BRANDENBURG-BRANDY.

BRANDENBURG (the ancient Brennaborch or, (Berlin, 1831-1836); and with this object, spent Brennabor), the town from which the province Bran- several years, along with Immanuel Bekker (q. v.), denburg is named, is situated on the line of the Berlin in exploring the chief libraries of Europe. In 1821, and Magdeburg Railway, about 37 miles west-south- he resumed his academic career in the university west of Berlin. The river Havel divides it into two of Bonn, where he edited Aristotle's Metaphysics parts, Old and New B., which are both surrounded (vol. i., Berl. 1823), Scholia in Aristotelem (Berl. with walls. On an island in the river there is 1836), and Scholia Græca in A. Metaphysicum a third quarter, containing the castle, cathedral, (Berl. 1837). He accepted, in 1837, a call from the equestrian college, &c. The cathedral has a fine old young king of Greece, and spent several years in crypt, and several interesting antiquities. The that country as cabinet counsellor. As a result, we inhabitants, amounting to about 19,000, inclusive have his Mittheilungen über Griechenland, Commuof the garrison, are engaged in the manufacture nications on Greece (3 vols., Leip. 1842). In his of woollen, linen, hosiery, paper, leather, beer, &c. Handbuch der Geschichte der Griech.-Rom. Philosophie Boat-building is also carried on to a considerable (History of Greek and Roman Philosophy, vols. i. and ii., 1835-1844), he has, by establishing what are the facts of the case, laid the historical basis for a knowledge of Greek thought.

extent.

BRANDENBURG, NEW, a walled town in the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, North-Germany, is situated near the north end of Lake Tollen, about 50 miles west-north-west of Stettin. It is a beautiful town, with regular, broad, and well-built streets. The grand duke has a palace in the marketplace. It has manufactures of woollen, cotton, damasks, leather, paper, tobacco, &c., besides cornmills, oil-works, and a trade in hides and horses, and is altogether a very thriving place. Pop. about

6000.

BRANDING was a mode of punishment practised in England for various offences. It was effected by the application of a hot iron, the end of which had the form which it was desired should be left imprinted on the skin. But B. by such means has long ceased, and now it is practically confined to the case of desertion from the army-the B. or marking being not done by a hot iron, but with ink, or other similar preparation. By the Mutiny Act of 1858, 21 Vict. c. 9, it is enacted by section 35 as follows: 'On the first, and on every subsequent conviction for desertion, the court-martial, in addition to any other punishment, may order the offender to be marked on the left side, two inches below the armpit, with the letter D, such letter not to be less than an inch long, and to be marked upon the skin with some ink or gunpowder, or other preparation, so as to be visible and conspicuous, and not liable to be obliterated.' Formerly, B. was employed in the case of all clergiable offences by burning on the hand (see BENEFIT OF CLERGY); and with a view still further to repress theft and petty larceny, the 10 and 11 Will. III. c. 23, s. 6, provided that such offenders as had the benefit of clergy allowed them should be burnt in the most visible part of the left cheek, nearest the nose.' This additional severity, however, not having the desired deterrent effect, but the reverse, was repealed by the 5 Anne c. 6, which nevertheless provided for offenders being burnt on the hand as formerly. The latter punishment, however, was entirely abolished by an act passed in 1822, the 3 Geo. IV. c. 38. Brawling in church (q. v.) was, by the 5 and 6 Edw. IV. c. 4, made an offence punishable by having one of the ears cut off, or, the offender having no ears, by B. with the letter F on the cheek. This punishment was repealed by the 9 Geo. IV. c. 31. B., therefore, in the case of felonies, has been entirely abolished.

BRANDLING. See PAR, and SALMON.

BRANDON, a town on both sides of the Little Ouse or Brandon river, where it separates Norfolk from Suffolk, 78 miles north-north-east from London by road. Pop. 2022. It has a considerable corntrade. Great rabbit-warrens occur near Brandon. There was formerly an extensive manufactory of gun-flints here, the army being exclusively supplied

with these articles from B. before the introduction of percussion-caps.

BRANDT, SEBASTIAN, the author of a very popular German book, the Narrenschiff, or Ship of Fools, was born at Strasburg, 1458; studied law and the classics with zeal at Basel, where he received permission to teach; and soon became one of the most influential lecturers in that city. The Emperor Maximilian shewed his regard for B. by appointing him an imperial councillor. He died at Strasburg in 1521. His Ship of Fools, a satire on the follies and vices of his times, which was published at Basel, 1494, is not very poetical, but is full of sound sense and good moral teaching, and was so much es teemed that the German popular preacher Geiler occasionally took his texts from it. It was translated into Latin by Locher (1497); and into English by Henry Watson, The Grete Shyppe of Fooles of the Worlde (1517); partly translated and partly imitated by Alexander Barclay, The Shup of Folys of the Worlde (1508); and imitated by W. H. Ireland in the Modern Ship of Fools (1807). It has also appeared in French, and indeed in almost all European languages.

