8. [] The Macron is used to denote either an open vowel or a syllable of long quantity: as, raven, a bird.

9. [—] or [****] The Ellipsis denotes the omission of some letters or words: as, K—g, for king,

10. [a] The Caret shews where to insert words or letters that have been accidentally omitted.

11. [] The Brace serves to unite a triplet, or to connect several terms with something to which they are all related.

12. [§] The Section marks the smaller divisions of a book or chapter.

13. [] The Paragraph (chiefly used in the Bible) denotes the commencement of a new subject. The parts of discourse which are called paragraphs are, in general, sufficiently distinguished by beginning a new line, and carrying the first word a little forwards or backwards.

14. [""] The Quotation Points distinguish words that are taken from another author or speaker. A quotation within a quotation is marked with single points; which, when both are employed, are placed within the others.

15. [[]] The Crotchets generally enclose some correction or explanation, or the subject to be explained: as, "He [the speaker] was mistaken."

16. [] The Index points out something remarkable. 17. [*] The Asterisk, [+] the Obelisk, [] the Double Dagger, and [] the Parallel, refer to marginal notes. The letters of the alphabet, or the numerical figures, may be used for the same purpose.

[For oral exercises in punctuation, the Teacher may select any well-pointed book, to which the foregoing rules and explanations may be applied by the pupil.]

What is the use of the macron---of the ellipsis---of the caret---of the brace---of the section---of the paragraph---of the quotation points---of the crotchets---of the index of the asterisk, the obelisk, the double dagger, and the parallel?

[Having correctly answered the foregoing questions, the pupil should be taught to apply what he has learned; and, for this purpose, he may be required to read the preface to this volume, or a portion of any other accurately-pointed book, and to assign a reason for every mark he finds.]

UTTERANCE.

Utterance is the art of expression by the voice. It includes the principles of pronunciation and elocution.

OF PRONUNCIATION.

Pronunciation, as distinguished from elocution, is the utterance of words taken separately.

Pronunciation requires a knowledge of the just powers of the letters in all their combinations, and of the force and seat of the accent.

I. The Just Powers of the letters are those sounds which are given to them by the best readers.

II. Accent is the stress which we lay upon some particular syllable, whereby it is distinguished from the rest: as, grdm-mar, gram-md-ri-an.

Every word of more than one syllable has one of its syllables accented.

When the word is long, we often give a secondary or less forcible accent to another syllable; as, to the last of tem-per-a-ture, and to the second of in-dem-ni-Ji-ca-tion.

A full and open pronunciation of the long vowel sounds, a clear articulation of the consonants, a forcible and wellplaced accent, and a distinct utterance of the unaccented syllables, distinguish the elegant speaker.

OF ELOCUTION.

Elocution is the utterance of words that are arranged into sentences, and form discourse.

Elocution requires a knowledge and right application of emphasis, pauses, inflections, and tones.

I. Emphasis is the stress of voice which we lay upon some particular word or words in a sentence, to distinguish them from the rest.

What is Utterance? and what does it include? What is pronunciation? What does pronunciation require? What are the just powers of the letters? What is accent? Is ever; word accented? Can a word have more than one accent? What four things distinguish the elegant speaker? What is elocution? does elocution require? What is emphasis?

What

II. Pauses are cessations in utterance, to relieve the speaker and render language intelligible and pleasing. The duration of the pauses should be proportionate to the degree of connexion between the parts of the discourse.

III. Inflections are those peculiar variations of the human voice by which it is made to pass from one note into another. The passage of the voice from a lower to a higher note, is called the rising inflection. The passage of the voice from a higher to a lower note, is called the falling inflection. These two opposite inflections may be heard in the following examples: 1. The rising, "Do you mean to go?" 2. The failing, "When will you go?"

Obs.—Questions that may be answered by yes or no require the rising inflection; those that demand any other answer must be uttered with the falling inflection.

IV. Tones are those modulations of the voice which depend upon the feelings of the speaker. And it is of the utmost importance that they be natural, and adapted to the subject and to the occasion; for upon them, in a great measure, depends all that is pleasing or interesting in elocution.

FIGURES.

