BUNTER SANDSTEIN-BUNTING. enter the plant from the infected seed on its first ger- | brown on the under parts, and with a slightly forked mination, and to be propagated not only by its own tail-is frequent, particularly in low cultivated seeds or spores, but by still smaller granules from its mycelium. See FUNGI. The old notion that B. is owing to foggy weather, damp soil, or too shady situations, is in a great measure exploded, it being found to appear in all situations and circumstances; and it is now believed to be propagated by any contact of sound with unsound grain; by thrashing, which causes the B. dust to fly about; or by manure, in which the straw of infected grain has been mixed. Upon this knowledge, the means now adopted for its prevention are founded. A considerable mixture of B. is not supposed to render flour absolutely unwholesome, at least when made into fermented bread, but the bread is of a peculiar flavour, and a very dark colour. It is said that such flour is used to no small extent in the manufacture of gingerbread, the treacle disguising both the colour and the flavour. The Common Bunting (Emberiza miliaria BU'NTER SA'NDSTEIN, or 'variegated sandstone,' is the lowest member of the Triassic Period. As the triass is more perfectly developed in Germany than in Britain, the German beds are considered the typical group of this period. B. S. consists of various coloured sandstones, inter-grounds in Britain, and in most parts of Europe, stratified with red marls and thin beds of limestone, extending also into Asia, living in pairs during which occasionally, as in the Harz, are oolitic, but spring and summer, but in flocks in winter, and in other places dolomitic. They attain a maximum often visiting barn-yards at that season, along with thickness of 1500 feet. The English representa- chaffinches and sparrows. It is the largest of the tives of the B. S. are chiefly developed in Lancashire British buntings. It is supposed that the winter and Cheshire, and consist of red and mottled sand- flocks in Britain are much increased by migration stones with beds of marl, and thick rather irregular from more northerly regions. This B. often passes bands of partially consolidated conglomerate called the night on the ground in stubble-fields, and is pebble beds.' Thirty species of fossil plants have taken in the nets employed for catching larks, and been found in the B. S. near Strasburg, consisting brought with them to market. It usually builds chiefly of ferns, cycads, and conifers. But the its nest on or very near the ground. Its notes most remarkable fossils in this formation are the are harsh and unmusical.-The REED B., or BLACKremains of huge batrachians. Originally the foot-HEADED B. (E. Shoeniclus), is a species common in prints which had been left by the animals on the marshy situations, both in Britain and on the contimoist sand were alone observed. From their resem- nent of Europe; a very pretty little bird, with blance to the impression made by a human hand, black head and throat, strikingly contrasted with the animal producing them was provisionally named Cheirotherium (q. v.). The subsequent discovery and examination of the remains of teeth and bones in the same beds, have afforded sufficient materials to enable Owen to reconstruct an animal named by him Labyrinthodon (q. v.), which undoubtedly produced the footprints. These remains have been detected in Lancashire and Cheshire, as well as in Germany. BU'NTINE, or BUNTING, is a thin woollen material, of which the flags and signals of ships are usually made. BU'NTING (Emberiza), a genus of birds closely allied to finches and sparrows, and included with them by some ornithologists in the great family Fringillida (q. v.), but by others made the type of a distinct family, Emberizida, of which the most marked characteristics are a short, straight, conical bill; a curved form of the gape, produced by a narrowing of the sides of the upper mandible, and a corresponding enlargement of the under one, and a hard rounded knob on the palate or inner surface of the upper mandible. This knob probably aids in crushing the seeds, which are a principal part of the food of these birds. The species of the B. family are numerous, and are arranged in several genera. The true buntings (forming the restricted genus Emberiza) have the hind claw moderately short, curved, and strong, and the palatal knob large and bony. The COMMON B. or CORN B. (E. miliaria) a bird considerably larger than a housesparrow, brown, with darker streaks on the upper parts, whitish brown, with spots and lines of dark the white nape and sides of the neck.