BRANDY (Ger. Branntwein, Fr. eau de vie) is a term sometimes applied generically to all kinds of obtained by distilling the fermented juice of the ardent spirits, but usually restricted to the liquid grape. See DISTILLATION. The fermented liquors or wines which are employed for that purpose are various, and contain a proportion of alcohol (q. v.), which runs from 10 to 25 per cent. of their weight. The red wines generally are preferred, as containing most alcohol; but though they yield a larger amount of B. than the white wines, yet the latter afford a spirit which possesses a finer flavour and distillation from 100 to 150 gallons of B., which more agreeable taste. 1000 gallons of wine give by varies in strength, but is commercially judged of BRANDIS, CHRISTIAN AUG., professor of phi- according to the quantity of eau de vie or B. à losophy in Bonn, was born at Hildesheim, 13th preuve de Holland which it contains, and is generFebruary 1790, his father being J. D. Brandis, one ally diluted with water till it contains from 50 to of the most distinguished physicians of his time. 54 per cent. by weight of absolute alcohol. When Having studied philology and philosophy at Kiel originally distilled, B. is clear and colourless, and if and Göttingen, he began lecturing in the uni- wished to remain so, is received and kept in glass versity of Copenhagen, from which he removed to vessels; but when placed in wooden casks, the spirit Berlin (1816). Here he was soon called upon dissolves out the colouring-matter of the wood, and to take part in the preparations for the great acquires a light sherry tint, which is deepened by critical edition of the works of Aristotle, contem- burnt sugar and other colouring-matter, intentionplated by the Berlin Academy of Science, 4 vols. | ally added by the dealers. The pleasant aroma of

BRANDYWINE CREEK-BRANK.

B. is due to the presence of more or less of fusel oil of Staffordshire, published in 1686, as much to be (q. v.) accompanied by oenanthic ether (q. v.). The preferred to the cucking-stool, which not only most famous B. is that distilled in Cognac, a district endangers the health of the party, but also gives in the west of France, from the choicest wines, but the tongue liberty betwixt every dip: to neither of comparatively little of that sold under the name which is this at all liable; it being such a bridle of Cognac comes from this district. A second- for the tongue as not only quite deprives them of class B. is obtained from the red wines of Portugal, speech, but brings shame to the transgression, and Spain, &c., as also from the refuse (mare) of the humility thereupon, before it is taken off. The B., grapes left in the winepress, the scrapings of in its simplest form, is a hoop of iron, opening by wine-casks and vats, the deposits in wine-bottles, hinges at the sides, so as to enclose the head, and &c.) and very much of the B. sold in Great Britain fastened by a staple with a padlock at the back; and Ireland is prepared at home from ordinary a plate within the front of the hoop projecting grain alcohol, by adding thereto argol (q. v.), bruised inwards, so as to fit into the mouth of the culprit, French plums, some French wine-vinegar, a little and by pressing upon the tongue, be an effectual good Cognac, and redistilling, when the spirit gag. There must have been difficulty in keeping such which passes over may be coloured with burnt a hoop in its place; and so it received the addisugar, or by being kept in an empty sherry cask. tion of a curved band of iron, having a triangular Occasionally, grains of paradise and other acrid opening for the nose, passing over the forehead, and matters are added, to give the B. a fictitious so clasping the crown of the head that escape from strength; and catechu or oak-bark, to give it an it was scarcely possible. This may be regarded as astringent taste. B. is the form in which alcohol the second form of the brank. In the third form, is administered medicinally either internally or the curved band was hinged in the middle, and, passexternally. It is distinguished from other ardent ing over the whole head, was locked into the spirits by its light, cordial, and stomachic proper- staple at the back of the hoop. The next addition ties, and especially when set fire to for a minute seems to have been a second band crossing the or two, forming what is known as Burnt B., it first at right angles, so as to clasp the sides of the is valuable as a household remedy for diarrhoea. head, and keep the B. still more firmly in its place. B. is administered internally (1), in mild cases of In its last most complicated shape, the B., by the diarrhoea, unaccompanied by inflammation, but multiplication of its hoops and bands, took the form attended with griping pain, and the addition of of a conical cage or lantern, with a door behind nutmeg is productive of good; (2) as a powerful opening by a hinge and fastened by a staple, the excitant for restoring patients who are suffering front being fashioned into a rude mask, with holes from suspended animation, and to relieve those for mouth, nose, and eyes. In one instance, the who are labouring under fainting symptoms during mask quite covers the face, the iron plate being an operation in surgery; (3), as a stimulant and hammered out to fit the restorative, where patients are much depressed in nose, with apertures for the ultimate stages of fever; and (4), as a general the nostrils and the eyes, stmachic stimulant in indigestion after taking a long hollow conical food, in the relief of flatulency and spasms of peak, perforated with the stomach, and to check vomiting, especially in holes, being affixed besea-sickness. Externally, B. is employed (1), in fore the mouth. The way healing sores, and in stopping hemorrhage or the in which the punishment oozing out of blood from bruised or injured parts, of the B. was inflicted, and is generally applied by soaking linen or cotton may be described in the with it, and laying the cloth on the part; and words of an eye-witness, (2), in hardening the skin or cuticle over tender reported by a country parts, the soles of feet which have been blistered, gentleman of Northumand the nipples of females for several days before berland, Ralph Gardiner Branks. delivery. The action of B. externally appears to of Chriton, in a work, be strictly chemical, as it coagulates the albumen called England's Grievance Discovered in Relation of blood, and otherwise tends to render more solid to the Coal Trade, published in 1655, and dediall flesh tissue. cated to Cromwell: John Willis of Ipswich, upon his oath, said that he was in Newcastle six months ago, and there he saw one Anne Bidlestone drove through the streets by an officer of the same corporation holding a rope in his hand, the other end fastened to an engine called the branks, which is like a crown, it being of iron, which was muzzled over the head and face, with a great gap or tongue BRANDYWINE CREEK, a stream of 36 miles blood out; and that is the punishment which the of iron forced into her mouth, which forced the in length, rising in Pennsylvania, and flowing magistrates do inflict upon chiding and scolding through Delaware. In the latter state, it enters Christiana Creek, about 2 miles above its confluence women, and that he hath often seen the like done with the Delaware River, and immediately below unknown. It is found at Edinburgh in 1567, at to others.' When the B. first came into use is Wilmington, a port of entry. It possesses a historical interest in connection with the War of Inde-Glasgow in 1574, at Stirling in 1600, and at Macclespendence-a battle, in which the British had the field, in Cheshire, in 1623. One B. in the church of advantage, having been fought on its banks in In another, called 'the witches' bridle of Forfar,' Walton-on-Thames, in Surrey, has the date of 1633. September 1777. dated in 1661, the gag for the mouth is not a flat plate, but a long piece of iron with three sharp spikes. Of two examples in private custody in England, one has the date of 1688, the other the crowned cipher of King William III. The B. was used at Langholm, in Dumfriesshire, in 1772: it was used still more recently at Manchester and at

