BORAGINE E-BORDEAUX. the style, in the form of a cone. The species are few, chiefly natives of the countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The COMMON BORAGE (B. officinalis) is found in waste places in many parts of Europe, and is pretty frequent-perhaps naturalised-in Britain. It is a plant of rather coarse appearance, with a stout erect herbaceous stem, 1-2 feet high, somewhat branched; the lower leaves elliptical, obtuse, tapering to the base; the stem, leaves, flowerstalks, and calyx rough with hairs. The flowers are more than half an inch broad, of a beautiful blue colour. B. was formerly much cultivated and highly esteemed, being reckoned amongst the cordial flowers, and supposed to possess exhilarating qualities, for which it no longer receives credit. The belief in its virtues was at one time extremely prevalent in England, and its use accordingly universal. The flowers were put into salads, Gerarde tells us (1597), to make the mind glad;' and he adds: There be also many things made of them, used everywhere for the comfort of the heart, for the driving away of sorrow, and increasing the joy of the mind.' Like some other plants of the same order, B. contains nitrate of potash (nitre), and is slightly febrifuge. It is mucilaginous and emollient, and has been used in pectoral affections; its leaves impart a coolness to beverages in which they are steeped; and with wine, water, lemon, and sugar, enter into the composition of an English drink called a cool tankard. The young leaves and tender tops are pickled, and occasionally boiled for the table. natu crystals are coated with, to prevent evaporation of BORDA, JEAN CHARLES, an eminent practical mathematician and astronomer, was born on 4th May 1733 at Dax, in the department of the Landes, in France. In 1771, he was associated with Verdun and Pingré in proving the accuracy of chronometers. He also devoted much attention to the subject of ship-building, and suggested great improvements in the form of vessels. In 1787 he took an active part in bringing the observatories of Paris and Greenwich into closer relations with one another. Along with Delambre and Méchain, he was a leading member of the French commission intrusted with the measurement of a meridian arc. He rendered essential service in the commission on the new system of weights and measures. He invented a new instrument for measuring the inclination of the magnetic needle; and his corrections of the seconds' pendulum are still in use. But his reputation depends most of all on his improvement of the reflecting circle, on which instrument he published a work in two volumes (Par. 1787). He died at Paris on the 20th February 1799. BORAGI NEE, or BORAGINA'CEÆ, a ral order of dicotyledonous plants, consisting chiefly of herbaceous plants, but also containing shrubs and even trees, the leaves generally rough with hairs which proceed from a thick hard base, and the whole plant mucilaginous and emollient. The leaves are alternate and without stipules. The flowers are in spikes, racemes, or panicles which are almost always coiled up, and gradually uncoil and elongate themselves, the flowers expanding in succession. The calyx is 4-5-partite, and remains till the fruit is ripe; the corolla is generally regular, 4-5-cleft, imbricated in bud; the stamens rise from the corolla, and are equal in number to its divisions generally five-and alternate with them. The ovary is 4-partite, 4-celled; the style simple, arising from the base of the lobes of the ovary. The fruit consists of 4-or sometimes of 2-distinct achenia. See ACHENIUM.-The order Ehretiacea of some botanists differs chiefly in the fruit, which in the more typical species is a succulent drupe; and in the Heliotropes consists of four dry achenia more or less consolidated.-There are about 600 known species of the proper Boraginea, and about 300 of Ehretiacea. The former are natives principally of temperate climates, and are particularly abundant in the south of Europe and in the temperate parts of Asia; the latter are more tropical, but not south-west of France, beautifully situated in a plain BORDEAUX, an important seaport town in the exclusively so. BORAGE (q. v.), ALKANET (q. v.), COMFREY (q. v.), and FORGET-ME-NOT (q. v.), are its mouth in the Atlantic. Ships of more than 1000 on the left bank of the Garonne, about 60 miles from familiar examples of the former; the exquisitely fragrant HELIOTROPE (q. v.) is the best known of tons' burden can easily ascend the river at high water the latter. The drupes of some species of Ehretia to B., which is accessible at all times of the tide to are eatable. BORA'SSUS. See PALMYRA PALM. BO'RAX, or BIBO'RATE OF SODA, is found native as a saline incrustation on the shores of certain lakes in Persia and Thibet. It also occurs in India, China, Ceylon, Saxony, and South America. When collected on the banks of the lakes, it is impure, and