--The CIRL B. (E. Cirlus), of which the head is olive-green, with black streaks, and with patches of bright lemon-yellow on the cheeks and over the eyes, is a rare British bird, and belongs chiefly to the south of belong also the ORTOLAN (q. v.) and the YELLOWEurope and the north of Africa. To this genus HAMMER (q. v.).-The SNOW B. (q. v.), or SNOWFLAKE (E. nivalis of many authors), has been placed in the new genus Plectrophanes. The name B. has been often very vaguely used, and many species have been almost indiscriminately called buntings or finches. The palatal knob affords the best distinctive character. North America has a number of species of bunting.-The BLACK-THROATED B. (E. Americana) is extremely plentiful on the prairies of Texas and other south-western parts of the United States; extending, however, as far as to Ohio, and even to Massachusetts. In the middle and northern states, it occurs only as a summer bird of passage. In its habits, it closely resembles the Common B. of Europe; but the palatal knob is less hard. BUNTING, JABEZ, an eminent Wesleyan. minister, was born at Manchester in 1779. At the age of 20, he devoted himself to ministerial work, in which he was very successful. He was elected president of the annual conference in 1820, and again in 1828, 1836, 1844. In 1834, he was chosen president of the theological institution belonging to the Wesleyan Methodist body, and he acted as one of the secretaries to the Missionary Society in connection with his denomination, for a period of more than twenty years. He was the chief authority in all matters relating to the government BUNYAN-BUOY. and polity of Wesleyan Methodism. On his retirement from official life in 1857, his friends presented him with an annuity of £200, in consideration of the great services he had rendered to Methodism. He did not live, however, to profit by their kindness and forethought, having died in June 1858. BUNYAN, JOHN, one of the most popular religious writers of any age, was born at Elstow, near Bedford, in 1628. He was brought up to his father's trade of tinker, and spent his youth in the practice of that humble craft, of which his name alone now serves to lessen somewhat the disrepute. It has generally been taken for granted that his early life was very loose and profligate, on the sole ground of his terrible self-accusations in after-years, when, from the height of religious fervour and Puritan strictness, he looked back on dancing and bell-ringing as deadly sins. This point is satisfactorily disposed of by Macaulay (Encycl. Britann., art. Bunyan'). In his 16th or 17th year, he enlisted in the Parliamentary army, and in 1645, was present at the siege of Leicester, where he escaped death by the substitution of a comrade in his place as sentry. Nothing further is known of his military career. After leaving the army, he married, and soon after began to be visited by those terrible compunctions of conscience, and fits of doubt, sometimes passing into despair, which, with some quieter intervals, made his life, for several years, a journey through that Valley of Humiliation of which he afterwards gave so vivid a picture. Hope and peace came at last, and in 1655, B. became a member of the Baptist congregation at Bedford. Soon after, he was chosen its pastor, and for five years ministered with extraordinary diligence and success, his preaching generally attracting great crowds. The act against conventicles, passed on the Restoration, put a stop to his labours; he was convicted, and sentenced to perpetual banishment. In the meantime, he was committed to Bedford Jail, where he spent the next 12 years of his life, supporting the wants of his wife and children by making tagged laces, and ministering to all posterity by writing the Pilgrim's Progress. His library consisted of a Bible and Fox's Martyrs. The kindly interposition of a High Church bishop, Dr. Barlow of Lincoln, at length released him, and he at once resumed his work as a preacher, itinerating throughout the country. After the issuing of James II.'s declaration of liberty of conscience, he again settled at Bedford, and ministered to the Baptist congregation in Mill-lane till his death, at London, of fever, in 1688. B.'s whole works were published in 1736, in 2 vols. folio. The most popular of them, after the Pilgrim's Progress, are the Holy War-another allegory, much less