The duty on B. imported into Great Britain, which from 1814 had been as high as 22s. 10d. a gallon, was reduced in 1846 to 15s., and in 1860 to 88. 2d. The consumption in the United Kingdom has since 1822 been on an average about 1,400,000 gallons. A considerable increase may now be expected. For further statistics, see SPIRITS.

BRANK, or BRANKS, an instrument formerly used for the punishment of scolds in England and Scotland, and often in the former country called the scold's bridle.' It seems to have come in place of the ducking-stool or cucking-stool (q. v.). 'I look upon it,' says Dr. Plot in his Natural History

BRANTOME-BRASIDAS.

Macclesfield; and in the Archaeological Journal for of Lincoln, at one time chancellor of the Univer1856, it is stated that 'at Bolton-le-Moors, in Lanca- sity, and Sir Richard Sutton, knight of Prestshire, the iron bridle was still in use, not many bury, in Cheshire. The original foundation was for years since, for the correction of immorality: it a principal and twelve fellows. Eight fellowships was fixed in the female's mouth, and tied at the were afterwards added by various benefactors, from back of the head with ribands, and thus attired, 1522 to 1586. This college is also very rich in the offender was paraded from the cross to the scholarships and exhibitions; more particularly church steps, and back again.' Examples of the the Hulme exhibitions, 15 in number, of value B. may be seen in the Ashmolean Museum at £120 per annum each, besides £35 to be spent in Oxford, in the National Museum of the Anti-books, to be selected by the principal. The statutes quaries of Scotland at Edinburgh, in the county of this college, which were issued in 1520, three hall at Forfar, in the Guildhall at Lichfield, in the town hall at Macclesfield, in the parish church of Walton in Surrey, and in St. Mary's Church at St. Andrews in Fife.-Brank was at one time a common name in Scotland for any sort of bridle. The word is supposed to be derived from the Teutonic pranghe, a bridle. In the Dutch Netherlands, the pillory was called pranghe, from the yoke or collar in which the neck of the culprit is held. An instrument resembling the B., in its simplest form, is said to have been in use among the Spaniards in the West Indies for the punishment of refractory slaves.

