BERRY-BERTHA.

one compartment, are distinctively designated by the term pepo, peponium, or peponida, to which, however, gourd may be considered equivalent.

BERRY, or BERRI, one of the old French provinces (now forming the departments of Indre and Cher, q. v.), in lat. 46° 10-47' 40' N., and long. 1-3° E., its greatest length being about 100 miles, and its greatest breadth 90. Having come into the possession of the French crown, it gave title at various times to French princes, the younger son of Charles X. being the last who held it.

was removed from his command, B. united with Thiers and others to oppose the pretensions of the president, and he was one of the few who boldly protested against the coup d'état. In 1854, he was elected a member of the French Academy. B. added greatly to his reputation as an orator by his ment prosecution in 1858, and in 1860-61 in the case defence of Montalembert (q. v.) against the govern of Patterson v. Bonaparte. While on a visit to Lord Brougham a grand dinner was given in his honor (Nov. 8, 1864), by the Bar of England, at which more than 400 guests were present. He died Nov. 29, 1868. riflemen or sharpshooters of the Sardinian army. After the disastrous campaign of Charles Albert against the Austrians in 1848-1849, and the abdication of that monarch, his son, Victor Emmanuel, One improvement, brought about by General Alescommenced a remodelling of the Sardinian army. sandro della Marmora, was the formation of a dressed in a picturesque but serviceable dark-green corps of bersaglieri. These are light active soldiers, uniform, and armed with long rifles. Two battalions of these riflemen formed part of the Sardinian August 1855, they took part in the battle of the army during the Crimean war. On the 16th of Tehernaya. During the Italian war of 1859, the B. were engaged in many operations requiring dash and brilliancy.

BERSAGLIE'RI is the Italian name for the

BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND, DUKE DE, second son of the Count of Artois (afterwards Charles X.) and of Maria Theresa of Savoy, was born at Versailles, January 24, 1778. In 1792, he fled with his father to Turin; fought with him under Condé against France; afterwards visited Russia, and lived for some time in London and Edinburgh. In 1814 he returned to France, and the following year was appointed by Louis XVIII. commander of the troops in and around Paris. In 1816, he married Caroline Ferdinande Louise, eldest daughter of Francis, afterwards king of the Two Sicilies. On this marriage the continuance of the elder Bourbon line depended. The Duke de B. was assassinated on the 13th February 1820, as he was conducting his wife from the Opera-house to her carriage, by a person named Louvel. He left only one daughter, LouiseMarie-Thérèse d'Artois, Mademoiselle de France, born 1819; but on the 29th September 1820, the widowed duchess gave birth to the prince, Henry, Duke of Bordeaux, afterwards styled Count of Chambord. After the July revolution, 1830, in which the duchess exhibited immense force of character and courage, offering herself to lead on the troops against the insurgents, she, with her son, followed Charles X. to Holyrood, but left a considerable party in France, in favour of the pretensions of her son as Henry V. of France. During a visit to Italy, the duchess was so far encouraged in her ambition, BERTH, or BIRTH, in nautical language, is that a project was formed for reinstating the nearly equivalent to room or space. A ship's B. is Bourbons in France; and, accompanied by several the space which she occupies when at anchor, includfriends, she landed near Marseille, April 29, 1832.ing a small breadth of sea all around her. The After many adventures she was betrayed, and was imprisoned in the citadel of Blaye. The confession of the duchess, that she had formed a second marriage with the Neapolitan marquis, Lucchesi-Palli, destroyed at once her political importance, and the government restored her to liberty.

BERRYER, PIERRE ANTOINE, a distinguished French advocate and party politician, was born in Paris, 4th January 1790, and first distinguished himself by his defence of victims of the restoration. In 1829 he was chosen deputy, and ever afterward steadily represented the rights and policy of the elder Bourbons. His legitimist tendencies kept him for a time in the political background under Louis Philippe; but as the legitimist party in the chamber increased, his position grew in importance. He repeatedly undertook the defence of persons prosecuted by the government, not only of his own party, but republican leaders. It was he who defended Louis Napoleon in the Chamber of Peers after the Boulogne attentat. With the elder Bourbons he was in constant communication, and was one of the heads of the legitimist party who made a pilgrimage to the Count of Chambord in London in 1843. After the revolution of 1848, he represented the Bouches-du-Rhône; seemed inclined to support the government of the president, Louis Napoleon; and became a member of his privy-council. But this did not hinder him from going to Wiesbaden, in 1850, to do homage to the Count of Chambord. On that occasion, he was openly spoken of as the future minister of Henry V. When Changarnier

