BUBASTIS-BUCCLEUCH. BUBA'STIS, a goddess of the Egyptians, was, in their mythology, the child of Isis and Osiris, and the sister of Horus. She was identified by the Greeks with Artemis (Diana), though upon what grounds is unknown, as the best information with regard to her is, that she was the goddess who presided over pregnancy and childbirth. The chief temple erected to B. was at Bubastis (q. v.). B. is represented on monuments as having the head of a cat, an animal which was sacred to her. BUBA'STIS (the Pi-beseth of Scripture, and modern Tel Basta), a ruined city of Egypt, about 14 miles north of Belbeys, in lat. 30° 36' N., and long. 31° 33′ E. B. derived its name from the Egyptian goddess Bubastis, in whose honour a temple was erected here, which if not so large and magnificent as some Egyptian temples, was, according to Herodotus, one of the most beautiful, and vast numbers of persons were wont to make annual pilgrimages to it. Nothing but some stones of the temple, which are of the finest red granite, now remain. There are some other ruins, and mounds of great extent, consisting chiefly of the remains of brick houses and heaps of broken stood by him when alive, and succeeded to his property after his death. The principal centre of their wild and predatory life was for some time the island of Tortuga, near St. Domingo. When they were not hunting Spaniards, or being hunted themselves, their chief occupation and means of subsistence was the chase. From the flesh of wild cattle they made their 'boucan;' their skins and tallow they sold or bartered to Dutch and other traders. The history of these men embraces, as may be supposed, narratives of cruelty and bloodshed unsurpassed in the annals of crime. It has, however, not a few stories of high and romantic adventure, of chivalrous valour, and brilliant generalship. Among the 'great captains' whose names figure most prominently in the records of bucaneering, were the Frenchman Montbars, surnamed by the terrible title of 'The Exterminator;' his countrymen, Peter of Dieppe, surnamed The Great'-as truly, perhaps, as others so distinguished-and L'Olonnais, Michael de Busco, and Bartolomeo de Portuguez, Mansvelt, and Van Horn. Pre-eminent, however, among them all was the Welshman, Henry Morgan, who organised fleets and armies, took strong fortresses and rich BUBBLE, as a term, is defined by Blackstone of a born commander. He it was that led the way cities, and displayed throughout the bold genius as an unwarrantable undertaking by unlawful for the B. to the Southern Ocean, by his daring subscriptions, subjecting the parties who originate and put them in operation to the penalties of march in 1670 across the Isthmus of Panama to the prœmunire (q. v.). The South-sea Company (q. V) after a desperate battle. This brilliant but most city of that name, which he took and plundered was a terrible example of such a bubble.-The BUBBLE ACT is the name given to the 6 Geo. I. unscrupulous personage was knighted by Charles c. 18, enacted,' says Blackstone, 'in the year after, and became deputy-governor of Jamaica. A the infamous South-sea project had beggared half the nation,' and which public fraud the act was intended to punish. But it was repealed by the 6 Geo. IV. c. 91, which at the same time left such companies to be dealt with by the pottery. common law. BUBBLE SHELL. See BULLA. higher subordination of the love of gold to the have made him Emperor of the West Indies, passion for dominion in him, might probably some dream of which seems at one time to have bucaneering expeditions were made to the Pacific, occupied his mind. In 1680 and 1689, extensive even as far as the coast of China, of which the best record is preserved in the lively pages of BU'BO, an inflammatory tumour seated in the William Dampier, himself an important partner in groin or the armpit. BU'BO. See OWL. BUCANEERS, a celebrated association of piratical adventurers, who, from the commencement of the second quarter of the 16th c., to the end of the 17th, maintained themselves in the Caribbean seas, at first by systematic reprisals on the Spaniards, latterly, by less justifiable and indiscriminate piracy. The name is derived from the Caribbee boucan, a term for preserved meat, smoke-dried in a peculiar manner. From this the French adventurers formed the verb boucaner and the noun boucanier, which was adopted by the English; while, singularly enough, the French used, in preference, the word flibustier (see FILLIBUSTERS), a corruption of our freebooter.' The B. were also sometimes called 'Brethren of the Coast.' The arrogant assumption by the Spaniards of a divine right-sanctioned by the pope's bull-to the whole New World, was not, of course, to be tolerated by the enterprising mariners of England and France; and the enormous