BOOLAK-BOONE.

Edinburgh, while the choice which it presented Canal with the river Rupel makes it a place of

BOOLUNDSHU'HUR, a British district in the sub-presidency of the North-west Provinces of India. With an area of 1855 square miles, it contained, in 1850, 699,393 inhabitants. It lies in N. lat., between 28° 3'-28° 43', and in E. long., between 77° 28′-78° 32', being bounded to the N. and W. respectively by the districts of Meerut and Delhi. Its chief town of the same name, otherwise called Unchuganj, is on the route between Bareilly and Delhi, being 40 miles to the south-east of the latter. Its population amounts to 12,049; and its distance from Calcutta is 780 miles, its elevation above the level of the sea being almost precisely the same num-retrograde, and finally it sweeps over the head of the ber of feet.

BOONESBOROUGH-BOOTES.

enemies, who were at length obliged to retire, and beaten together as small as might be, and the bones never afterwards ventured to besiege the place. | and flesh so bruised that the blood and marrow After many skirmishes and encounters with the spouted forth in great abundance, whereby they Indians, B. removed in 1798 to Upper Louisiana, were made unserviceable for ever.' 'Still,' it is where the Spanish authorities gave him a grant of 2000 acres of land. He settled with his children and followers at Charette, on the Missouri River, beyond the inhabited limits of the country, where be followed his favourite occupation of hunting and trapping bears till his death, which occurred in 1822. B. was one of the most adventurous of all those 'pioneers of civilisation' to whose courage, endurance, and skill America owes so much.

added, he would not confess;' and, indeed, it is remarkable in how many cases we are told that the torture, agonising as it was, failed in its purpose, even where the sufferer shrieked for pain in terrible manner, so as to have moved a heart of stone.' A writer of 1591, after speaking of the pilniewinks,' 'pilliwinks,' thumb-screws, or thumbikins (q. v.) as a grievous torture,' and of compression of the skull by a twisted cord as BOO'NESBOROUGH, one of at least thirty a most cruel torment also,' describes the B. as 'the localities in the United States, which take their most severe and cruel pain in the world.' Yet there name from the first pioneer of the great valley of are instances in which it was not thought enough. the Mississippi. It stands on the Kentucky, about When the boots were first used in Scotland is 18 miles to the south-east of Lexington. Though not known. In a case where a deed of conveynow an insignificant village, yet it deserves a pro-ance of land was challenged as a forgery, in 1579, minent place in the history of the mighty west. It two witnesses, a clergyman and a notary, both was founded in 1775 by Daniel Boone (q. v.), as his first fort; and within three or four years thereafter, it was the seat of the first legislature beyond the Alleghanies.

BOORGHA'S. See BURGAS.

of Forfarshire, were ordered to be put in the boots, gins, or any other torments, to urge them to declare the truth.' In a letter, still preserved in the State Paper Office at London, Sir Francis Walsingham writes to the English ambassador at Edinburgh, in 1583, that Queen Elizabeth desires that Father William Holt, an English Jesuit then in Scotland, may be 'put to the boots.' The B. was subject of allusion on the English stage in 1604; in Marston's Malcontent, printed in that

BOO RO, an island of the Malay Archipelago, about 60 miles to the west-north-west of Amboyna, extending between S. lat. 3° and 4°, and between E. long. 126° and 127°. With an estimated area of 2000 square miles, it is said to contain 18,000 inha-year, one of the characters is made to say: 'All bitants. Though it is mountainous, having Mount Dome and Tomahoo, respectively 10,400 feet high and 6528; yet it is, on the whole, very fertile, its productions being rice, sago, fruits, dye-woods, and cajeput oil. At the east end of the island, the Dutch have a station named Fort Defence; but the best anchorage is on the north side in Cajeli Bay.

BOOROJI'RD, or BOOROOGI'RD, a town in the province of Irak-Ajemi, Persia, situated in a fertile valley about 190 miles north-west of Ispahan. Lat. 33° 43′ N., long. 48° 45' E. It has a castle and several mosques. Pop. about 12,000, who are chiefly engaged in agricultural pursuits.