goes by the name of tincal. The latter is purified by acting upon it with a solution of caustic soda, which removes the fatty matter that the vessels of 600 tons. Its harbour is very capacious; and, by the Garonne, its commerce very extensive. The river is crossed by a noble bridge of 17 arches and 532 yards in length, erected by the elder Deschamps in 1811-1821. The old town, consisting partly of high wooden houses of the 15th c., has narrow crooked streets; but the newer parts of the city and the suburbs have wide streets, fine squares, and pleasant promenades lined with trees. The cathedral, which was consecrated in 1096, is remarkable for its beautiful towers. The church BORDELAIS-BORDER. of St. Croix is a building of the 10th c.; that of St. Seurin is also very old, and has rare Gothic ornaments. The former archiepiscopal palace is now the town-hall. The Great Theatre is one of the largest and finest buildings of its kind in France. B. has many other fine public buildings, and learned associations, and educational and benevolent institutions, with a public library of upwards of 120,000 volumes. The university, founded by Pope Eugenius IV. in 1441, has been, since 1839, an Académie Universitaire, with four faculties and fifteen professorships. Pop. in 1861, 162,750. Among the principal branches of industry are the production or preparation of sugar, brandy, liqueurs, vinegar, nitric acid, printed calicoes, woollen goods, carpets, hats, paper, earthenware, glass bottles, metallic wires, &c. The rope-works, cooperages, and dockyards are extensive and full of activity. The Canal du Midi, connecting B. with the Mediterranean, enables it to supply the whole south of France with the colonial produce which it imports; and also with English tin, lead, copper, coal, dye-stuffs, herrings, &c. Wine, brandy, vinegar, dried fruits, hams, turpentine, and glass bottles are among its principal exports.-In former times, B. was called Burdigala, and was the capital of the Bituriges Vivisci. It was a very prosperous town in the times of the Romans, was made by Hadrian the capital of Aquitania Secunda, and was both the principal emporium of the south-west of Gaul, and the seat of its best educational institutions. Remains of the Roman period still exist. After suffering greatly at the hands of Vandals, Goths, Franks, and Spanish Arabs, it was taken by Charles Martel in 735; but was again spoiled by Norman plunderers in the 9th century. It became the capital of the Duchy of Guienne; and in 1152 passed, by the marriage of Eleanor of Guienne with Henry of Normandy (afterwards Henry II. of England), under the dominion of England. From the English, B. received important liberties and privileges; they encouraged its commerce; and it was for a considerable time the seat of the splendid and chivalric court of Edward the Black Prince. It strongly supported the cause of England against France, but was taken by Charles VII. in 1451. It rose against the imposition of the salt-tax in 1548, and was visited with bloody vengeance by the Constable Montmorenci. The horrors of St. Bartholomew's Day were repeated here, from 3d to 5th October, 1572, by the governor, Montferrand, and 2500 persons perished. During the Revolution, B. was the principal seat of the Girondists, and suffered fearfully at the hands of the Terrorists. The pressure of Napoleon's continental system made its inhabitants disaffected to his government, and they were the first of the French to declare for the Bourbons in 1814. The wines produced in the neighbourhood of B., and forming one of its principal exports, are called Bordeaux Wines. Except the wines of Champagne no French wines are so much exported to foreign countries. Some of them are red (known in England as Claret), others white. Of the red wines, the Medoc is one of the best known. The red wines produced by the vineyards of Lafitte, Latour, Château-Margaux, and Haut-Brion, are particularly celebrated for their quality. The white wines of Graves, and those of Sauternes, Barsac, Preignac, and Langon are in highest repute. common frontier of England and Scotland. At present, the dividing boundary of the two countries consists partly of natural and partly of imaginary outlines. It is customary to speak of Scotland as a country north of the Tweed;' but the Tweed is the boundary only in a small part of its course, on the east, and large portions of several Scottish counties lie to the south of that river. Even at its mouth, the Tweed is not the division; for north of the river at its estuary lies the ancient town of Berwick, with the district known as its 'bounds,' which belong to Northumberland. The Tweed forms the division only for about 16 to 18 miles. Leaving the river at Carham Burn, a few miles above Coldstream, the line proceeds towards the Cheviot mountains, the ridge of which is the boundary for about 25 miles; descending thence, the line