BERSERKER (ber, bare, and serkr, shirt of mail), a redoubtable hero in Scandinavian mythology, the grandson of the eight-handed Starkader and the beautiful Alfhilde. He despised mail and helmet, and contrary to the custom of those times, went always into battle unharnessed, his fury serving him instead of defensive armour. By the daughter of King Swafurlam, whom he had slain in battle, he had twelve sons, who inherited the name of B., along with his warlike fury.

same name is also given to a messing or sleeping room on board ship, in a sense not very different from that of the word cabin. To 'B.' a ship's crew, is to allot to each man the place where his hammock, &c., are to be placed. In the third-class cabins of passenger-steamers, where many sleep in one room without partitions or divisions, each one's crib or bed-place is his berth.

BERTHA, the name of several famous women of the middle ages, half-historical, half-fabulous (see BERCHTA). ST. BERTHA, whose day is kept on the 4th July, was the beautiful and pious daughter of Charibert, king of the Franks, who having married (560 a. n.) Æthelbert, king of Kent, became the means of his conversion, and of the spread of Christianity among the Anglo-Saxons. In the romances of the Charlemagne cycle, there figures a BERTHA, called also Berthrada with the Big Foot, as the daughter of Count Charibert of Laon, wife of Pepin the Little, and mother of Charlemagne. In the romances of the Round Table, again, BERTHA is the name of a sister of Charlemagne, who makes Milo d'Anglesis the father of Roland. Better known is BERTHA, daughter of Burkhard, Duke of the Alemanni, and wife of Rudolf II., king of Burgundy beyond Jura, who, after Rudolf's death (937), acted as regent for her infant son, Konrad; afterwards married Hugo, king of Italy; and died towards the close of the 10th c. This queen had the character of an excellent housekeeper, and is repre sented on seals and other monuments of the time as sitting on her throne spinning.

BERTHIER-BERTRAND.

this

BERTHOLLE'TIA. See BRAZIL NUTS.

1766.

an eminent French journalist, was born in Paris, BERTIN, LOUIS FRANÇOIS, called Bertin l' Ainé, and in 1799 set on foot the Journal des Débats He began writing for the press in 1793, (q. v.). B.'s royalist principles offended the governbanishment to Elba; whence, however, he escaped ment of Napoleon, and cost him imprisonment and Châteaubriand. In 1804, he returned to Paris, and to Rome, where he formed a friendship with resumed the editorship of the Débats, but was much hampered by Napoleon, who imposed on the paper the title of Journal de l'Empire, and by subjecting it to police revision, gave it almost an official character. When B., in 1814, became free to follow his own bent, the journal reverted to its royalist other hands, till the return of the Bourbons restored it once more to B., who, in the meantime, had principles. During the Hundred Days, it fell into the restoration, B. gave almost constant support to taken part in the Moniteur de Gand. Throughout the ministerial party. the protest of the liberal journals against the Though he did not join in ordonnances, he gave his adhesion to the July He continued to edit the Débats till his death, 13th monarchy, and continued faithfully to support it. September 1841.