cruelties practised by them upon all foreign interlopers, of which the history of that time is full, naturally led to an association for mutual defence among the adventurers of all other nations, but particularly among the English and French. The fundamental principles of their policy-for they, in course of time, formed distinct communities-were close mutual alliance, and mortal war with all that was Spanish. Their simple code of laws bound them to a common participation in the necessaries of life; locks and bars were proscribed as an insult to the general honour; and every man had his comrade, who these bold adventures. The war between France and Britain, after the accession of William III., dissolved the ancient alliance of the French and English bucaneers. After the peace of Ryswick, and the accession of the Bourbon Philip V. to the Spanish crown (1701), they finally disappeared, to make way for a race of mere cut throats and vulgar desperadoes, not yet utterly extinct. The last great event in their history was the capture of Carthagena in 1697, where the booty was enormous. See the Histories of Burney and Thornberry, Dampier's Voyages, and the Narratives of Wafer, Ringrove, and Sharp. BUCCINATOR (from Lat. buccinare, to sound a trumpet), the name of a muscle, situated in the substance of the cheeks; it is so called because, when the cheeks are distended with air, the contraction of the B. muscles forces it out. BUCCI'NO, a town in the province of Principato which at this point is crossed by an old Roman Citra, Naples, pleasantly situated on the Botta, bridge, about 14 miles east from Campagna. In its vicinity are quarries yielding fine marble. Pop. 5460. BU'CCINUM. See WHELK. BUCCLEU'CH. The Scotts, Duke of B., are one of the oldest and most distinguished families in Scotland. The family traces its descent from Sir Richard le Scott, in the reign of Alexander III. (1249-1285); but the ancestor who first becomes historically conspicuous is Sir Walter Scott of Branxholm and B., a brave and powerful chieftain on the border. B., which from this early period was BUCENTAUR-BUCER. father, is noted for the improvement of his estates, which in Scotland are situated in Mid-Lothian, Dumfriesshire, Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire, Peebles shire, Lanarkshire, and stewartry of Kirkcudbright; his farms everywhere being noted for their good steadings and thriving tenantry. As an heritor, the number of churches and school-houses which the duke has been concerned in building is very con siderable. He has one small possession in Fife-the island of Inchkeith (q. v.). The greatest public improvement ever executed in Scotland by an individual at his own private cost, has been carried by the Duke of B., after years of labour and at vast expense, to a successful issue. We allude to the creation of the deep-water harbour and port of Granton on the Firth of Forth, two miles from Edinburgh-a work which, like the undertakings of the great Duke of Bridgewater, cannot fail to give lasting fame to its projector. The cost of this enterprise has been referred to in parliament as already not less than £320,000. a A destined to be associated with the family title, is a lonely estate in the vale of Rankleburn, at the head of Ettrick, Selkirkshire. The Sir Walter alluded to flourished in the reign of James V., and on some incidents in his life, his great namesake founded the Lay of the Last Minstrel. Sir Walter fought bravely at the battle of Pinkie, 1547, and was slain in an encounter with Sir Walter Kerr of Cessford in the streets of Edinburgh, 1552. He was succeeded by his grandson Sir Walter Scott of B., a knight wise, true, and modest,' who was succeeded by his only son who bore the same name. This Sir Walter is celebrated for his military exploits on the border, not the least daring of his enterprises being the rescue of one of his attendants, Kinmont Willie, from the castle of Carlisle. (See Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border.) For his services to the state, in which is to be reckoned his carrying away of large numbers of the border marauders to foreign wars, he was raised to the peerage, 1606, as Lord Scott of Buccleuch. Dying in 1611, he was succeeded by his only son, Walter, who, in 1619, received BUCE'NTAUR, the name of a ship which an elevation in the peerage, as Lord Whitchester and Eskdale, and Earl of Buccleuch. Through his acquired much celebrity in Venice at the time son Francis, the second earl, the family, by a bucentaur was known as early as the end of the when that state was a flourishing republic. grant, acquired the extensive domain of Liddesdale, 12th c.; and a vessel of the same name was burnt formerly belonging to the House of Bothwell; also, when the French took Venice more than six