strikes on Kershope Water, a tributary of the Esk. That river is the boundary for a number of miles to a point above Longtown. The line now quits the Esk abruptly in a northern direction, and taking into England part of what was known as the Debatable Land' (q. v.), strikes on the small river Sark, which is the boundary to the Solway Firth, the great natural division on the west. Such, in general terms, is the entire boundary, extending from sea to sea for about 100 miles, in which length the Tweed obviously plays an inferior part. The counties lying on the English side of the border are Northumberland and Cumberland; on the Scottish side, Berwickshire, Roxburghshire, and Dumfriesshire. Readers of history are aware that the division here indicated is comparatively modern; in former times, the frontier shifted according to the surging tide of war or diplomacy. For several ages prior to the 11th c., the kingdom of Northumbria, forming a part of what we now call England, included all that portion of Scotland south of the Firth of Forth as far west as Stirling. As a result of some warlike operations, this district was ceded by the Earl of Northumberland to Malcolm II., king of Scots, 1018, and ever since the Tweed, in its lower part, has been the boundary. What, however, was gained by Scotland on the east was lost on the west; for William the Conqueror wrenched Cumberland from the northern sovereign; and with little intermission the boundary in this quarter was settled according to its present limits. It may be said that from the 11th till the end of the 17th c., there was almost constant disturbance on the border. Ruthless wars on a great scale between English and Scots sometimes caused the most frightful devastation, and became the source of lasting ill-will on both sides. History abounds in events of this kind, and the feuds and forays of clans and families are commemorated in a series of ballads, for ever embalmed in the Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, by Sir Walter Scott. The most notable of these forays from the Scottish side is narrated in the ballad of the Battle of Otterburne, or, as it is sometimes called, Chevy Chase. The event referred to occurred in 1388. Among the latest of the regular invasions from England was that in 1543, in the reign of Henry VIII., conducted by the Earl of Hertford. The invasion was by the eastern marches, and in their devastating course, the English army set fire to and destroyed all the towns, villages, monasteries, and numerous castles within a wide range sioners had been appointed to repress petty insurof country. At an early date, wardens and commis BORDELAIS, a district of France, once forming part of the old province of Guienne, and having Bordeaux for its capital, but now included in the de-rections, and punish the moss-troopers who made partments of Gironde and Landes. cattle-lifting from their neighbours on the opposite side of the border a kind of profession. For these measures of police, the border was divided into three parts-the east, middle, and western marches. Such BORDER-BORDER-WARRANT. was the lawlessness in the early part of the 16th c., that in 1511, Sir Robert Kerr, warden of the eastern marches, was slain at a border meeting by three Englishmen. The principal murderer escaped as far as York, and for a time tried to conceal himself; but he was sought out by two of Sir Robert's followers, who brought his head to their new master, by whom, in memorial of their vengeance, it was exposed at the cross of Edinburgh (Scott's Essay on Border Antiquities). Sometimes the Scottish borderers met ostensibly to amuse themselves with the ancient sport of football, but in reality to plan and execute daring military exploits. During the reigns of Elizabeth and James VI., strenuous efforts were made to preserve peace on the border, and this was attained only by extraordinary severities. Many of the more audacious reivers were hanged, and great numbers were banished. Some account of the measures adopted at this period to suppress border outrages will be found in the Memoirs of Sir Robert Cary, who long acted as English warden on the marches; also in the Domestic Annals of Scotland, by R. Chambers, vol. i. After the accession of James to the English throne, a sweeping clearance of the Scottish border was effected. The laird of Buccleuch collected under his banners the most desperate of the border marauders, whom he formed into a legion for the service of the states of Holland. At the same time, the Debatable Land was cleared of the Græmes, a daving sept of freebooters, who were transported to Ireland, and their return prohibited under pain of death. The legislative union of 1707, and the form administration of justice, along with a general improvement in manners, finally terminated the long course of misrule. and Widdrington. The English border castles of every kind appear to have been of greater splendour and strength than those on the Scottish side. 