A Figure, in grammar, is an intentional deviation from the ordinary form, construction, or application, of words. There are, accordingly, figures of Etymology, figures of Syntax, and figures of Rhetoric. When figures are judiciously employed, they both strengthen and adorn expression. They occur more frequently in poetry than in and several of them are merely poetic licenses.

prose;

What are pauses? and what is said of their duration? What are inflections ?--What is called the rising inflection ?--- What is called the falling inflection ?---How are these inflections exemplified?...How are they used in asking questions? What are tones? and why do they deserve particular attention? What is a Figure in grammar? How many kinds of figures are there? O

FIGURES OF ETYMOLOGY.

A Figure of Etymology is an intentional deviation from the ordinary form of a word.

The principal figures of Etymology are eight; namely, A-phœr-e-sis, Pros-the-sis, Syn-co-pe, A-poc-o-pe, Par-a-go-ge, Di-œr-e-sis, Syn-œr-e-sis, and The-sis.

I. Aphœresis is the omission of some of the initial letters of a word; as, 'gainst, 'gan, 'neath,—for against, began, beneath.

II. Prosthesis is the prefixing of an expletive syllable to a word; as, adown, bestrown, evanished, yclad,—for down, strown, vanished, clad.

III. Syncope is the omission of some of the middle letters of a word: as, lik'st, for likest; overtake, for overtake. IV. Apocope is the omission of some of the final letters of a word: as, tho', for though; th', for the.

v. Paragoge is the annexing of an expletive syllable to a word: as, withouten, for without; deary, for dear.

VI. Diœresis is the separating of two vowels that might form a diphthong: as, cooperate, not cooperate; aëronaut,

not œronaut.

VII. Synœresis is the sinking of two syllables into one: as, seest, for seëst; tacked, for tack-ed; drowned, for drown-ed.

OBS.-When a vowel is entirely suppressed in pronunciation (whether retained in writing or not), the consonants connected with it fall into another syllable: thus, tried, triest, loved or lov'd, lovest or lov'st, are monosyllables; except in solemn discourse, in which the e is generally retained and pronounced.

VIII. Tmesis is the inserting of a word between the parts of a compound: as, "On which side soever."—" To us ward."—"To God ward."

FIGURES OF SYNTAX.

A Figure of Syntax is an intentional deviation from the ordinary construction of words.

What is a figure of etymology? How many and what are the figures of etymology? What is apheresis---prosthesis---syncope---apocope---paragoge---diæresis. --synæresis---tmesis? What is a figure of syntax?

The principal figures of Syntax are five; namely, El-lip-sis, Ple-o-nasm, Syl-lep-sis, En-al-la-ge, and Hy-per-ba-ton.

I. Ellipsis is the omission of some word or words which are necessary to complete the construction, but not necessary to convey the meaning. Such words are said to be understood; because they are received as belonging to the sentence, though they are not uttered.

Almost all compound sentences are more or less elliptical. There may be an omission of any of the parts of speech, or even of a whole clause; but the omission of articles or interjections can scarcely constitute a proper ellipsis. Examples:

1. Of the Article; as, "A man and [a] boy.”—“ The day, [the] week, and [the] month."

2. Of the Noun; as, "The upper [house] and the lower house."—"The twelve [apostles].""A dozen [bottles]

of wine."

3. Of the Adjective; as, "What is suitable to the former, is not [suitable] to the latter."

4. Of the Pronoun; as, "I love [him] and [I] imitate him."- "The books [which] we own.

5. Of the Verb; as, "Who did this? I [did it]."

6. Of the Participle; as, "That [being] done, they part."

7. Of the Adverb; as, "He thought [justly] and acted justly."—" Exceedingly great and [exceedingly] powerful."

8. Of the Conjunction; as, "The fruit of the Spirit is love, [and] joy, [and] peace, [and] long-suffering, [and] gentleness, [and] goodness, [and] faith, [and] meekness, [and] temperance."—Gal. v. 22. The repetition of the conjunction is called Polysyndeton; and the omission of it, Asyndeton.

9. Of the Preposition; as, "[On] this day."-" [In] next month."—" He departed [from] this life."

How many and what are the figures of syntax? What is ellipsis in grammar? Are sentences often elliptical? How can there be an ellipsis of the article---the noun---the adjective---the pronoun---the verb---the participle---the adverb---the conjunction---the preposition?