uccessful-and Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, an autobiographical narrative. It is supposed that no other book, except the Bible, has gone through so many editions, and attained to so wide a popularity, in all languages, as the Pilgrim's Progress. BU'NZLAU, a town of Prussia, in the province of Silesia, is situated on the Bober, about 25 miles west-north-west of Liegnitz. B. is surrounded by a ditch and a double line of walls, and has manufactures of woollens, linens, hosiery, and earthenware, the latter forming a considerable article of export. An obelisk to the Russian general, Kutusow, who died here in 1813, adorns the market-place. Pop. about 7000. BUNZLAU, JUNG, a town of Bohemia, on the left bank of the Iser, about 32 miles north-east of Prague. B. is well built, has an old castle, and manufactures of cotton, woollen, soap, leather, &c. It is said to owe its origin to King Boleslaf, who founded it in the 10th century. Pop. 5200. BUOL-SCHAUENSTEIN, KARL FERD., COUNT, Austrian statesman, was born 17th May 1797. After filling subordinate diplomatic posts, he became ambassador at Carlsruhe in 1828, afterwards at Stuttgart (1838) and at Turin (1844). Leaving Turin on the outbreak of the war in 1848, he went as ambassador to St. Petersburg, and it fell to him to uphold the interest and dignity of his country, on occasion of the aid given by Russia in the Hungarian war. A not less difficult task was assigned him when, in 1851, he was sent to represent Austria in London; his address and conciliatory bearing contributed not a little to bring about a more friendly feeling between the two governments. On Schwarzenberg's death, B. was recalled to Vienna, and became foreign minister. In this position, he carried out the new politics of Austria no less firmly and successfully, though more moderately and quietly, than his predecessor. In the negotiations during and after the termination of the Crimean war, B. shewed himself a skilful and able statesman. After defending with zeal and ingenuity, in diplomatic notes and circulars, the position which Austria had taken up with reference to Sardinia, B. suddenly, on the actual commencement of the Italian campaign of 1859, resigned his place, which was immediately filled by Count Rechberg. Failing health was the cause officially assigned for the step, but the general belief was, that it indicated a triumph of the war-party in the council of Francis Joseph. BUOY is a floating body, intended as a mark for the guidance of mariners. It is made either of wood or metal, and is mostly hollow, to make it float better. Buoys are generally moored by chains to the bed of the river or channel. They are of various shapes and sizes, and are painted of various colours, partly to render them conspicuous, and partly to distinguish them one from another. Sometimes floating buoys mark out the best channel for entering a dock; sometimes they warn the mariner away from sands, spits, and shoals; sometimes they mark out a continuous double line, as at Spithead, between which ships can alone with safety enter a harbour. The Trinity House has lately adopted a form of B., invented by Mr. Herbert, in which, by due attention to the centre of flotation, and to the point where the mooring-chain is fixed, the tendency to pitch and roll is much lessened, and the B. kept nearly upright in all weathers. Messrs. Brown and Lenox's bell-buoy, of recent invention, is an ingenious contrivance for rendering a B. audible, whether it is visible or not; so long as any stream of water, whether caused by a tide or a current, passes through the lower part of the B., it moves an undershot water-wheel, which rings a bell. A buoy-rope, on shipboard, is the rope which connects the anchor with a B. floating above it. It is simply intended to point out the locality of BUOYANCY-BURCKHARDT. the anchor; but if it be strong, it is useful in | morning, as with gorgeous flowers. The golden elytra assisting to raise the anchor, at times when the proper cable is cut or injured. BUOY'ANCY, of ships, is the amount of weight which can be buoyed up by the hull. The B. of a vessel is proportionate to the weight of water displaced by its presence (see HYDROSTATICS), and is found in this way. The cubic feet of the part of a vessel to be immersed being known, multiply it by the weight of a cubic foot of water (62.5 lbs.), and the product will be the weight of water displaced. From this subtract the weight of the vessel, and the result will be the B. or the weight a vessel will carry