cenby purchase, large territories in Eskdale; and in 1642, the barony of Dalkeith from the Morton turies afterwards; but it is not certain whether family. Francis left only two daughters, the eldest this was the same vessel, maintained by being of whom dying without issue, the titles and estates repeatedly patched up with new ribs and plankwent to her sister, Anne, who, in 1663, was married ing. The B. is described as having been a galley, about 100 feet long by 21 in extreme breadth; on to James, Duke of Monmouth, an illegitimate son of Charles II. In 1673, this pair were created Duke lower deck were 32 banks or rows of oars, manned and Duchess of B., Earl and Countess of Dalkeith, by 168 rowers; and on an upper deck was accom &c. After a marriage of twenty-two years, the modation for the illustrious visitors who occasionally unhappy duke, on a charge of rebellion, was tried came on board. The whole of the fittings were of the most gorgeous character. Although propelled and beheaded, 1685; the duchess, however, retaining her honours, title, and estates, as in her own in other ways to manage the galley. The B. was mainly by oars, there were 40 mariners employed right. The duke left a family of four sons and two daughters. The duchess afterwards married Lord employed only once a year, when the Doge married the Adriatic.' A splendid water-procession was Cornwallis, by whom she had a son and two daughters, and died in 1732, at Dalkeith House, the B., and other distinguished persons in gondolas formed, with the Doge and the chief notables in where she had occasionally resided in princely and feluccas; and when the vessels arrived at the splendour. James, her eldest surviving son, pre-mouth of one of the channels opening into the deceased his mother, and his son, Francis, by the death of his grandmother, succeeded to the title of Duke of Buccleuch. Nothwithstanding the connection with the son of Charles II., the family still preserved the surname of Scott. Duke Francis, in 1743, obtained a restoration of his grandfather Monmouth's Earldom of Doncaster and Barony of Tynedale, and was hence a British peer. In 1720, he married a daughter of James, second Duke of Queensbury, and by this fortunate connection, a portion of the Queensbury estates, along with the dukedom merged in the family of B. in 1810. Henry, third Duke of B., born 1746, was the greatest and most estimable of his family. He had for his tutor and friend Dr. Adam Smith, and his beneficent talents were directed towards the improvement of his extensive estates in the south of Scotland. The amelioration of the soil, the planting of trees, the making of roads, the improving of the breed of sheep, and the social elevation of his numerous tenantry, uniformly engaged his attention. He died in 1812, and was succeeded by his eldest son Charles, fourth duke, who, dying in 1814, was succeeded by his son, Walter Francis, born 1806, who bears the title of Duke of B. and Queensbury, Marquis of Dumfriesshire, Earl of Drumlanrig, B., Sanquhar, Dalkeith, &c., in the peerage of Scotland; and Earl of Doncaster, &c., in the peerage of England. His eldest son, William Henry, takes the courtesy title of Earl of Dalkeith. The duke, like, his grand Adriatic, the Doge dropped a ring into the water, using the words; 'We wed thee with this ring, in token of our true and perpetual sovereignty.' This Day, arose out of an honour or privilege conferred singular ceremony, which took place on Ascension by the pope on the Doge in 1177, consequent on a splendid victory gained by the Venetians over the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa. BUCE PHALUS (Greek, meaning 'ox-head'), the name of the favourite charger of Alexander the Great, was probably also the name of a peculiar breed of horses in Thessaly. According to tradition, Alexander in his boyhood was the first to break in the steed B., and thus fulfilled the condition stated by an oracle as necessary for gaining the crown of Macedon.-The town BUCEPHALIA, on the river Hydaspes, in India, was founded near the grave of Bucephalus, which died during Alexander's Indian expedition. BUCER, MARTIN, one of the church reformers of the 16th c., was born 1491, at Schlettstadt, in Alsace. His real name was Kuhhorn (cow-horn), but in accordance with the fashion of his time among scholars, he changed it into its Greek equiv alent; Bucer being derived from bous, an ox, and keras, a horn. At the age of 14, he entered the order of Dominicans. At the suggestion of his superior, he went to Heidelberg to study theology, devoting his attention, however, at the same time to the Greek and Hebrew languages. While BUCEROS-BUCHANAN. He died in Berlin, March 4, 1853. B. has been described by an eminent scientific man as 'the only geologist who has attained an