years after the publication of Luther's theses, seem to have been framed by a person warmly attached to the Roman Catholic faith. They enjoin devotional exercises of a peculiarly popish character, such as repeating five times each day the Lord's Prayer in honour of the five wounds of the crucifixion, of the angelic salutation in honour of the five joys of the blessed virgin, &c. These devotions are in some cases enforced by fines and whipping. The origin of the name of the college is obscure. Legends say that it was originally 'Brewing-house,' which became corrupted into the present appellation; but Anthony Wood tells us that the college BRANTOME, PIERRE DE BOURDEILLES, SEIG-was near finished out of the ruins of several NEUR DE, was born at Perigord, in Gascony, about hostels, the chief of which was Brasenose Hall, 1527. He travelled in several countries in the so called, without doubt, from such a sign, which capacity of chamberlain to Charles IX. and Henry was in ancient time over its door, as other halls also or Heiron Hall, Elephant, III.; fought against the Huguenots (1562), in Bar- had, viz., Hawk The former theory is supbary (1564), and went in 1566 to Malta, to fight Swan, or Bull Hall.' against the Turks. After his return to the court of ported by the fact, that B. has always been celeFrance, he retired into private life, and wrote his brated for the excellence of its beer; the latter Memoires, full of self-praise but very interesting, as is borne witness to, by a nose in brass, curiously they afford a lively portraiture of the manners and fashioned, which is now conspicuous over the great morality of his times, the women, in particular, gateway. Till lately, all the fellowships were being very severely handled. The style is charm-confined to natives of certain counties. The senior ingly piquant, full of ingenious turns of expression, fellowships, owing to the appropriations of fines to sudden sallies of wit, occasional flashes of eloquence, the seniors, were very valuable, about £500 per and withal so naïvely simple, that if the author cannot on account of the abundance of his gossip be reckoned a grave historian, he must needs be considered a most fascinating chronicler. B. died July 15, 1614. His complete works were published at the Hague (10 vols. 1740), and have been recently republished by Buchon in the Panthéon Littéraire (2 vols., Paris 1837).

BRASDOR'S OPERATION. It is stated in the article ANEURISM, that a cure is effected in that disease by successive layers of the fibrine of the blood being deposited in the aneurismal sac, and that surgeons bring about this desired end by tying the artery at some point between the heart and the aneurism. In some situations it is impossible to do this, and therefore it was suggested by Brasdor that

annum! while the junior fellowships were about £80. By the commissioners appointed under 17 and 18 Vict. c. 81, many important alterations have been introduced. Five out of the twenty fellowships have been suppressed, one being elevated to the endowment of a professorship, the remaining four to the establishment of additional scholarships. All the remaining fellowships have been thrown open. The senior fellowships have been limited Various oaths, previously taken by the fellows, to £300 per annum; the junior raised to £150. committing them to statements which were untrue, and binding them to duties impossible to be performed, have been by the same authority abolished. B. presents to 33 benefices, besides 29 pieces of preferment vested in the trustees of the Hulme exhibitions, for behoof of the exhibitioners. Though considered what is commonly called a good college,' B. has never attained much distinction in the schools.' In all probability this has been owing to the restrictions subject to which its endowments were so long administered. The number should be impeded beyond of names on the books, in 1860, is about 400, the aneurismal sac. This the number of resident undergraduates probably has not been tested to any about 70. great extent, but most surBrasdor's Operation. geons think favourably of a, aneurismal sac; b, arch it; and the same principle of aorta; c, artery, tied. can be carried out by pressure, without any cutting operation, as has been shewn by Mr. Edwards of Edinburgh, who has succeeded in obliterating aneurisms at the root of the neck by pressure applied to the arteries beyond the tumour.

b the course of the blood

BRA'SENOSE, one of the colleges of Oxford University, sometimes called King's Hall and College of Brasenose, was founded in the year 1511, by the joint benefaction of William Smith, Bishop

BRASH. See WATER-BRASH.

BRASH, SHIVERS, BLAZE, and RUBBLE, are names given in different districts to layers of broken and angular fragments of rock. They occasionally form the basement bed of alluvial deposits. At Canonmills, and other places near Edinburgh, the boulder-clay rests on a bed of shivers composed of fragments of the subjacent bituminous shale.

BRASIDAS, the bravest and most energetic Spartan general in the earlier years of the Peloponnesian war. Having distinguished himself (B. c. 431)

BRASS BRASSES.

BRASSICA-BRAUWER.

on the continent at the same period, it would seem, which afterwards burned so brightly in modern that this artist, if not an Englishman, at all events Europe. The tastes for lingering worked exclusively in this country. In the following century (1325), on the brass of Sir John de Creke, at Westley Waterless, in Cambridgeshire, the artist's