'Raby Castle, still inhabited, attests the magnificence of the great Nevilles, Earls of Westmoreland; and the lowering strength of Naworth shews the power of the Dacres' (Scott). On the English side, however, there is nothing which can be compared to the ruins of that remarkable group of Scottish border abbeys-Melrose, Dryburgh, Kelso, and Jedburgh, not to speak of the remains of various other religious houses. For an account of these and other architectural remains on the border, we must refer to the Border Antiquities of England and Scotland, by Sir Walter Scott, 2 vols. folio, illustrated with plates; also to Billings's Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland, 4 vols. 4to, illustrated with plates. Assimilated in habits to the rest of the popu lation, the old Scottish border families are still distinguishable by their surnames-as, for example, the Maxwells, Johnstons, and Jardines on the west, and the Elliots, Armstrongs, Scotts, and Kerrs on the middle and eastern marches. The principal Scottish border families of rank are the Scotts, Dukes of Buccleuch, descendants of a famed border chief, Sir Walter Scott of Buccleuch; and the Kerrs, Dukes of Roxburgh, who are sprung from an equally celebrated borderer, Sir Robert Kerr of Cessford. The possessions of both families are extensive, particularly those of Buccleuch (q. v.), which spread through several counties. The family of corresponding rank within the English border is that of the Percies, Dukes of Northumberland. Local intercourse across the border is considerably obstructed by the long range of hills and the moors which generally lie on the line of boundary; and the circumstance of the peculiar civil and ecclesiastical institutions of the two kingdoms shedding tends to lessen community of feeling. At no distant day, certain exciseable articles were charged with a less duty in Scotland than England, and the consequence was an active contraband trade on the border, chiefly by the mountain-passes and the Solway. Now, these duties are assimilated, and this demoralising kind of traffic has disappeared. The great channels of communication across the border are two lines of railway, one by way of Berwick, and the other by Carlisle. There are also good roads in various directions for those who wish to explore this interesting district of country. Besides the books relative to the border already referred to, there are some works of local note, among which the most comprehensive is Richardson's Borderer's Table-book, 8 vols. royal 8vo (Newcastle-on-Tyne); we may also refer to Jeffrey's History and Antiquities of Roxburghshire, 3 vols.; and Ridpath's Border History, 1 vol. 4to. In the present day, there is nothing to distinguish the border from other districts of the country, unless it be the prevalence of picturesque ruins of old castles, generally roofless, but, from the vast off here towards different centres, still further thickness and strength of the walls, still in a good state of preservation. The border strengths were of three kinds-regular fortresses, large baronial castles, and the lesser kind of towers. On the east, the English owned the fortified town of Berwick, and at no great distance Newcastle-on-Tyne; and on the west, Carlisle. The chief Scottish border fortresses were the royal castles of Roxburgh, Jedburgh, and Lochmaben; and we might almost include Edinburgh Castle, for it is only 60 miles distant. Among the baronial castles on the English side were numbered Norham, Alnwick, Bamborough, Naworth, Brougham, Penrith, and Cockermouth. Among the Scottish fortlets of the baronial class may be mentioned Newark, Hermitage, and Caerlaverock. The smaller kind of towers on both sides of the frontier appear to have been exceedingly numerous, and it is their remains that form the more conspicuous memorials of old border strife. These buildings consist of a single square tower, usually of three BO'RDER-WARRANT, in the law of Scotland, floors; the lower vaulted, for the reception of is a warrant issued by the judge ordinary—that is, cattle; while the two upper, consisting of but one by the sheriff or county court judge, or by magissmall apartinent each, with narrow slit-hole win- trates of royal burghs within the royalty, or by dows, comprised the accommodation for the family. justices of the peace-on the borders between Scot It is conjectured, however, that retainers lived in land and England, on the petition of a creditor who thatched huts outside, which are now obliterated, desires to arrest the person or effects of a debtor and were brought into the tower, along with the residing on the English side, and to detain him cattle, only in the case of an anticipated attack. until he finds bail for his appearance in, and abiding These towers, known as bastel-houses or peels, once the result of, any action which