equal fame in the physical, the descriptive, and the natural history departments of his science. In all these, he has been an originator and a discoverer.' BU'CHAN, the north-east district of Aberdeenshire, consisting of about a fourth of the county, lying between the Ythan and the Doveran. Its surface is undulating, the highest points being Mormond Hill in the north, 742 feet, and Dudwick Hill in the south, 562 feet. Portions of the coast are bold and precipitous, especially for a few miles east of the Doveran mouth, where Troup Head is 600 feet high, and south of Peterhead, where the coasts rise from 70 to 100 feet. Among the rocks five miles south of this town are the famous Bullers of B., a huge vertical well in the granite margin of the sea, 50 feet diameter, and 100 feet deep, into the bottom of which the sea rushes by a natural archway, and, in storms, dashes up the sides with great violence. The eastern parts of B. consist chiefly of granite and gneiss, and the western of clay-slate and old red sandstone. The chief seats of population are Peterhead, Fraserburgh, Macduff, and Turriff. B. con tains several so-called Druid circles, as well as the remains of the Abbey of Deer, and of several castles belonging to the Comyns, who held the earldom of B., but forfeited their title and property in 1309. young, he was appointed chaplain to the Elector | other fossils. He was also the author of an excellent of the Palatinate. An acquaintance with the geological chart of Germany and its neighbouring works of Erasmus had already inclined B. toward states, published in 42 plates (2d ed., Berlin, 1832). Protestantism, and his views were confirmed by the influence of Luther at the Heidelberg disputations in 1518. Following the example given by Luther at the Diet of Worms (1521), B. became one of the boldest and most decided of the German reformers. In 1523, he went to Strasburg, where he introduced the doctrines of the Reformation. In the disputes between Luther and Zwingli, he adopted a middle course, and endeavoured to make reconciliation between them; but his view of the sacraments, which approached that of Zwingli, exposed him to Luther's harsh reprobation. At the Diet of Augsburg, where he conducted himself with great circumspection and moderation, he generally accorded with the Lutheran views; but, along with other Strasburg theologians, declined to subscribe to the proposed confession of faith, and afterwards drew up the Confessio Tetrapolitana. An agreement, however, was subsequently entered into between B. and the Lutherans, and as a disciple of Luther, he appeared at the religious conference of the Reformers held at Leipsic. In consequence of his refusal to sign the Interim -a temporary creed drawn up by order of the Emperor Charles V.-B. found his situation irksome in Germany, and therefore accepted the invitation of Archbishop Cranmer (1549), and came to England to teach theology at Cambridge, and assist Paul Fagius and others in forwarding the Reformation. His modesty, blameless life, and great learning gained many friends in England; but his labours were soon interrupted by death, February 27, 1551. His remains were interred in a church at Cambridge with great solemnity; but during the reign of Mary, his bones, with those of Fagius, were taken from their graves, and burned in the market-place. His constant attempts to express himself in language agreeable both to Luther and Zwingli, induced in him at times an obscure, ambiguous, and elusive kind of thought, to which, perhaps, Bossuet refers when he stigmatises B. as the great architect of subtleties.' B. was, of course, exposed to many censures and scandals by the assiduous malice of the Roman Catholic theologians, whose fertile imaginations during the Reformation period were exclusively devoted to the manufacture of indecent calumnies; but by Protestant writers he has been highly commended, and by some has been ranked above even Luther and Melancthon. His best work is a translation and exposition of the Psalms, which he published under the pseudonym Aretinus Felinus (Strasburg, 1529). Hubert intended to edit the whole of B.'s writings in ten volumes, but only one volume appeared (Basel, 1577). BU'CEROS. See HORNBILL. of Scotland, in the north-east of Aberdeenshire, BUCHAN-NE'SS, the easternmost promontory three miles south of Peterhead, in lat. 57° 28' N., and long. 1° 46′ W. A light-house, 130 feet high, with a revolving light, has been erected here. It may be stated that the low rocks at Peterhead In the sea off the B. lie the Buchan Deeps, a great trough 50 to 90 fathoms deep, and 25 miles broad, Outside lie the Long Forties, a bank at the depth of and stretching south nearly as far as the Bell-rock 35-45 fathoms, and 10-20 miles broad. stretch a little further east