fight anew. helmet and slay him, when he Sir Ironside was vanquished, and Sir Gareth ran to unlace his yielded, and craved mercy. Death was overcome of victory, and the achievement was accomplished. [In the prose story the hero does not immediately marry the bride, because the notion of purgatory lapse of time] Sir Gareth married the Lady Lionês, of necessity caused an interval; but after this and King Arthur gave them great riches and many lands [an inheritance incorruptible, undefiled, and that fadeth not away]. I have before observed that the story of Gareth and Lynette is an allegory-a Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress in fact-in which life is a day; then comes the death struggle, then the victory and wedding with the Lamb. The four knights who keep the passages are night, morn, noon, and eve; the" day of life" consisting of the embryo state, youth, manhood, and old age, which keep man from the lady of Castle Perilous, or the bride which is in heaven. The story says that man's struggle with death endures a whole day; his whole life is a combat with moral and physical death. Tennyson makes it a single stroke, a momentary contest; then death is vanquished, and man rises into new life. There is a sense, no doubt, in which this is true; but if Gareth represents the Christian warrior fighting his way to heaven, his struggle with death is no single blow. The physical wrench of life is momentary, that is, the interval between life and death is a mathematical line without breadth or thickness, but that is not the death struggle suited to the allegory before us. The Prose Story.-After Sir Gareth had conquered the four knights who kept the passages of Castle Perilous, the last and greatest combat reIt was that with Sir mained to be achieved. Tennyson's Conclusion.-Instead of this grand and graphic contest, lasting from morn to night, the poet makes Gareth cleave with a single stroke "the helm as throughly as the skull," and then he mixes up a classic fable with the British story. As Minerva sprang from the cleft head of Jove, so from the cleft head of Tennyson's knight, called Mors or Death, "issued the bright face of a blooming boy," who prayed Gareth to spare him, pleading that his three brothers (the history says four) bade him "stay all the world from Lady Lyonors, and never dreamed the passes would be past." Then, adds the poet, "sprang happier days from underground," and Sir Gareth wedded the damsel Lynette. I confess I can never read this ending without a pang. Lynette of course represents what Bunyan calls the City of Destruction, or the carnal man within and without. As the flesh chides the Christian, and disparages all he says and does, so Lynette flouts Gareth, scandalizes him, disclaims him, and depreciates all his victories. To make the Christian soldier fight the fight and finish his course, and then marry Lynette instead of the true bride, is revolting (2 Pet. ii. 22), and spoils the allegory. The prose story says Sir Gaheris married Linet. Sir Gaheris was wedded to the world, but Sir Gareth had fought the good fight and his bride awaited him in Castle Perilous. "Pictoribus atque poetis Quidlibet audendi semper fuit æqua potestas. Scimus. Sed non ut placidis coeant immitia non ut Serpentes avibus geminentur, tigribus agni," and to marry Gareth with Lynette is to wed a dove to a rattlesnake, a tiger to a lamb. SHAKSPEARIANA. "HAMLET," ACT III. SC. 4, LL. 165–7.— "For use almost can change the stamp of nature, In the Clarendon series Hamlet the editors in out," It is quite true that Hamlet only intends to press abstinence from ill doing. But this is only one half of the results of custom, and he first speaks philosophically of the effects of custom generally; in fact, he begins with the other half, the persistence in ill custom, for he calls it "that monster custom," and "of habits devil," while afterwards both aspects are comprised and seen in "For custom can almost change the stamp of nature." Nor is this introduction of both effects use abstinence, and each attempt will be more easy, till at last you can throw off the temptation with wondrous power. (And I take it that the "wondrous potency" belongs equally to both the opposite or contrasting verbs.) But bating the poetical and moral objection to that of persistence and that of abstinencethis ending of the idyll, a far more serious ob- superfluous or unnecessary, for it affords him a jection lies against the poet for false coining. It double argument, or an argument of double force. seems to me that a poet has no more right to issue Custom, says he, is a