BOO'SA. See BOUSSA.

your empirics could never do the like cure upon the gout the rack did in England, or your Scotch boots.' A young gentlewoman of Aberdeenshire was tortured by the B. in 1630. Soon afterwards, it is said to have fallen into desuetude for about thirty years. It was revived after the insurrection of the westland Covenanters in 1666, and continued to be used throughout the reigns of King Charles II., and King James II., and during the first years of King William III. The genius of our nation,' writes Sir J. Lauder of Fountainhall in 1681, 'looks upon the torture of the boots as a barbarous remedy, and yet of late it hath been frequently used among us.' The Claim of Right brought forward by the Scottish Convention in 1689, denounced the use of BOOT, BOOTS, or BOO'TIKIN, an instrument of judicial torture, formerly used in Scotland to torture, without evidence, and in ordinary crimes, force confessions from persons accused of crimes, tion, the B. was used at least once again. In 1690, as contrary to law.' Notwhithstanding this declaraor answers from unwilling or suspected witnesses. Neville Payne, an English gentleman who was Bishop Burnet in the History of his Own Time, and Sir Walter Scott in his Old Mortality, speak of supposed to have entered Scotland on a treasonable the B. as made of iron; but the Rev. Thomas mission, was put to the torture under a warrant Morer in his Short Account of Scotland, written superscribed by King William, and still shewn The B. from personal observation of the country at a time in the Register House at Edinburgh. when the B. was still in use, describes it as 'made hands, but without any effect, although, in the was applied to one leg, the thumb-screws to both of four pieces of narrow boards nailed together, words of one of the privy-councillors, the torture, of a competent length for the leg, not unlike those which lasted for two hours, was inflicted with all short cases we use to guard young trees from the the severity that was consistent with humanity, rabbits.' One or both legs of the person to be tortured having been placed in this case, wedges life and have gone further.' This is believed to be even unto that pitch that we could not preserve were inserted between the limb and the sides of the last time that the B. was used. But it was the case, and these wedges were driven down by not until Scotland had ceased to be an indepenthe executioner with a mall or hammer, questions dent kingdom, that the British parliament enacted being at intervals put to the sufferer, until either by the statute 7 Anne c. 21-that in future 'no he gave the desired information, or fainted away, or shewed such endurance as satisfied the judges that no answer could be extorted from him. The wedges were commonly placed against the calf of the leg, but Bishop Burnet says he had heard that they were sometimes placed against the shinbone. In one case-that of a lad in Orkney, in 1596-it is recorded that they were struck home as many as fifty-seven times. In another-that of John Fian, schoolmaster at Prestonpans, burned for sorcery in 1591-it is said that the victim'did abide so many blows, that his legs were crushed and

person accused of any crime in Scotland shall be subject or liable to any torture.' Torture is believed not to have been used in England after 1640. It was abolished in France in 1789, and in Russia in 1801.

BOO'TAN. See BнOTAN.

BOÖ'TÉS, in ancient mythology, the son of Ceres and of Iasion, who, being plundered of all his possessions by his brother Pluto, invented the plough, to which he yoked two oxen, and cultivated the soil to procure subsistence for himself. As a reward for

BOOTH-BOOTHIA GULF.

this discovery, he was translated to heaven by his mother with the plough and yoke of oxen, under the name of B., i. e., the Ox-driver, which is still borne by one of the constellations. According to others, B. was the son of Lycaon and Callisto, whom his father slew, and set before Jupiter for a repast, to try his omniscience. Jupiter restored him to life, and placed him amongst the stars.

BOOTH. Throughout all Europe, in early times, trade was carried on chiefly by fairs, as indeed is still the case in some parts of it, and in many parts of Asia. The tents, huts, or other temporary or movable structures in which the traders exposed their goods for sale, had in this country the name of booths-a word of uncertain origin, traced by some to the Gaelic both or bothag, a bothy or hut; by others, with more probability, to the Greek apotheke, the Latin apotheca, the Italian boteca and potheca, and the French boutique-all signifying an office, place of business, shop, store-house, or tavern. From this, its primary sense, in which it is still in use, B. gradually came to mean a fixed shop or warehouse. As towns sprang up, the yearly fair was more or less supplanted by the weekly market. The slight B. which was set up in the same spot every week, had an irresistible tendency to become substantial and permanent; and the records of the 12th and some following centuries are full of unavailing complaints against the encroachments which were in this way made upon the market-places and streets. Thus, Joceline of Brakelond chronicles the ineffectual efforts of his great and wealthy abbey, in 1192, to dislodge the burgesses of Bury St. Edmunds from the shops, sheds, and stalls which they had erected on the market-place without leave of the monks. So in the Winton Domesday Book, compiled in 1148, notice is taken of 'houses' in Winchester which had been 'stalls.' So, also, Stow relates that the houses

Merchants' Booths:

From an illuminated MS. representing Venice in the 14th century.