than the Buchan-ness BUCHANAN, GEORGE, one of the most learned men of the 16th c., and a distinguished poet and historian, was born of poor parents at Killearn, in the county of Stirling, in February 1506. He was sent to the university of Paris by his uncle, who died two years afterwards, leaving B. without the He returned means of prosecuting his studies. home, served in one campaign against the Eng lish, and entered St. Andrews University in 1524, where, in the following year, he took his degree of B.A. In 1526 he went to Paris, and became a student in the Scots College there. He subsequently obtained a professorship in the college of St. Barbe, but returned to Scotland about 1537. During his residence on the continent, B. adopted the tenets of the reformed faith. A satire entitled Somnium, exposing the Franciscans, brought down upon him the wrath of the priests; and he had resolved upon seeking safety in his old college at Paris, when King James V. took him under his protection, and intrusted him with the education of one of his illegitimate sons. At the request of the king, B. wrote another and more pungent satire against the monks, entitled Franciscanus, increasing their anger, and rousing especially the bitter hatred BUCH, LEOPOLD VON, one of the most celebrated of German geologists, was born at Stolpe, in Prussia, in 1774 or 1777, and received instruction under Werner at the Mining Academy, Freiberg. He afterwards travelled in pursuit of his favourite science, through all the states of Germany, through Scandinavia as far as the North Cape, and through several parts of Great Britain, France, and Italy, visiting the Canary Islands in 1815. His chief writings are-Geological Observations during Travels in Germany and Italy (1802-1809), a Physical Description of the Canary of the powerful Cardinal Beaton, who, after a time Islands (1825), Travels in Norway and Lapland (1810), and essays On the Jura in Germany (1839), and On the Mountain Systems of Russia (1840), with several monographs on Ammonites (1832), and procured B.'s arrest, and even went so far as to offer the king money for his life. Though to James was entirely due the publication of the offensive satire, he did not interfere to protect the BUCHANAN-BUCHAREST. elected a member of the Senate; he was re-elected in December 1836, and 1843. Appointed by Presi dent Polk, in March 1845, secretary of state, he held that office till the close of Polk's presidency. Ambassador to England in 1854, B. resigned that post the following year, and in 1856 was elected President of the United States. His administration closed March 4, 1861, a few weeks prior to the bombardment of Fort Sumter and the breaking out of hostilities between the North and South. Her poet, who, however, contrived to effect his escape to Paris. After spending some years at Bordeaux and Paris in tuition, he accompanied the learned Portuguese, Govea, to the university of Coimbra, in Portugal, as one of his associates. After the death of Govea, B. was arrested as a heretic, and was for some time detained in a monastery, where he began his splendid Latin metrical version of the Psalms. In 1551, being restored to liberty, he went to England; but soon afterwards went to Paris. About 1560, he returned to Scotland, where he made an open confession of Protestantism. His BU CHANITES, an extraordinary sect of reputation as a scholar gained for him a good fanatics, which sprang up in the west of Scotland reception at the court of the young queen, Mary, in 1783, but has now become extinct. The founder whose classical tutor he became. But his religious of the sect was Mrs. or Lucky Buchan, born in and political principles attached him to the party Banffshire in 1738, of humble parentage. of the Regent Moray, by whose influence he was maiden name was Elspeth Simpson. She early fell appointed Principal of St. Leonard's College, in into habits of vice, but with her licentiousness were St. Andrews University, in 1566. In the following combined a sort of religious fervour and extreme year, he was chosen Moderator of the General Assembly a very high honour for a layman. The Antinomian opinions. In 1782, being resident in doings of Mary, which scandalised the Scottish Glasgow with her husband, a potter, who ultimately divorced her, she became acquainted with the Rev. public, disgusted her tutor also, and he accompanied the Regent Moray to England, in order to Hugh White, minister of the Relief congregation in give evidence against her before the commissioners Irvine, a weak vain man and coarse declamatory appointed by Elizabeth to inquire into her guilt. His preacher, who adopted her opinions, for which he Detectio Maria Regina, laid before these function- with her to found a new sect in Irvine. Popular was deposed by his