may be brought for the residences of a warlike yeomanry, are thickly the debt within six months. The creditor must studded over the south of Scotland, more particularly swear to the truth of the debt, and before resorting along the vale of the Tweed; and by the lighting to imprisonment of the debtor, it is proper to of beacons on their summits, the whole country examine him as to his domicile, or usual residence, between the border and the Forth could be speedily and occupation. These warrants are in use in the summoned to arms. On the English side, there are counties of Dumfries, Roxburgh, and Berwick. similar towers, such as those of Thirlwall, Fenwick, They are more used in the country districts than W. C. BORDURE-BORER. in the burghs, though not frequently even in the Country districts. In Dumfriesshire and Berwickshire, border-warrants are granted exclusively for arresting the persons of alleged debtors. In Roxburghshire-with the exception of the courts of the justices of the peace in Kelso and Melrose districts, which follow the practice of the two first-named counties-the warrants are granted for the purpose of arresting both the debtor's person and goods. In the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, and in Wigtonshire, they are unknown. In English practice, the warrant to arrest an absconding debtor, which includes any foreigner who may be in England on business or pleasure, is very similar. See ARRESTMENT FOR FOUNDING JURISDICTION; DEBTOR, ABSCONDING; FOREIGN ATTACHMENT; JURISDICTION. BO'RDURE, or BORDER, in Heraldry. Coats of arms are frequently surrounded with a B., the object of which is generally to shew that the bearer is a cadet of the house whose arms he carries. The character of the B. often has reference to the profession of the bearer: thus a B. embattled, is granted to a soldier; and a B. ermine, to a lawyer. whether the old smooth-bore iron guns can not only be bored-up, but rifled at the same time. There are 15,000 of such guns belonging to the British government, and it is suggested that they ought to be improved in efficiency, instead of being cast aside as useless in the event of the success of the Armstrong and Whitworth guns. BO'REAS, the Greek name of the north-east wind, blowing towards Hellas from the Thracian mountains, and personified in mythology as the son of Astræus and of Eos or Aurora, and the brother of Notus, Zephyrus, and Hesperus. B. was said to dwell in a cave of the Thracian Hamus, to which he carried Oreithyia, the daughter of the Athenian king Erechtheus, who bore him Zetes and Calaisemployed as the symbols of swiftness-and Cleopatra, the wife of Phineus. According to Homeric fable, he begat, with the mares of Erichthonius, twelve horses of extraordinary fleetness. The rape of Oreithyia was represented on the ark of Cypselos, where B. instead of feet has the tails of serpents. He had a temple in Athens, because he destroyed the ships of the Persians under Xerxes; and at Megalopolis, a yearly festival was celebrated in his honour, because upon one occasion he helped the Megalopolitans against the Spartans. BO'RECOLE. See KALE. BORE is a tidal phenomenon at the estuaries of certain rivers. When a river expands gradually towards a very wide mouth, and is subject to high tides, the spring flood-tide drives an immense BORELLI, GIOVANNI ALFONSO, a distinguished volume of water from the sea into the river; the mathematician and astronomer, and the founder water accumulates in the estuary more rapidly of the iatro-mathematical school, born at Naples than it can flow up into the river; and thus there in 1608, was educated at Florence, and became prois gradually formed a kind of watery ridge stretch-fessor of mathematics at Pisa, and afterwards at ing across the estuary, and rushing up towards Messina. Having taken part in a revolt, he was the river with great violence. In some cases, this ridge, or B., is many feet in height, and contends against the descending stream with frightful noise. This phenomenon is observable in several British rivers, as the Severn, Trent, Wye, and Solway. The most celebrated bores, are those of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Indus: in the Hoogly branch of the Ganges, the B. travels 70 miles in 4 hours, and sometimes appears suddenly as a liquid wall 5 feet in height. obliged to leave Messina, and spent the remainder of his life at Rome, where he enjoyed the patronage of Queen Christina of Sweden, and where he died in 1679. He carefully observed the motions of the satellites of Jupiter, then little known, and seems to have been the first to discover the parabolic paths of comets. He made many valuable observations on a malignant fever in Sicily, and wrote a treatise on the causes of such fevers. He wrote also an account of an eruption of Etna, and a number of BORE is a name for the internal cavity of a works on subjects of applied mathematics, of