in old Fish Street, in London, 'were at the first but movable boards set out on market-days to shew their fish there to be sold; but procuring licence to set up sheds, they grew to shops, and by little and little, to tall houses." So, again, the same chronicler tells us that in Cheapside, from the great conduit west, were many fair and large houses, which houses in former times were but sheds or shops, with solars, (that is, lofts or upper chambers) over them.' So in Edinburgh the range called at first 'the Boothraw,' and afterwards 'the Luckenbooths,' arose in the very centre of the High Street. So, likewise, in Edinburgh and elsewhere, the trader who for years had spread his stall under the shelter of the same

buttress of the church or town-hall, began to rest
a fixed wooden B. against it, gradually transforming
the timber beams into lath and plaster, or even into
brick or stone, until at length the basement of the
stately cathedral, or hotel de ville, was incrusted all
over with unseemly little booths (or krames, as they
were called in Scotland), like limpets on a rock. The
B. which thus arose had often but one apartment,
which opened on the street by a narrow door, and
a broad unglazed window, closed at night by a
wooden shutter, dividing in the middle, and hinged
at top and bottom, so that the upper half formed a
sort of awning, while the lower half served as a
table for the display of the trader's wares. It was at
this window that business was conducted, the trader
standing within, the buyer without. Occasionally
a flight of steps led down to a cellar under the B.,
which served as a store-room.
chamber behind was the warehouse of the merchant's
B., or the workshop of the craftsman's B., or the
sleeping-place of either. As civilisation advanced,
a solar or chamber was raised above the B. for
the dwelling-house of the trader, occasionally with
a store-room in the roof, to which goods were
hoisted by a crane. There is mention of a gold-
smith's B., with a 'solar' above it, at Perth, about
1220. Traces of the middle-age B. still remain in
this country. There are many perfect examples in
France, some of them believed to be of the 12th
century.

·

In other cases, a

BOOTHS, UNLICENSED, are, by the law of England, public nuisances, and may, upon indictment, be suppressed, and the keepers of them fined. But by the 6 and 7 Vict. c. 68, s. 23, theatrical representations in booths or shows at fairs, feasts, or customary meetings of the like kind, when allowed by the justice of the peace of the district, or other local authorities, are lawful. See THEATRICAL REPRESENTATIONS, PLAYHOUSES.

BOOTH, BARTON, a celebrated actor of the 18th c., was born in 1681, his father being nearly related to Henry Booth, Earl of Warrington. Having received a good education at Westminster, he was sent at the age of 17 to Cambridge University, from which he ran away to join a company of strolling-players, who were shortly after dispersed by the law. B. next performed at Bartholomew Fair with such success that Betterton would have engaged him for Drury Lane had he not been afraid of offending his family by doing so. After a successful engagement in Dublin, he returned to London, and was now engaged at Drury Lane, where he appeared in 1701, and made a great sensation.' He became quite the rage among the nobility, who vied with each other in placing their carriages at his disposal; and he frequently stayed overnight at Windsor, where the court was then held. His greatest character was the ghost in Hamlet, in which he is said never to have had an equal; and his Othello, according to Cibber, was also a very masterly performance. He died May 10, 1733.

BOOTHAU'K, a fortified pass of Afghanistan, 12 miles to the east of Cabul. It runs for 5 miles between cliffs 500 feet high, and is in some places only 50 yards wide.

BOO'THIA FELIX, a peninsula forming the most northerly part of the American continent. Towards the south, it is terminated by an isthmus, while, to the north, it is bounded by Bellot Strait (q. v.). It was discovered by Sir John Ross during the most famous of his voyages, and named after his friend Sir Felix Booth, being supposed at the time to reach as far north as Barrow Strait.

BOOTHIA GULF separates Boothia Felix on the west from Cockburn Island on the east, and

BOOTON-BOPP.

BOO'TON, an island of the Malay Archipelago, separated by a strait of the same name from the south-east end of Celebes. It is in lat. 5° S., and long. 123° E. In size, character, and productions, it generally resembles Booro (q. v.). It is frequented by the Dutch, who used at one time to send an officer to destroy the clove-trees, as interfering with their monopoly in cloves.

What

is, in fact, a continuation of Prince Regent's Inlet of members of the House of Commons, among whom towards the south. may be specified the late Sir Francis Burdett, habitually wore top-boots; nor have they yet entirely disappeared. By jockeys and riders generally. they are likely to remain in permanent use. perhaps contributed to break up the duction of the Hessian boot as an article general use of top-boots, was the introof walking-dress. Worn over tight pantaloons, the Hessian boot was a handsome piece of attire, giving undoubtedly, an elegant appearance to the nether costume. A representation of a Hessian boot, with its tassel, is annexed. B. of this shape, as is seen by engravings, were worn by English general officers in the early part of the French war, and somewhat later. At length they were superseded by the well-known Wellington boot, which, as its name imports, was introduced by the great Duke, as a simplification, under the loose military trouser. This species of boot has, in its turn, been almost entirely abandoned in England, in consequence of the universal use of short ankle B.; but it is still generally used by some classes of persons in the United States, though in an odd fashion, with the trousers stuffed loosely in at the top.