presbytery, and began along aries, was industriously circulated by the English tumults arose, which led to her expulsion from the court. In 1570, B. was appointed tutor to the town in May 1784. Mr. White and his wife, with young king, James VI. (afterwards James I.), who owed to him all the erudition of which in other devoted adherents, male and female, accomlater life he was so vain. No considerations of sioned person, and expecting her to lead them to panied her, regarding her as a divinely commisthe future position of his pupil were allowed to the place where Christ was speedily to appear again interfere with B.'s treatment of him, which was strict, if not even stern; and in dedicating his on earth. She was addressed as 'Friend Mother De Jure Regni apud Scotos to the young monarch in the Lord,' and among other more blasphemous in 1579, he warned him against favourites with a mentioned in Rev. xii., White being represented pretensions, gave herself out to be the woman freedom remarkable not only in a subservient but in any age. In 1570, B. was appointed director of Chancery, which he soon resigned, and in the same year was made keeper of the Privy Seal, an office which he retained until within a short time of his death. The latter years of his life were devoted to the composition of his History of Scotland (published in 1582). He died thirty days after its publication, on the 28th September 1582, and was buried in Greyfriars Churchyard, Edinburgh. As a scholar, B. was unrivalled' in his age; and he wrote Latin poetry with the purity and elegance of an ancient Roman.' He was alike humorous, sarcastic, and profound. His History, written in Latin, is remarkable for the richness, force, and perspicuity of its style, though it has been found fault with for the partiality of its narration of contemporary events; and two years after the author's death, it, as well as De Jure Regni, &c., was condemned by the Scottish parliament, and every person possessed of copies was ordered and that they systematically practised infanticide. to surrender them within 40 days, in order that they Yet they were protected from the outbreakings of might be purged of the offensive and extraordinary popular indignation, and no investigation was made matters' they contained. Two collected editions of B.'s works have been published-one by Ruddiman by the authorities. On the failure of their means in 1715, 2 vols. folio; and another by Burman, of the stewartry of Kirkcudbright; and those who of subsistence, they took a farm in a moorish part Leyden, in 2 vols. quarto, in 1725. The transla- remained of them accumulated by their industry tions that have yet appeared are far from doing the means of purchasing a small property, on which justice to the original. BUCHANAN, JAMES, a distinguished American was built the first house of the village of Crocketstatesman, was born in Franklin county, Penn- ford, where they finally became extinct, the last sylvania, April 13, 1791. He was educated at of them surviving till 1846, full even in his old age of the strange delusions of his youth, and preserving Dickinson College, adopted the profession of the law, and, in 1814, was elected a member of the in his house the bones of Lucky Buchan, which were buried with him in his grave.-See The Pennsylvanian House of Representatives. In 1820, Buchanites from First to Last, by Joseph Train, he was chosen a member of Congress, and remained so till March 4, 1831. In May of that year, he was nominated ambassador to Russia. He returned to the United States in 1834, and soon after was as the man-child' whom she had brought forth. She and her followers travelled towards Nithsdale, and found a resting-place in a barn at New Cample, themselves a house of one apartment with a loft, near Thornhill, where they afterwards built for in which they all dwelt, supported chiefly by the money of the more wealthy of their number. A few additional persons joined them. They lived in expectation of being translated to heaven without death; and on one occasion, after a fast of extrareduced to a very spectral condition, were led out ordinary duration, by which many of them were by their prophetess to a hill-top to be immediately dissensions began to arise among them; and some, taken up, but returned disappointed. After this, recovering from their infatuation, left the society, Their expected heaven was one of mere sensual delights; and it is now sufficiently ascertained that they lived in unrestrained sexual intercourse-for they condemned marriage as unworthy of Christians (Edin. 1846). BUCHAREST, BUKHARE'ST, or BUKHORE'ST, the capital of Walachia, in a rich and BUCHEZ-BUCKINGHAM. 