devil or an angel; it can established fable with a wrong image and super- almost change our nature. Continue your guiltscription than he has to falsify an historic fact. make a custom of it-and it will eventually gain Who would tolerate a modern poet who should such empiry over you that it will be most difficult choose the tale of Troy divine and make Helen-nay, impossible-to throw it off. Disuse it, or elope with Glaucus, and then add, though Homer says she ran away with Paris"? Who would tolerate the marriage of Pyladês with Hermionê, though "he who told the tale in older times" says that she married Orestês? We are accustomed to think of Hecuba as Priam's wife and Penelope as the wife of Ulysses, and it offends our memory to reverse the order. If Tennyson "And either [throne] the devil, or throw him out.” wished to make a new story, he had the infinity" Throne in" is used in Coriolanus, and "throned " of names which imagination can invent at his dis- seven times by Shakspere. I prefer it also to any posal; but the story of Gareth and Linet had synonymous word for three reasons: first, it is been already appropriated, and if he wished to more forcible than any other; secondly, the retell it anew, the main facts ought to be preserved. petition of the letters gives us a very common Once allow the gist of established fiction to be cause of elision by a compositor or copier thr is tampered with, and it loses for ever its great found in the second syllable of the preceding word charm, and all its value for purposes of illustration." either," and the th in the succeeding "the"; thirdly, the alliteration of the two emphatic and E. COBHAM BREWER. Founding on these considerations, I would therefore read : : 5th S. IX. MAR. 16, '78.] NOTES AND QUERIES. opposing words, "throne" and "throw off," is in the manner of Shakspere, and according to the BRINSLEY NICHOLSON. fashion of the day. P.S.-Since writing this I have read in a late It is Adieu, adieu ! remember me.' Act i. sc. 5, 1. 110. The interpretation of "watch-word" is unsatisfactory. I can perceive no sense, literal or metaphorical, in which the Ghost's injunction is a watch-word to Hamlet. Is it possible that "my word" may here mean my cue, in allusion to the practice of the stage? The Ghost's last words are the signal to Hamlet to The interpreperform his part, as he had sworn. tation is open to the objections that I can produce no parallel passage, and that if Shakespeare had meant "my cue," he would probably have used the technical term, as he has done in many other places; but the idea is perhaps worth consideration. If inadmissible, there remains another conjecture, namely, that the allusion is to the word, mot, or motto, accompanying an heraldic achieve ment, in which sense it is used in Pericles, Act ii. sc. 2, 11. 20, 30, 33. Yes, by Saint Patrick, but there is, Horatio." Act i. sc. 5, 1. 136. This has been objected to as being not only an anachronism, but out of keeping, in making the Danish prince asseverate by St. Patrick instead of St. Ansgarius. Tschischwitz (may good luck guide safely into type a name unpronounceable by English organs, except, perhaps, in the act of sneezing) points out, in relation to the passage, the connexion of St. Patrick with purgatory, but only to remark on the association of the idea of purgatory with that of "inexpiated crime," ignoring the fact that St. Patrick's Purgatory was not the general receptacle of departed souls, as recognized in Roman Catholic doctrine, but an earthly cavern, said to have been placed under his charge with peculiar privileges. Whoever, in true repentance, &c., remained therein for a day and a night was to behold the torments of the wicked; and, after four-and-twenty hours of as much horror as the managers of the establishment could contrive for him, was promised exemption from purgatory after death. The reference to St. Patrick by Hamlet, fresh from the revelation just made by the Ghost of his state of torment, was therefore quite in keeping, if we can get over the anachronism which pervades the whole play. It assigns to Christian times, and even with a reference to the English "To sleep! perchance to dream! Ay, there's the rub." "When he himself might his quietus make Act iii. sc. 1, 1. 