which cannon, mortar, howitzer, rifle, musket, fowling- the most celebrated is that De Motu Animalium piece, pistol, or other kind of firearm. It is in most (Rome, 1680-1681). In this work, he applies the cases cylindrical; but in the Lancaster gun the B. laws of mechanics to the motions of animals, regardis oval; in the Whitworth gun, it is hexagonal; ing the bones as levers, in which the power acts while in the Armstrong, and many other kinds between the weight and the fulcrum, and endeaof gun, it is furrowed by spiral grooves. Tech-vouring to calculate the power of muscles from a nically, the B. of a gun often means simply the diameter of the cavity, as when we speak of a gun of 8-inch bore;' and in that case its meaning is equivalent to 'calibre.' The BORING of a cannon is a process which may best be described in connection with CANNON FOUNDING. It is desirable to mention in the present place, however, that there is an operation called boring-up' conducted at Woolwich Arsenal, for enlarging the bore of a gun. It has been found in recent years that many of the old cannon are thicker and heavier than needful for the size of shot propelled, and that they could be fitted for the discharge of larger shot without danger. A change was begun in the armament of the British fleet in 1839 by substituting heavier broadsides; and as one part of the process, many of the old 24-pounders were 'bored up' to 32s; even some of the 18-pounders were found to be thick and strong enough to undergo this process. More than 2000 iron naval guns were thus treated at Woolwich preparatory to the change in 1839; and many others have since been similarly bored-up. At the present time, May 1860, important experiments are in progress at Woolwich, to determine consideration of their fibrous structure, and the manner in which they are united to the tendons All more recent authors on the same subject have been much indebted to Borelli. BORER, a name common to many insects of the Linnæan genus Ptinus, the tribe Pliniores of Latreille, coleopterous (q. v.) insects of small size, the larvae of which-small, white, soft, worm-like creatures, with six minute feet-are furnished with strong cutting jaws (maxilla), by means of which they eat their way in old wood, and similar substances, boring little holes as round as if made with a fine drill. Every one is familiar with the appearance of these holes, and with the injury done by these insects to furniture, &c. The holes are filled up, as the insect works its way onward, with a fine powder, formed from the wood which it has eaten; and finally it constructs for itself a little silky cocoon, and having passed through the pupa state in the bottom of its hole, comes forth a winged insect-a small beetle, in the widest popular sense of that term. One of the most common British species is Anobium striatum, a dark-brown insect, not much above one line in length. The thorax, as in the whole tribe, is proportionately very large, BORER-BORGIA. and has a swollen hood-like appearance, the head being, as it were, received within it. This insect has long been noted for the pertinacity with which it Borer (Anobium striatum), simulates death. This instinct appears to be common to the whole tribe, as it is also to many other insects. -Another species of the same genus, Anobium tesselatum, has become an object of interest as one of the insects which, being sometimes heard to make a peculiar ticking noise, are connected with superstitious fancies and fears, and receive the name of Death-watch (q. v.). BORGHE'SÉ, a family of great distinction in the republic of Siena, and afterwards at Rome. CAMILLO B. ascended the papal throne in 1605 as Paul V., and by him other members of the family were advanced to high positions. A marriage with the heiress of the family of Aldobrandini brought the B. family into the possession of great wealth. CAMILLO FILIPPO LUDOVICO B., Prince B., born at Rome in 1775, joined the French army when it invaded Italy; and in 1803 married Pauline, the sister of Napoleon Bonaparte, and widow of General Leclerc. His wife subsequently received the principality of Guastalla, and he was created Duke of Guastalla, and under the French Empire he was for some time governor-general of the provinces beyond the Alps. He held his court at Turin, and was very popular among the Piedmontese. He sold the B. collection of artistic treasures to Napoleon for 13,000,000 francs, receiving in part-payment the Piedmontese national domains; but when these were reclaimed by the king of Sardinia in 1815, he received back some of the works of ancient art. After the overthrow of Napoleon, he separated from his wife, and broke off all connection with the Bonaparte family. He lost Guastalla, but retained the principalities of Sulmona and Rossano, his hereditary possessions. He died in 1832.