without sinking lower than the given line. It is admitted, however, by naval architects, that all the old rules concerning B., displacement, and flotation, must undergo modification by the introduction of iron ships, paddle and screw propulsion, and the increased weight of broadside. BUOY'-DUES. Buoys are under very stringent regulations, on account of their importance to the safety of ships. The public buoys, for guiding into channels, and warning from shoals and rocks, are usually marked on the best charts relating to that particular water-way. The corporation of the Trinity House has a peculiar jurisdiction over the buoys and beacons in the Thames, and along the Essex and Suffolk coasts; as well as on other coasts in England and Wales. All ships which enter the ports within this jurisdiction pay a small sum as buoy-dues. The payment is sometimes a tonnage rate, varying from Old. to 2d. per ton; sometimes a rate per vessel, varying from 4d. to 38.; sometimes a payment on entering only, at others on departure as well as on entering; while some kinds of coastingvessels pay 58. per annum, whatever may be the number of voyages. From the Thames buoys alone, the Trinity House receives £14,000 per annum as dues. BU'PHAGA. See BEEFEATER. BUPRE'STIS, a Linnæan genus of Coleopterous (q. v.) insects, now divided into a number of genera, and forming a tribe or family, Buprestida, of which some hundreds of species are known, most of them belonging to tropical countries, and remarkable for the splendour of their colours. The colours are generally metallic in their lustre, have frequently a burnished appearance, and are often beautifully iridescent. One of the largest species, B. gigas, is a native of Cayenne: it is about 2 inches long. The (wing-cases, see ELYTRA) of some species are used to enrich the embroidery of the Indian zenana; and the lustrous joints of the legs are strung on silken threads, and form necklaces and bracelets of singular_brilliancy. The species of Buprestida found in England are few; none have yet been found in Scotland. The larvæ seem sometimes to be transported from one country to another in timber. BUR, in an engraving, is a slight ridge of metal raised on the edges of a line by the graver or the dry point. As the bur produces an effect like a smear, it is usually regarded as a defect, and scraped off. Some etchers, however, take advantage of it to deepen their shadows, and Rembrandt made use of it in this way with telling effect. BURANHEM, or BURUNHEM. BARK. See MONESIA BURA'NO, an island and town of Northern Italy, in the Adriatic, about 5 miles north-east of Venice. The island supplies a large proportion of the vegetables consumed in Venice. B. has some lace manufactures, boat-building, and an extensive ropework, but the inhabitants are chiefly employed in fishing. Pop. 8000. BU'RBOT (Lota vulgaris), a fish of the same genus with the Ling (q. v.), and of the same family fresh-water species of that family, Gadide. It is with the Cod, Haddock, &c., being the only British found in the Cam, the Trent, and other rivers of the eastern and midland counties of England, but is one of the most local of British fresh-water fishes. It is found also in various parts of the north of Europe, and at least as far south as Switzerland; in Siberia and other parts of Asia, even, it is said, in India. In English rivers, it often reaches 2 or 3 lbs. in weight, but has been taken of 8 lbs. weight; and in some parts of Europe it is said to reach 10 or 12 lbs. weight. In appearance the B. very Burbot. much resembles the ling, but is rather thicker at the neck, and tapers rather more rapidly, although still of a somewhat elongated form. It has two dorsal fins, the first short, the second very long, and. a very long anal fin. It differs from the ling in the form of the tail-fin, which is oval and slightly pointed; but agrees with it in having a single barbule on the lower jaw. It is of a yellowishbrown colour, clouded and spotted with darker brown on the upper parts, the under parts lighter; the scales are small; and the whole body is covered with a mucous secretion. The flesh is white, firm, and of good flavour; and as the B. is in its nature extremely hardy, few difficulties present themselves in the way of their increase in quantity, while the value of the fish would amply repay the trouble or the cost of the experiment.