OBS. 3.—Adverbs of time, place, and manner, are generally connected with verbs or participles; those of degree are more frequently prefixed to adjectives or adverbs.

Obs. 4.—The adverbs here, there, and where, when prefixed to prepositions, have the force of pronouns: as, Hereby, for by this; thereby, for by that; whereby, for by which. Compounds of this kind are, however, commonly reckoned adverbs. They are now somewhat antiquated.

Obs. 5.—The adverbs how, when, whence, where, whither, why, and wherefore, are frequently used as interrogatives; but, as such, they severally belong to the classes under which they are placed.

MODIFICATIONS.

Adverbs have no modifications, except that a few are compared after the manner of adjectives: as, Soon, sooner, soonest—often, oftener, oftenest—long, longer, longest.

The following are irregularly compared: well, better, best; badly or ill, worse, worst; little, less, least; much, more, most; far, farther, farthest; forth, further, furthest.

Obs. I.—Most adverbs of quality, will admit the comparative adverbs more and most, less and least, before them: as, wisely, more wisely, most wisely; culpably, less culpably, least culpably. But these should be parsed separately; the degree of comparison belongs only to the adverb prefixed.

Obs. 2. As comparison does not belong to adverbs in general, it should not be mentioned in parsing, except in the case of those few which are varied by it.

OF THE CONJUNCTION.

A Conjunction is a word used to connect words or sentences together, so as out of two or more sentences to make but one: as, Thou and he are happy, because you are good.

Obs. 1.—Conjunctions often unite sentences when they appear only to unite words: as, Duty and interest forbid improper indulgences."

Have adverbs any modifications? Compare well, badly or ill, little, much, far, and forth. What is a CONJUNCTION?

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This form of expression contains two sentences; namely, "Duty forbids improper indulgences;" " Interest forbids improper indulgences." Obs. 2.—Relative pronouns, as well as conjunctions, serve to connect sentences; as, "Blessed is the man who feareth the Lord."

CLASSES.

Conjunctions are divided into two classes; copulative and disjunctive.

I. A copulative conjunction denotes an addition, a cause, or a supposition: as, He and I shall not dispute; for, if he have any choice, I shall readily grant it.

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II. A disjunctive conjunction denotes opposition of meaning: as, Avenge not yourselves, but rather give place unto wrath."—Rom. xii. 19.

LIST OF THE CONJUNCTIONS.

The following are the principal conjunctions:

1. Copulative; and, as, both, because, for, if, that.

2. Disjunctive; or, nor, either, neither, than, though, although, yet, but, except, whether, lest, unless, save, notwithstanding.

OF THE PREPOSITION.

A Preposition is a word used to express the relation between different objects or ideas: as, The book lies before me on the table.

То

OBS.—Every relation of course implies more than one idea. In all correct language, the grammatical relation of the words corresponds exactly to the relation of the things or ideas expressed; for the relation of words is their dependence on each other according to the sense. a preposition, the antecedent term of relation may be a noun, an adjective, a pronoun, a verb, a participle, or an adverb; and the subsequent term may be a noun, a pronoun, an infinitive verb, or a participle. The learner must observe that the terms of relation are frequently transposed.

How are conjunctions divided? What is a copulative conjunction ?---a disjnnrtive conjunction9 What are the copulative conjunctions ?---the disjunctive? What is a PREPOSITION?

LIST OF THE PREPOSITIONS.

The following are the principal prepositions, arranged alphabetically: Above, about, across, after, against, along, amid or amidst, among or amongst, around, at, athwart— Before, behind, below, beneath, beside or besides, between or betwixt, beyond, by—Concerning—Down, during—Except, excepting—For, from—In, into—Notwithstanding—Of, off, on, over- -Past—Round—Since—Through, throughout, till, to, touching, toward or towards—Under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon—With, within, without.

Obs.—The words in the preceding list are generally prepositions. But when any of them are employed without a subsequent term of relation, they are adverbs; as, "He died not long before." For, when it signifies because, is a conjunction: without, when used for unless, and notwithstanding, when placed before a nominative, belong to the same class.

OF THE INTERJECTION.

An interjection is a word which expresses some strong or sudden emotion of the mind: as, Oh! alas! It is sometimes placed before, and sometimes between the parts of a sentence; as, Oh! I must go; My son, alas! is dead.

Obs. Of pure interjections but few are admitted into books. As words or sounds of this kind serve rather to indicate feeling than to express thought, they seldom have any definable signification. Their use also is so variable, that there can be no very accurate classification of them. Some significant words properly belonging to other classes, are ranked with interjections, when uttered with emotion and in an unconnected manner.