-The Borghese Palace is one of the most magnificent at Rome. The noble portico of the inner court is composed of 96 granite columns; the collection of paintings is remarkably fine. of the king of Aragon. He died in 1458.-Rodrige B. ascended the papal throne in August 1492, under the name of Alexander VI. (q. v.). Before his eleva tion to the popedom he had a number of children by a Roman woman named Vanozza (Giulia Farnese), of whom two, Cesare and Lucrezia, share their father's extraordinary historic infamy.-CESARE OF CASAR B., was one of the greatest monsters of a time of depravity, when the court of Rome was the scene of all the worst forms of crime. He unscrupulously made use of the most sacred things as means to the most iniquitous ends. He had early received high ecclesiastical preferment, and his father, soon after becoming pope, invested him with the purple. But his father conferring upon his brother Giovanni the Duchy of Benevento, with the counties of Terracina and Pontecorvo, Cæsar, as was believed, moved with envy, caused his brother to be assassinated. He obtained the duchy and counties for himself, and was permitted by his father to resign the purple and to devote himself to the profession of arms. He was sent in 1498 to France, to convey to Louis XII. a bull of divorce and dispensation from his marriage with Anne of Brittany. Louis rewarded him for the pope's complaisance with the Duchy of Valentinois, a body-guard of 100 men, 20,000 In 1501 he livres of yearly revenue, and a promise of support in his schemes of ambition. In 1499 Cæsar married a daughter of the king of Navarre; and accompanied Louis XII. to Italy, where he undertook the conquest of the Romagna for the Holy See. The rightful lords of that country, who fell into his hands, were murdered, notwithstanding that their lives had been guaranteed by his oath. was named by his father, Duke of Romagna. In the same year, he wrested the principality of Piombino from Jacopo D'Appiano, but failed in an attempt to acquire Bologna and Florence. He took Camerino, and caused Giulio Di Varano, the lord of that town, to be strangled along with his two sons. By treachery as much as by violence he made himself master of the Duchy of Urbino. A league of Italian princes was formed to resist him, but he kept them in awe by a body of Swiss troops, till he succeeded in winning some of them over by advantageous offers, employed them against the others, and then treacher ously murdered them on the day of the victory, 31st December 1502, at Sinigaglia. He now seized their possessions, and saw no obstacle in the way of his being made king of Romagna, of the March, and of Umbria, when, on 17th August 1503, his father died, probably of poison which he had prepared for twelve design (and who, like his father, had long been cardinals. Cæsar, also, who was a party to the familiar with that mode of despatching those who BORGHE'SI, BARTOLOMMEO, COUNT, a distinstood in the way of his ambition, or whose wealth guished antiquarian, born at Savignano, Central he desired to obtain), had himself partaken of the Italy, on the 11th July 1781. His father, Pietro poison, and the consequence was a severe illness, Borghesi, who was one of the most accomplished exactly at a time when the utmost activity and prescholars of his time, trained him to an early delight sence of mind were requisite for his affairs. Enemies in learned pursuits. He studied at Bologna, and afterwards devoted himself to archæological re-inveterate of them ascended the papal throne as rose against him on all hands, and one of the most searches. He arranged the numismatic collection in Julius II. Milan, and that of the Vatican, of which he drew Castle of Medina Del Campo, in Spain, where he lay Cæsar was arrested and conveyed to the up a catalogue. In reward for this work, he obtained imprisoned for two years. from the pope exemption for himself and family to make his escape to the king of Navarre, whom At length he contrived from the observance of fasts. In 1821 he fixed his he accompanied in the war against Castile, and residence in the republic of San Marino. His was killed on the 12th March 1507 by a missile principal work yet published is his Nuovi Fram- from the Castle of Biano. With all his baseness and menti Dei Fasti Consolari Capitolini Illustrati (2 cruelty, B. was temperate and sober. He loved and vols., Milan, 1818-1820). His contributions to patronized learning, and possessed in a remarkable Forcellini's Latin Lexicon are very highly prized. degree a ready and persuasive cloquence. velli has delineated his character in his Principe.LUCREZIA B. was a woman of great beauty. She was married first to Giovanni Sforza, Lord of Pesaro, but forsook him, and lived in incestuous intercourse BO'RGIA, a family originally Spanish, but which acquired great eminence in Italy after the elevation of Alfonso Borgia to the popedom, as Calixtus III., in 1455. He had previously been a privy-councillor Macchia |