-Yarrell. The B. is capable of living for a long time out of water. It is commonly taken by trimmers and night-lines, as it feeds principally during the night. Its food consists of small fishes, worms, mollusca, &c. Its liver yields an oil similar to cod-liver oil. BURCKHARDT, JOHN LEWIS, an enterpris ing African traveller, was born at Lausanne, in exposure. BURDEN-BURDE. which case, they may be referred to in the terms, or as nearly as may be in the terms, set forth in schedule C annexed to the act. A similar provision is made in regard to lands held in burgage tenure, by the 10 and 11 Vict. c. 49. BU'RDEN or BURTHEN, of a ship. See TONNAGE. Switzerland, November 24, 1784. In 1806, he came to London, and was introduced by Sir Joseph Banks to the African Association, which accepted his services to explore the route of Hornemann into the interior of Africa, and he embarked for Malta, February 14, 1809. He had previously qualified himself for the undertaking by a study of Arabic, and also by inuring himself to hunger, thirst, and BURDEN OF PROOF, in legal procedure, sigFrom Malta he proceeded, under the nifies the obligation to establish by evidence certain disguise of an oriental dress and name, to Aleppo, where he studied about two years, at the end of disputed facts; and, as a general rule, this burden which time he had become so proficient in the lies on the party asserting the affirmative of the issue vulgar Arabic, that he could safely travel in the to be tried or question in dispute, according to disguise of an oriental merchant. He visited the maxim ei incumbit probatio qui dicit non qui Palmyra, Damascus, Lebanon, and other remark- negat-that is, proof is incumbent on him who able places, and then went to Cairo, his object being asserts, not on him who denies. The principle of the law is, that the B. of P. is on the party who to proceed from thence to Fezzan, and then across the Sahara to Sudan. No opportunity offering itself would fail if no evidence were adduced on either at the time for that journey, he went into Nubia. side. Accordingly, it almost always rests on the No European traveller had before passed the Derr. plaintiff in an action, or on the party asserting the In 1814, he travelled through the Nubian desert to facts on which the result of the litigation must the shore of the Red Sea and to Jeddah, whence he depend. In one case tried before the late Baron proceeded to Mecca, to study Islamism at its source. Alderson, that learned judge laid down that the After staying four months in Mecca, he departed on proper test was, which party would be successful, if a pilgrimage to Mount Arafat. So completely had no evidence at all were given? the B. of P., of course, he acquired the language and ideas of his fellow-falling on the party not in that position. This test pilgrims, that, when some doubt arose respecting Mr. Best, in his learned work on the Principles of has since been generally adopted and applied; but his Mohammedan orthodoxy, he was thoroughly Evidence, improves on it by the suggestion, that in examined in the Koran, and was not only accepted strict accuracy the test ought to be, which party as a true believer, but also highly commended as a would be successful, if no evidence at all, or no more great Moslem scholar. In 1815, he returned to Cairo, and in the following year ascended Mount evidence, as the case may be, were given?' a conSinai. The Fezzan caravan, for which he had waited sideration on which the discretion and judgment of so long, was at last about to depart, and B. had counsel frequently depend. But although such, in made all his preparations for accompanying it, when general, is the position of the plaintiff, it sometimes he was seized with dysentery at Cairo, which happens that the B. of P. is imposed on the defendterminated his life in a few days, October 15, ant, in consequence of his having the affirmative of 1817, at the early age of 33. As a holy sheik, he the material issue to be tried. was interred with all funereal honours by the Turks in the Moslem burial-ground. His collection of oriental MSS., in 350 volumes, was left to the university of Cambridge. His journals of travel, remarkable alike for their interest and evident truth fulness, were published by the African Association. B. was a man born to be a traveller and discoverer; his inherent love of adventure was accompanied by an observant power of the highest order. His personal character recommended him to all with whom he came in contact, and his loss was greatly deplored, not only in England, but in Europe. His works are-Travels in Nubia, 1819; Travels in Syria and the Holy Land, 1822; Travels