75. As it has been thought worth while to discuss "As this fell sergeant, death This passage would not have needed a note had it arrest by the hand of death to that by an officer of Hardwick House, Chepstow. Tom. v. p. 186, n. 2. Campanæ pulsatio ad fideles in ecclesia congregandos, plerumque dicitur signum datum. Tom. v. p. 327, n. 5. Campanarum mentio quando habita apud authores tum Orientis tum Occidentis. Tom. v. p. 327, n. 5. Campanarum benedictio ab heterodoxis baptismus dicta est. Tom. v. p. 320, n. 6. Campanæ apud antiquos monachos perforatæ, vel fractæ fuerunt, et quare. Tom. v. p. 328, n. 7, 8. Campanæ quare in Oratoriis monachorum poni non debeant. Tom. iii. p. 100, n. 2. Campanulæ usum in elevatione sacratissima hostiæ quis primus instituerit. Tom. iii. p. 574, n. 3. Campanulæ pulsatio ad elevationem et delationem SS. Eucharistiæ, ad infirmos, ab ecclesia præcepta. H. Y. N. HAYLEY THE POET.-The following letter from INDEX TO MATTERS ABOUT BELLS.-The follow-William Hayley, the friend of Cowper, addressed ing indexes to matters relating to church bells will to Joseph Hill, Esq., and accompanying a copy of no doubt be interesting to many of your readers. Cowper's translation of Milton's Latin and Italian They are reproduced from two volumes on the bells Poems, which was dedicated to Mr. Hill, is, I of Somerset by your old and valued correspondent, think, worth preserving :— the Rev. H. T. Ellacombe : Index to Matters about Bells treated of in "Hittorpius de Divinis Officiis," fol., Paris, 1610. P. 1202. Campana cum sonat, quasi populus ad placitum per præconem convocatur. P. 1215 d. Campanæ loco tubarum introductæ in ecclesia. P. 1201 d. Campanæ cur sonantur in processionibus. P. 1181 c. Campanarum significatio. P. 1218 d. Campanarum sonus quid denotat. "April 3, 1808. "My Dear Sir,-You gratified me extremely by the celerity and kindness of your letter concerning our anxious Editor of Homer. I have written to warn him against making a too hasty bargain with a bookseller. In his hymeneal bargain he cannot be too rapid, for he will gain a treasure indeed. I have had a perfect account of the lovely Damsel from one of her old intimate friends. May Heaven render this amiable pair as permanently happy as their friends can wish! "And now, my dear Sir, I have to entreat your pardon for a liberty that you will see I have taken with your P. 1218 c. Campanas per signa dantur, quæ olim per name, without asking your leave. tubas. P. 1218 d. Campanæ ubi primum repertæ. P. 1218 d. Campanæ unde hoc nomen sortitæ. P. 665 c. Campanæ a Campania, et nola a Campaniæ civitate sic vocatæ. P. 276 b., 369 b. c. Campanæ nunc, quod in veteri testimento, tubæ. P. 396 b. Campanas movere presbyterorum munus. P. 910. Campanæ nunc populum convocant, sicut olim tubæ. P. 859 c. Campanæ predicatores significant. P. 859 c. Campanarum classicum trinum in diebus festis. P. 954 b. Campanæ cur non sonant tempore passionis domini. P. 1210 a. Campanarium quod in alto locatur quid designat. Index to Matters about Bells treated of in the "Com mentaries on the Decretals of Gregory IX.," by Em. Gonzalez Tellez, Venice, 1756. Tom. i. p. 132, note 8. Campanarum pulsatio semper fuit prohibita tempore interdicti. Tom. i. p. 221, n. 4. Campanarum pulsatio in receptione episcoporum et abbatum. Tom. i. p. 443, n. 3. Campanarum origo, et a quo tempore earum usus in ecclesia cæperit. Tom. i. p. 444, n. 7. Campana certis horis ad ecclesiæ officia peragenda pulsantur. Tom. ii. p. 180, n. 6. Campanarum pulsatio in receptione episcoporum, et principum secularium. "If I have sinn'd against your known Modesty, pray recollect with indulgence that trespasses against modesty even of the finest female texture are often allowed to be justified by warmth and sincerity of affection. "Having loved Cowper as I did intensely, it were impossible for me not to regard, and not to wish, that the public might witness my regard, for his most approved friend, "To gratify a few select individuals with an early sight of the Milton, before any copies of it can be prepared for circulation at St. Paul's, I dispatch a few books from Chichester. Have the kindness to forward the copy directed to Theodora, and do me the favour to accept the other as a little token of kind remembrance from your frequently obliged "and ever affectionate "HERMIT.” The book was printed at Chichester, but published by Johnson in St. Paul's Churchyard, London. EDWARD SOLLY. HANNIBAL'S SOFTENING THE ROCKS.-The fol lowing passage from Pole's new Life of Sir William Fairbairn (Longmans, 1877), p. 59, seems so strikingly illustrative of the well-known account in Livy, xxi. 37, as to deserve a place in "N. & Q." Fairbairn himself is the narrator, and is describing the way in which his father many years before had cleared the surface of a new farm, on the banks of the Conan, near Dingwall. Whatever may be said of Livy, no one will be disposed to accuse the great engineer of romancing: |