BERTHIER, ALEXANDRE, Prince of Neuchatel of extracting and purifying saltpetre to be used and Wagram, and Marshal of the French Empire, in the manufacture of gunpowder, and also as to was born at Versailles, November 20, 1753. father, a military engineer, trained him for the steel. His the process of smelting and converting iron into army, which he entered in 1770, and fought with Egypt led to the formation of the Institute of His joining the expedition of Napoleon to Lafayette in the American War of Independence. Cairo. At the outbreak of the French Revolution, he senator by Bonaparte, who also conferred on him On his return from Egypt, he was made a was appointed major-general of the National Guard several marks of honour, and made him a count. of Versailles, and rose to be a general of division, Notwithstanding, he voted for the deposition of and chief of the staff in the Army of Italy, 1795; Napoleon in 1814. and in 1798, in the absence of Bonaparte, entered bons, he was made a peer; but all his honours never On the restoration of the Bourthe papal territory, and proclaimed the republic made him other than a simple and unassuming in Rome. He accompanied Napoleon to Egypt gentleman. Besides the additions to chemical knowin the same year as chief of the staff, a post which ledge already mentioned, he, in conjunction with he also held in all the subsequent campaigns. At Lavoisier, and two other chemists, promulgated a the revolution of 18th Brumaire (1799), he became new chemical nomenclature which has proved valuwar-minister, and (till 1808) as such signed many able to science. He died at Paris, 7th November important treaties and truces. He always accompanied the emperor, and often rendered important 1822. services; for the part he took in the battle of Wagram, he received one of his many distinctions. B. was Napoleon's proxy in the marriage of Maria Louisa, at Vienna, 1810. In the campaigns of 1812, 1813, and 1814, he was constantly by the emperor's side, and acted both as chief of the staff and as quarter-master-general. B.'s love of order, quick insight, and activity that It was only could have superintended the movements of so many armies. Napoleon did him full justice on score, asserting at the same time that he was incapable of leading the smallest corps d'armée alone. On the fall of Napoleon, B. hardly shewed due gratitude for the favours heaped upon him. He had to surrender the principality of Neuchatel; and not to lose more, he submitted to Louis XVIII., who made him a peer and marshal, with the title of Captain of the Guards. Napoleon, who never doubted his secret attachment, made overtures to him from Elba: these he neither answered nor yet revealed to Louis, which made him suspected by both. On the return of Napoleon from Elba, in a fit of irresolution B. retired to Bamberg, in Bavaria, to his father-in-law, Duke William, where his mind became unhinged with the conflict. 1815, while looking from the balcony of the palace On 1st July at a division of Russian troops marching towards the French frontier, the bitter sight was too much -be threw himself down into the street, and thus ended his life. His Mémoires appeared in 1826.He had two brothers, Victor Leopold, and Cæsar, who both served with distinction, and rose to be generals. BERTHOLLET, COUNT CLAUDE LOUIS, one the most distinguished theoretical chemists of his time, was born at Talloire, a village of Savoy, near Annecy, on the 9th December 1748. the university of Turin, and obtained a medical He studied at degree there in 1768. He afterwards went to Paris, where he was appointed physician to the Duke of Orleans. He now applied himself with great assiduity to chemistry; in 1781, he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences, and, some time after, the government made him superintendent of dyeing processes. In this situation he published a very valuable work on dyeing. In 1785, he announced his adherence to the antiphlogistic doctrines of Lavoisier, with the exception that he did not admit oxygen to be the acidifying principle, and herein he has proved to be right. In the same year, he published a paper on 'dephlogisticated marine acid-now called chlorine-pointing out its use for bleaching purposes; and following up the experiments of Priestley, he shewed ammonia to be a compound of three volumes of hydrogen gas, and one volume of azotic gas. of the French Revolution, B. travelled through the During the early part country, giving instruction as to the best means

of

former, was born in Paris, 1801, and became, after
BERTIN, LOUIS MARIE ARMAND, son of the
his embassy in England.
the restoration, secretary to Châteaubriand during
editorial staff of the Journal des Débats, and at
In 1820, he joined the
As a journalist, he contrived, as well as his father,
his father's death assumed the chief direction.
to maintain a certain independence of the govern-
ment. B. died at Paris, January 11, 1854.

Napoleon's generals, known for his faithful attach-
BERTRAND, HENRY GRATIEN, COUNT, one of
ment to the emperor through all his fortunes, was
born at Châteauroux, 1773, and early entered the
armies of the Revolution as engineer.
panied the expedition to Egypt, and directed the
He accom-
fortification of Alexandria. Returning with the rank
of general of brigade, he distinguished himself at
Austerlitz, and became the emperor's adjutant;
and, after the battle of Aspern in 1809, for estab-
lishing bridges over the Danube, he was created
Count and governor of Illyria.
credit in the subsequent campaigns, he retired with
After sharing with
the emperor to Elba, was his confidant in carrying
out his return to France, and finally shared his
banishment to St. Helena. On Napoleon's death, B.
returned to France, where, though sentence of death
had been pronounced upon him-a sentence which
to all his dignities, and, in 1830, appointed com-
Louis XVIII. had wisely recalled-he was restored
mandant of the Polytechnic School. He formed

BERVIC-BERWICK-ON-TWEED.

part of the expedition which, in 1840, brought back of Silurian slates, run along the north side of

the remains of Napoleon to France. His death took place at Châteauroux, 31st January 1844.