BOOTS, which are only a lengthened variety of shoes, are among the most ancient articles of attire. Shoes, extended a certain height up the leg, laced, ornamented, and of fanciful colours, were in use by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, as is seen by existing relics and drawings. Leaving an account of these and other varieties of shoes, as well as an account of the trade and manufacture of shoes and boots generally, to the article SHOE-TRADE, we here confine attention to a few historical particulars respecting what are properly called B., meaning by the term leather coverings for the legs and feet. Different kinds of half-boots were worn by the Anglo-Saxons and Anglo-Normans; and in the reign of Edward IV., if not earlier, the boot-proper with tops and spurs, was established as an article of knightly dress. (See Book of the Feet, by J. Sparkes Hall, London.) In the reign of Charles I., a species of boot, exceedingly wide at the top, made of Spanish leather, came into use; and with Charles II. the highly decorated French boot was introduced as an article of gay courtly attire. Meanwhile, the jack-boot as it is called (see Jack), had become indispensable in the costume of cavalry soldiers and horsemen generally; and by William III. and his followers it was regularly naturalised in England. Strongly made, the jack-boot extended in length above the knee, was capacious at top, had a very high heel, and round the ankle it had a flat leather band bearing a powerful spur. In the adjoining cut is offered a representation of this highly characteristic boot, which we readily associate with the civil and foreign wars that distracted the 17th century. This huge species of boot remained in use in British cavalry regiments until comparatively recent times, and was dismissed as being too cumbrous in the case of men being dismounted. It is, nevertheless, in a somewhat polished and improved form, still worn by the Horse-guards, with whose stalwart appearance, doing duty in their tall B. at Whitehall, most people are familiar.

Jack-boot.

As an improved jack, the Horse-guards boot bears a remarkably close resemblance to the boot of the French postilion, well known to the older class of continental tourists. French postilion B., however, it is proper to understand, are made of that capacity that will suit any ordinary foot and leg. Kept economically as part of the equipment of a posting house, they are ready for all legs, with or without stockings, as the case may be; and looking at the strength of their materials, they may very fairly be supposed to accommodate all the post-boys of an establishment during half a century.

Hessian

Boot.

BOOTY is the victors' share in property captured from the vanquished. It is generally a military term, the word prize being more frequently used in British army were collected and consolidated in the navy. The regulations concerning B. in the 1831, and have only been slightly altered since. All military B. is apportioned as the sovereign from time to time may direct. Deserters, and those who do not claim their share within six years, receive by letters of attorney; the field-officers naming one, The officers appoint two B. or prize agents,

none.

and the subordinate officers another.

The officer

commanding the successful expedition sends to the military authorities a list of the persons entitled to booty. The agents collect the property, convert it the proceeds to the authorities, receiving a small into money at the best advantage, and hand over percentage for their trouble. A scale of distribution is then made out, and the money is paid after in a capture, the Admiralty calculates the army a certain interval. When an army and a fleet join share, and sends the amount to the military authorities. Prize and B. originally belonged to the sovereign, and are only distributed to the captors as an act of grace; for, if the sovereign pleases, the property can be given back again to the enemy. See further, under PRIZE.

BOPP, FRANZ, Ordinary Professor of Oriental Languages at Berlin, was born at Mainz, on the 14th September 1791. Devoting himself exclusively to the study of oriental literature, he spent some years in Paris, where he was encouraged in his labours by Chezy, Silvestre de Sacy, and August Wilhelm Schlegel, and afterwards visited London, to prosecute his favourite studies more thoroughly, being partly supported by a small pension from the king of Bavaria. His first publication was. on the Sanscrit verb; he afterwards produced a The jack-boot is almost entitled to be called the Sanscrit grammar, a Glossarium Sanscritum, and parent of the top and some other varieties. B. with editions of several fragments of the great Indian. tops of a yellow colour were so commonly worn by epic, the Mahabharata, in the original text, with gentlemen in the 18th c., as to become a peculiarity a translation. He has done much to facilitate: in the national costume of the English. When the study of Sanscrit in Europe. But his most. Philip, Duke of Orleans, and othe revolutionists of important labours have been in the analysis of the note affected to imitate the sentiments and manners grammatical forms of the different languages of of the English, they ostentatiously wore top-boots. the Indo-Germanic family, by which he may be said In the early years of the present century, a number to have founded a new science of Comparative

BOPPARD-BORAGE.