20 white flowers, externally tipped with red. The calyx is 5-parted; the corolla funnel-shaped, with a spreading 5-lobed limb, shaggy on the inner surface, with thick fleshy hairs. The fruit is a one-celled, two-valved capsule. The leaves are destitute of smell, but very bitter. From them is prepared a valuable bitter extract, which has long been used in extensive plain on the Dumbovitza, a tributary of the, The flower-stalk bears a compound raceme of 10Argish, in lat. 44° 26' N., and long. 26° 5' E. It is a straggling and uninteresting town, with poor mean houses, many of them of mud; and unpaved and unlighted streets. There are, however, some handsome hotels; and the churches are numerous and many-spired, giving to the place a picturesque appearance. The hospodar's palace, a large structure in the centre of the town, has no claim to architectural beauty. The number of cafés and gambling-tables is excessive; and altogether B. has the unenviable reputation of being the most dissolute capital in Europe. The corso, or public promenade, is a miniature Hyde Park. B. is the entrepôt for the trade between Turkey and Austria, the chief articles of commerce being grain, wool, salt, honey, wax, building-timber, and cattle. It has some small manufactures of woollen cloths and carpets. B. has at various times suffered considerably at the hands of the Russians, and is remarkable as the place where in May 1812 a treaty of peace was concluded between Turkey and Russia, by which the former ceded to the latter the province of Bessarabia and a portion of Moldavia; Russia waiving her claim to all other territories she had conquered. This treaty also defined the Pruth as the boundary-line between the two empires. During the Crimean campaign, B. was successively occupied by Russians, Turks, and Austrians. Pop. 60,000. BUCHEZ, PHILIPPE BENJAMIN JOSEPH, a French physician, writer, and President of the National Assembly in 1848, was born in 1796 at Matagne la Petite, in the department of Ardennes, and studied medicine in Paris, 1815. He became involved in several plots against the Bourbons, was active in the conspiracy of the French Carbonari (q. v.), and supported the doctrines of St. Simon (q. v.); but, after editing for some time the communist journal, Le Producteur, he separated from his colleagues. Curiously enough, during all his active career of underhand politics, he was prosecuting his learned studies, and in 1825, published a Précis Elémentaire d'Hygiène, besides editing the Journal des Progrès des Sciences et Institutions Médicales. After the revolution, 1830, B. established and conducted the journal L'Européen, the organ of Neo-Catholicism; and in concert with M. Roux Lavergne, began a republican history of the French Revolution. All his writings are marked by original views and arguments in favour of the belief in human progress. After the February revolution, 1848, B. was made President of the National Assembly; but, by his want of energy during the disturbance of May 15, he incurred the censure of all parties. Since the inauguration of the Empire, B. has returned to his scientific studies. BUCK, a name sometimes distinctively appropriated to the male of the FALLOW DEER (q. v.), the female of which is a Doe. But the term B. is often also applied to the male of other species of deer, as of the ROEBUCK (q. v.), although never to that of the Red Deer (see DEER), which, when mature, is a STAG or a HART. BUCKBEAN, or MARSH TREFOIL (Menyanthes trifoliata), a plant of the natural order Gentianea (q. v.) the only known species of its genus, widely distributed in all the colder parts of the northern hemisphere, and common in Britain. It has been described as 'perhaps the most beautiful' of all British plants. It grows in marshy places, its creeping root-stocks (or rhizomes) and densely matted roots often rendering boggy ground firm. The leaves are ternate, like those of the trefoils or clovers, and are supported on pretty long stalks. Buckbean. cases of dyspepsia and disorders of the bowels, and which was also formerly employed in intermittent fevers. An infusion is also sometimes used, and sometimes the dried and powdered leaves. The whole plant seems to possess the same bitter and tonic properties. It is sometimes used in Germany as a substitute for hops. The root-stock, however, which is black and jointed, contains a considerable quantity of a kind of starch, which is separated from the bitter substance, and used as food in some of the northern parts of Europe. BUCKEYE. SEE HORSE CHESTNUT. BUCK-HOUND, a hunting-dog once common in Britain, when buck-hunting was a most fashionable amusement, but of which few packs now exist. The B. resembles a dwarf STAG-HOUND (q. v.), and possesses great strength and perseverance. Bucks are, however, often hunted by other kinds of hounds. the favourite of James I. and Charles I. of Eng- in January following Earl of B., and sworn of |