BERVIC, CHARLES CLEMENT BALVAY, a celebrated French engraver, was born at Paris in May 1756. In 1790, he made himself famous by a full-length engraving of Louis XVI., from the picture by Callet, one of the finest works of the kind ever produced. The engravings of the Laocoon, Regnault's Education of Achilles,' and Guido's 'Rape of Deianira,' also from B.'s graver, display equal beauty of manipulation, and fully higher power. B. died March 23, 1822.

entered the army.

was

BERWICK, JAMES FITZ-JAMES, DUKE OF, the natural son of James II., by Arabella Churchill, sister of the Duke of Marlborough. He was born in 1670, in France, where he was educated, and After serving in Hungary under Charles of Lorraine, he returned to England shortly before the revolution of 1688, which he exerted himself to prevent. In 1689, he accompanied his father in his Irish expedition, and after

Rhine.

the death of St. Ruth, had the nominal chief com-
mand. He next served in Flanders, under Marshal
Luxembourg, and afterwards under the Duke of
Burgundy and Marshal Villeroi. In 1706, he was
created a marshal of France, and sent at the head of
an army to Spain, where he established the throne
of Philip V. by the decisive victory of Almanza. For
this important service, he was made a grandee of
Spain, under the title of Duke of Liria and Xerica.
After several years of inactivity, he received the
command, in 1734, of an army intended to cross the
While besieging Philipsburg, he was killed by
a cannon-ball. Contemporary testimony, confirmed
by his military conduct, shews B. to have possessed
some of the best qualities of a great commander.
His defensive campaign in 1709, in Provence and
Dauphiné, against the superior force of the Duke of
Savoy, has always been regarded as a triumph of
strategic skill. He was twice married.
His son
by the first marriage succeeded to the dukedom
of Liria; his dukedom (De Fitz-james) and estates
in France passed to his children by the second
marriage.

BE'RWICK, NORTH, a seaport town in Haddingtonshire, at the entrance to the Firth of Forth, 19 miles east-north-east of Edinburgh. Corn is exported from it, and it is frequented as a bathingplace. It unites with Lauder, Dunbar, Jedburgh, and Haddington, in returning one member to parliament. Pop. of borough, 863; of parish, 1643. The parish includes the Bass Rock, North Berwick Law, and the ruins of Tantallon Castle. The castle is graphically described in Scott's Marmion. It is an irregular pile, two miles east of the town, on a high rock, surrounded by the sea on three sides, with a ditch on the land-side, where there was formerly a drawbridge. It was a stronghold of the Douglas family. N. Berwick Law is a conical hill of an elevation of 940 feet, on the south, close to the town.

the county, and terminate on the east coast in St.
Abb's Head, 300 feet high. The chief summits-
Lammer Law, Crib Law, Sayer's Law, and Clint
Hill-are 1500 to 1600 feet high. The second
district, which is on the west, is formed by the
river Leader or Lauder, and contains much fertile
land, with a larger amount of moor and hill. The
last, between the Lammermoors and the Tweed,
10 miles long and 8 broad, is a comparatively
undulating level, and forms one of the most highly
Hume Castle, on a
cultivated districts in Britain.
rock, 898 feet above the sea-level, 3 miles south of
Greenlaw, is a conspicuous and picturesque object
in the north-east, all the considerable streams are
over the interior of Berwickshire. Except the Eye,
tributary to the Tweed; the chief are the Leader,
Blackadder, and Whitadder, all excellent fishing-
The coast is rocky and bold, with no bays,
B., geologi-
except at Eyemouth and Coddingham.
cally, consists of carboniferous limestone in the south,

streams.

old red sandstone in the middle, and Silurian strata

in the north.