in Arabia, 1829; Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabis, 1830; and Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, 1830. BURDEN, a term of law in Scotland, used to signify any restriction, limitation, or encumbrance affecting either person or property. Burdens are said to be either personal or real. Where a party is taken bound by acceptance of a right to pay a certain sum to another, but where there is no clause charging the subject conveyed with the sum, the burden is said to be personal; that is, it will be binding upon the receiver and his representatives, but will constitute no real encumbrance on the lands, or other subject conveyed, nor amount, indeed, to anything more than a mere personal obligation on the granter. But where the right is expressly granted under the burden of a specific sum, which is declared a burden or charge on the lands themselves, or where the right is declared null if the sum be not paid, the burden is said to be real. By the 10 and 11 Vict. c. 48, real burdens need not be inserted in full in conveyances, if they have already been set forth in an instrument of title, in ་ It is this rule as to the B. of P. that demonstrates the real nature of the plea of not guilty in a criminal prosecution, and which divests that plea of the objections to it which are frequently heard expressed by over-scrupulous sentimentalists; for the meaning of that plea is not necessarily an assertion by the prisoner that he is absolutely guiltless or innocent, but that he wishes to be tried, and that as the B. of P. is on the prosecutor, while he has meanwhile the presumption of innocence in his favour.— of this article Starkie on the Law of Evidence in Besides the work referred to, see on the subject England, and Dickson on the same subject in Scotland. BURDENS, PUBLIC. See PUBLIC BURDENS. BURDER, REV. GEORGE, an active and influential minister of the Congregational body, was born in London, June 1752. After studying some time as an artist, be devoted himself to the ministry, and in 1778 was appointed pastor of an Independent Church and in 1803 to London. Here he became secretary at Lancaster. He afterwards removed to Coventry, to the London Missionary Society, and editor of the Evangelical Magazine, the duties of which offices he discharged with great zeal, until failing health compelled him to resign. B. took a prominent part in all the religious movements of his time. He died May 1832. His Village Sermons have been translated into several European languages; and he was the author of other series of sermons and publications which have had an immense circulation. BURDETT, SIR FRANCIS, Bart., the most popu lar English politician of his time, born January 25, 1770. Educated at Westminster School and Oxford University, he spent some years on the continent, and was a witness to the progress of the first French Revolution. In 1793 he married Sophia, youngest daughter of Thomas Coutts. BURDOCK-BUREN. Esq., the wealthy London banker, and in 1796 was inulin, bitter extractive, mucilage sugar, and a little elected M. P. for Boroughbridge, Yorkshire. In tannin. In many countries, the roots, young shoots, 1797, on the death of his grandfather, he succeeded and young leaves of B. are used in soups; and the to the baronetcy. In the House of Commons, he made himself conspicuous by his opposition to government and the war, and his advocacy of parliamentary reform, Catholic emancipation, and other liberal measures, most of which were afterwards carried. One of the most effective political speakers of that excited period, he for many years prominently occupied public attention, and was the idol of the London populace. Having succeeded in obtaining a parliamentary inquiry into the abuses of the metropolitan prisons, he became, in 1802, a candidate for Middlesex. He was first returned, then unseated, and after a second contest, defeated. At the general election of 1806, B. again became a candidate for Middlesex, but was defeated. In May 1807, he fought a duel with Mr. James Paull, one of the candidates for Westminster the previous year. Soon after, he was returned, with Lord Cochrane, for Westminster, which he represented for nearly thirty years. B. having in 1810 published, in Cobbett's Political Register, a Letter to his Constituents, declaring the conduct of the House of Commons illegal in imprisoning John Gale Jones, the Speaker's warrant was issued for his apprehension, as being guilty of a breach of privilege. Refusing to surrender, he