LIST OF THE INTERJECTIONS.

The following are the principal interjections, arranged according to the emotions which they are generally intended to indicate:-1. Of joy; hey! ha!—2. Of sorrow; oh! ah! alas! alack! well-a-day!—3. Of wonder; heigh! strange! —i. Of wishing or earnestness (often with a noun or pronoun

How are the prepositions arranged? What are the prepositions beginning with a---with b---with c---with d---with e---with f---with i---with n---with o---with p---with r...with s---with t---with u---with w? What is an INTERJECTION ?---How are the interjections arranged? What are the interjections of joy---of sorrow of wonder of wishing or earnestness?

in a direct address); O!—5. Of pain; oh! ah! eh!—6. Of contempt; fudge! pugh! poh! pshaw! tut!—7. Of aversion; foh! fie! off! begone! avaunt!—8. Of calling aloud ho! soho! holloa!—9. Of exultation; aha! huzza! hurrah! —10. Of laughter; ha, ha, ha!—11. Of salutation; welcome! hail! all-hail!—12. Of calling to attention; to! behold! look! see! hark!—13. Of calling to silence; hush! hist! mum!—14. Of surprise; oh! ha! hah! what!— 15. Of languor; heigh-ho!

EXAMPLES FOR PARSING.

CHAP. VI. ETYMOLOGICAL.

In the Sixth Chapter, it is required of the pupil—to distinguish and define the different parts of speech, and all their classes and modifications.

The definitions to be given in the Sixth Chapter, are two for an article, six for a noun, three for an adjective, six for a pronoun, seven for a verb, two for a participle, two (and sometimes three) for an adverb, two for a conjunction, one for a preposition, and two for an interjection. Thus:

EXAMPLE PARSED.

"O! sooner shall the earth and stars fall into chaos!"

0! is an interjection, indicating earnestness.

1. An interjection is a word which expresses some strong or sudden emotion of the mind.

2. The interjection of wishing or earnestness, is 0.

Sooner is an adverb of time, of the comparative degree; compared,

soon, sooner, soonest,

1. An adverb is a word joined to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or another adverb, to define it.

What are the interjections of pain---of contempt---of aversion--of calling aloud ---of exultation---of laughter---of salutation----of calling to attention---of calling to silence of surprise---of languor? What is required of the pupil in the Sixth Chapter for parsing? How many definitions are here to be given for each part of speech? How is the following example parsed? "O! sooner shall the earth and stars fall into chaos!" [Now parse, in like manner, the three lessons of the Sixth Chapter.]

2. Adverbs of time answer to the question when? or how often? 3. The comparative degree is that which exceeds the positive. Shall is an auxiliary to fall.

An auxiliary is a short verb prefixed to one of the principal parts of another verb, to express some particular mode and time of action.

The is the definite article.

1. An article is a word placed before nouns, to limit their meaning. 2. The definite article is the, and is used to denote some particular thing or things.

Earth is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and nominative case.

1. A noun is a word which is either the name of a person, animal, place, thing, or idea.

2. A common noun is a name applied generally to all individuals, places, or things, of the same kind or sort.

3. The third person is that which denotes the person or thing merely spoken of.

4. The singular number denotes but one.

5. The neuter gender is that which denotes things that are neither male nor female.

6. The nominative case is that form of a noun or pronoun which denotes the subject of a verb.

And is a copulative conjunction.

1. A conjunction is a word used to connect words or sentences together.

2. A copulative conjunction denotes an addition, a cause, or a

supposition.

Stars is a common noun, of the third person, plural number, neuter gender, and nominative case.

1. A noun is a word which is either the name of a person, animal, place, thing, or idea.

2. A common noun is a name applied generally to all individuals, persons, or things, of the same kind or sort.

3. The third person is that which denotes the person or thing merely spoken of.

4. The plural number denotes more than one.

5. The neuter gender is that which denotes things that are neither male nor female.

6. The nominative case is that form of a noun or pronoun which denotes the subject of a verb.

Shall fall is an irregular active-intransitive verb, from fall, fell, falling, fallen; found in the indicative mood, first-future tense, third person, and plural number.

1. A verb is a word which affirms what is said of persons and things.

2. An irregular verb is one that does not form the preterit and perfect participle by adding d or ed to the present tense.

3. An active-intransitive verb is one that expresses an action which has no person or thing for its object.