In 1855, there

Porphyry occurs on the coast, and some trap and syenite in the interior. Ironstone and and shell-marl. The prevailing soil in the valleys is thin seams of coal occur, as well as gypsum, clay, loamy; that in the Merse is a deep and fertile clay, which has been greatly improved by thorough drainIn no part of the age during the last fifty years. world is the science of agriculture better understood and exemplified than in Berwickshire. The farms are generally large, and held on nineteen years' leases by men of spirit and intelligence. were 766 tenants who paid £10 rent and upwards. B., though the 20th in size of the Scottish counties, stands about 5th in the amount of wheat and The Tweed salmon-fisheries are the most valuable in turnips raised. The manufactures are inconsiderable. the kingdom, but have declined much of late years. B. returns one member to parliament. pop. 36,297; inhabited houses, 6363; day-schools, 91, with 5838 scholars; places of worship, 65 (29 of Established, 16 of United Presbyterian, and 15 of Free Church). The chief towns are Dunse, the largest; Lauder, the only royal borough; Greenlaw, the county town; Coldstream, where General Monk first raised the Coldstream Guards; Eyemouth, the only seaport; Ayton; and Earlston, the Ercildoune of Thomas the Rhymer. Dunse is the birthplace of Boston, of Dr. M'Crie, and less certainly of John Duns Scotus. Berwick-on-Tweed is the chief place of export for the county. The chief antiquities of B. are the ruins of Dryburgh Abbey, of Coldingham Priory, and of Fast Castle. There are many remains of British and Roman camps and barrows.

BERWICK-ON-TWEED,

In 1851,

a seaport town

on

the north bank of the Tweed, near its mouth, 58 miles east-south-east from Edinburgh. It is the frontier town of England and Scotland, and with its liberties, comprising an area of about 8 square miles, used to form a county by itself, separate from BE'RWICKSHIRE, a maritime and border England and Scotland; and in acts of parliament county in the south-east extremity of Scotland, applicable to England and Wales, the good town bounded N. by Haddington; W. by Mid-Lothian of Berwick-upon-Tweed' was always expressly and Roxburgh; S. and S.E. by Roxburgh and added. But this practice has been abolished, and the Tweed, which latter separates it from Nor- B., with its liberties, is now considered as forming thumberland and Durham; E. by the municipality part of the county of Northumberland. The town of Berwick-upon-Tweed and the German Ocean. is, in general, well built, but has on the whole a It has an area of about 450 square miles, of decayed appearance. The Tweed is here spanned which about one half are under cultivation. B. by an old stone-bridge of 15 arches, and 924 feet is hilly in the north and west, and slopes to the long, and by the magnificent viaduct which connects south and east. It is naturally divided into three the York and Berwick Railway with the North districts-Lammermoor, Lauderdale, and the Merse. British Railway to Edinburgh. The old fortifica The first, on the north, consists chiefly of high tions still girdle the town. The trade and shipping bleak moorlands. The Lammermoor hills, consisting | are considerable, the chief exports being salmon, corn

BERYL-BESANCON.

BESANTS-BESSEL.

John and the Magdalen, with the Prefecture, and the Constantinople, B. visited Germany; and at the diets half-Gothic, half-Roman palace of Cardinal Grand- of Nuremberg, Worms, and Vienna, endeavoured to vella, are most remarkable. B. has considerable promote a crusade against the Turks. In philomanufactures, chiefly watches (of which more than sophy, he professed to be a follower of Plato, but 60,000 are made annually), porcelain, carpets, iron- without depreciation of Aristotle. His writings, wire, and beer, and is an important entrepôt for the consisting of Latin translations of Greek authors, produce of part of Switzerland and the south of defensive treatises on the Platonic philosophy, with France. 600,000 bottles of Seltzer-water are annually discourses and letters, have never been published manufactured. Pop. 30,000. collectively. Twice he was nearly elected pope; heathen philosophy but his partiality for the by the sacred college. was probably regarded as some disqualification November 19, 1472, leaving his collection of 600 B. died at Ravenna, valuable Greek MSS. to the St. Mark's Library, Venice.

BESA'NTS, or BEZA NTS, circular pieces of bullion, generally gold, without any impression, sup posed to represent the old coinage of Byzantium, brought home by the Crusaders, and hence of frequent occurrence as heraldic charges. B. are generally introduced into the arms of banks, and also into those of individuals who have been specially conBESSEL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM, one of the most nected with money. Similar figures, when not distinguished of modern astronomers, was born at coloured or (gold), or argent (silver), are known in Minden, July 22, 1784. In 1806 he was, on the heraldry by the general term of roundels. A recommendation of Olbers, whom he had greatly bezanty cross, is a cross composed of B.; and bezanty, or bezantée, is the term used when the shield, or any particular charge, is strewed with

besants.