for two days barricaded his house; the populace supported him in his resistance, and in a street contest between them and the military some lives were lost; but on April 9, the sergeant-at-arms, aided by the police and military, obtained an entrance, and conveyed him to the Tower. The prorogation of parliament restored him to liberty. Prosecuted in 1819 for a libel contained in a Letter to his Constituents, strongly animadverting on the proceedings of the magistrates and yeomanry at the memorable Manchester meeting, he was sentenced to three months' imprisonment in the King's Bench, and to pay a fine of £1000. Some time after the appointment of the Melbourne ministry in 1835, he deserted the Liberal party, and joined the Conservatives. In July 1837, he was returned for Wiltshire. His death took place January 23, 1844. BU'RDOCK (Arctium), a genus of plants of the great natural order Composite (q. v.), tribe Cynarocephale. The heads of flowers are globose, or nearly so; and each of the scales of the involucre runs out into a long rigid prickle, which is hooked at the point. By means of these hooks, the flowerhead, popularly called a bur, readily lays hold of the clothes of a passer-by, the wool of a sheep, or the like, and thus the seeds are transported from one place to another, the short hairy pappus being insufficient to waft them far on the wind. The common B. (A. Lappa), of which varieties very slightly distinguished have sometimes been described as species (A. Bardana, &c.), is abundant in waste and bushy places, by waysides, &c., in Britain and throughout Europe, scarcely, however, growing except in rich land. Its root is biennial, large, and fleshy, somewhat carrot-shaped; the root-leaves large, stalked, heartshaped; the stem stiff, upright, somewhat branched and leafy, three feet or more high. The whole aspect of the plant is coarse, and it is somewhat clammy to the touch. The root is sometimes used in medicine, being diaphoretic and diuretic, and acting upon the cutaneous system and the kidneys. It is capable of being made a substitute for sarsaparilla. When fresh, it has a disagreeable smell, but when dry, it is inodorous; it has a sweetish mucilaginous taste, becoming afterwards bitterish, and rather acrid, and contains chiefly plant is cultivated for this use in Japan. The roots The leaves applied to BURDWA'N, a city in the sub-presidency of Bengal, on the Grand Trunk Road from the Hoogly to the North-west Provinces, in lat. 23° 12 N., and long. 87° 56' E., being 74 miles from Calcutta, with which it is connected by railway, and 346 from Benares. In point of architecture, it is a miserable place-an aggregate, as it were, of second-rate suburbs. Pop. 54,000. BURDWA'N, the territory of the last-mentioned city, lying between Beerbhoom on the north, and Hoogly on the south. It stretches in N. lat. from 22° 52' to 23° 40', and in E. long. from 87° 21' to 88° 23'. With a length of 70 miles, and a breadth of 60, it is said to contain only 2224 square miles, with 1,854,152 inhabitants, or about 840 to the square mile-a proportion which certainly seems district is largely engaged in the refining of sugar. to justify a name that signifies productive. The It exports also iron and coal; chiefly, however, brought from the mines of Bancoorah, the district Next to the capital, Cutwa and Culna on the west. are the chief towns. BUREAU, a French word signifying a writingtable or desk; also an office for transacting business, a department of goverment, or the officials that carry it on. BUREAUCRACY is popularly applied to signify the kind of government, exemplified in many continental states, where a host of govern ment officials, regularly organized and subordinated, and responsible only to their chiefs, interfere with and control every detail of public and private lifethe evil which the Germans call 'much-government' (vielregieren). BUREN, MARTIN VAN, a president of the United States of America (1887-1841), was born at Kinderhook, in Columbia co., New York, December 5, 1782. Educated for the bar, he was elected, in 1812, senator in the legislative assembly of New York, and in 1821 took his seat in Congress, where he supported democratic measures. In 1829 he was made Secretary of State, and in 1837 he succeeded General Jackson in the presidency, being elected by a majority of twenty-four votes over his rivals, Clay, Webster, and Harrison. On beginning the duties of his office, he found himself involved in such financial perplexities, that he immediately |