BESIEGING. See SIEGE.

assisted by his remarkable expertness in calculation, appointed assistant to Schröter at Lilienthal. In 1810, he published his researches on the orbit of the great comet of 1808, which gained for him the Lalande prize of the Paris Academy of Sciences. In the same year he was appointed director of the new observatory to be erected by the king of Prussia at Königsberg; and repairing thither immediately, superintended the erection and the mounting of the instruments. The establishment was completed in three years. In 1818, B. published his Fundamenta Astronomic

BESSARA BIA, a province in the south-west of Russia, in lat. 44° 45′-48° 40' N., and long. 26° 35′30° 30′ E. Area, 17,000 square miles (about 1000 square miles were ceded to Turkey in 1856), with a population, in 1864, of 1,026,346, composed of Russians, Poles, Wallachians, Moldavians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Germans, and Tatars, with giving the results of Bradley's Greenwich obsera sprinkling of Gipsies. The Duiester flows along the vations-a work upon which he had been engaged whole of its northern and eastern boundaries; the for eleven years. This work is one of the highest Pruth separates it from Moldavia on the west; and value to astronomers. It is described by a comit has the Danube on the south. B. is also inter-petent authority as having laid the foundations of sected by several considerable streams; which are, the principal improvements which have been made however, much reduced by the summer heat. The in astronomy since the date of its publication. In climate is, on the whole, mild and salubrious. In the 1830, appeared his Tabula Regiomontana, forming north-west, the country is traversed by offshoots from a kind of supplement to the above work. Besides the Transylvanian branch of the Carpathian Mounnumerous papers of an important character (nearly tains, and mostly covered with wood. Generally, 200 in all), scattered through various scientific however, B. is flat and fertile; but for want of pro- journals, he also published an inquiry on the per cultivation, the land does not yield the rich seconds' pendulum for Berlin (1828, and again in returns it is capable of doing. Wheat, barley, 1837), Astronomical Researches (2 vols., Königsb. and millet are raised to some extent, as well as 1841-1842). His paper on the precession of the hemp, flax, and tobacco, fruit and wine; but the equinoxes gained him the prize of the Berlin Acabreeding of cattle forms the chief business of the demy. After a series of three years' observations, inhabitants; consequently, the greater part of the he succeeded in determining the annual parallax land is in pasturage. The lakes in the district of of the fixed star 61 Cygni (see FIXED STARS), an B., called the Budjak, yield immense quantities of achievement honourable not only as the first of its salt; which, together with cattle, wool, tallow, and kind, but for the marvellous skill and patience cheese, form the principal articles of export. The necessary for its accomplishment. In the years manufacturing industry of B. is confined almost 1824-1833, B. made a series of 75,011 observaentirely to leather, soap, and candles. B., which tions in 536 sittings, and completed a catalogue formerly belonged to Turkey, was ceded to Russia of stars (extending to the ninth magnitude) within in 1812 by the treaty of Bucharest.

BESSA RION, JOHANNES, or BASILIUS, born at Trebizond, on the Black Sea, 1395, is remembered as one of the earliest of those scholars who, in the 15th c., transplanted Greek literature and philosophy into the west, and rescued the mind of Christendom from the trammels of scholasticism. B. imbibed his love of Plato's writings from his tutor, Gemistus Pletho. As Bishop of Nicæa, B. accompanied the Greek emperor, John Palæologus, to Italy; and effected, at the council of Florence in 1439, a union between the Greek and the Romish Churches, which, however, was of short duration. Soon afterwards, he joined the Romish Church, but always retained a glowing love of his native land. He was made cardinal by Pope Eugene IV. in 1439. Ten years after, Nicholas V. created him Cardinal-bishop of Sabina, and in the same year Bishop of Frascati. For five years, also, he discharged the duties of papal legate at Bologna. After the fall of

These

the zone from 15° N. to 15° S. declination.
were afterwards reduced by Weisse. In one of
his lectures, delivered at Königsberg in 1840, B.
indicated the existence of the new planet after-
wards discovered by Le Verrier, and named Nep-
tune; and but for the death of a favourite son, he
in all probability would have undertaken the inves-
tigation of the problem. B.'s Popular Lectures on
Astronomy, given at Königsberg, 1832-1844, were
edited by his friend Schumacher, and published at
Hamburg in 1848, two years after his death, which
took place March 7, 1846. All scientific associa-
tions, both on the continent and in England, were
eager to confer honour on themselves by enrolling
B. as one of their members. He was a thoroughly
practical man of science, never allowing himself to
be carried away by any theory, however inviting,
and particularly remarkable for the precision of his
calculations, being satisfied with nothing less than
perfect exactness.