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BOATING-BOAT-LOWERING APPARATUS.

boats denominated gigs, of stouter and more capacious build; they are constructed either for four oars, a pair of oars, or single sculls. Boat-racing is a practice of some antiquity, but it has only culminated in our day. Many prizes have been given from time to time for competition, some of which have been made annual. Perhaps the most famous of all these is Dogget's coat and badge, which is rowed for yearly on the Thames by water

men's apprentices, on the 1st of August. It is a prize held in high estimation by young aspirants to rowing honours. But the events of most note in the rowing world are the Oxford and Cambridge 8-oared match, rowed annually upon the Thames, from Putney to Mortlake. This match has not been a regular yearly match, there having been occasional intervals at times of a year or two. In 1829, 1842, 1849, 1852, 1854, 1857, and 1859,

Four-oared Racing-boat.

the Oxford boat carried off the prize; Cambridge,
having wrested it from Oxford in the years 1836,
1839, 1840, 1841, 1845, 1846, 1849, 1856, 1858,
1860. 17 matches have come off in 32 years, the
balance being still on the side of Cambridge. It
will be noticed that two matches were rowed in
1849. The best picked men from each university are
sclected to contest this great event, and the hardest
exercise and the severest training gone through by
the crews, to improve their wind, strength, and
endurance, for months before the day of rowing;
their diet consisting mainly of the plainest cooked
lean meat and potatoes, with malt liquors, spirituqus
drinks being prohibited, and the duties of temper-
ance, soberness, and chastity strictly enforced. It
was at one time thought that light men stood the
best chance in these matches, and men weighing
nine and ten stone were preferred; but experience
has shewn this to be an error, and ten, eleven, and
twelve stone men are now chiefly selected. The
distance rowed upon this course, which is called
5 miles, is about 44. The time chosen is usually
at slack-tide, and the time taken in rowing varies
according as there is little or no tide or wind, or the
reverse, from 19 to 26 minutes. Robert Coombes is
said to have rowed it on one occasion in 18 minutes.
The Cambridge boat, in a closely contested race
in 1860, did the distance in 26 minutes 5 seconds,
having previously, in one of their trials, rowed it
in 214, the young ebb-tide, on the day of the match,
being against them upon the latter half of the course.
From 36 to 44 strokes of the oar taken per minute is
held to be fair racing-pace; and a long steady even
stroke-the blade of the oar not being dipped too
deeply in the water, or thrown too high abovet
the surface when withdrawn, the arms being welli
extended in taking the stroke, and the elbows
brought well home to the sides at the conclusion-
is the kind of stroke now preferred by connoisseurs.
The other great events of the boat-racing world are
the regattas of Henley and Putney. At the former,
the Oxford and Cambridge crews usually fight their
battle over again in conjunction with others for
the challenge-cup; and at these also many scullers'
matches are rowed, though single scullers' races for
the championship of the Thames, &c., are usually
events of themselves. The most renowned champion
of the Thames was Robert Coombes, who wrested
the championship from Charles Campbell on the
20th of August 1846, having previously defeated
all the best men. He held it unbeaten for above six
years. He at length succumbed to the prowess of Cole
in 1852. Cole, in 1854, was beaten by Messenger;
Messenger yielded the palm to Kelly in 1856; and
Kelly was at length, in 1859, beaten by Robert
Chambers, the champion of the Tyne, who now adds |

to his titles champion of the Thames also. So much is B. favoured at our universities, that almost every college has its club.

BOAT-LOWERING APPARATUS is the name given to certain ropes and pulleys for lowering boats from ships quickly and safely, in case of emergency. Every passenger-ship is compelled by law to carry a certain number of boats, depending on the tonnage ; and every ship of war necessarily carries boats (see BOAT) for minor services; but until recent years the apparatus was very inefficient for lowering these boats from the davits or cranes by which they are usually suspended. In shipwreck or other emergencies at sea, the boats were, until recent years, often so difficult to extricate that they could not be lowered in time to save the crew and passengers: or in lowering they capsized, and plunged the unhappy persons into the sea. Many inventors have recently directed their ingenuity to this subject, with a hope of devising a remedy. In Lacon's apparatus, the principal feature is the employment of a friction-brake, by which one man can regulate the rate of descent to varying degrees of speed. Captain Kynaston's disengaging hooks are intended not only to lower boats quickly and safely when suspended over the side of the ship, but also to hoist them out quickly when they happen to be stowed in-board. Wood and Rogers's apparatus resembles Kynaston's in this: that the actual lowering from the ship is effected by the crew on shipboard, leaving to the person or persons in the boat only the duty of disengaging it from the tackle. But the apparatus which now engages most attention is Clifford's, the leading principle of which is, that the lowering and he disengaging are both effected by one man seated n the boat. Two ropes or lowering pendants, c and d (see fig.), descend from two davits; pass through blocks or sheaves, f; then through other blocks, h, within and near the keel of the boat; and finally, round a roller, a, placed horizontally beneath the seat on which the manager of the boat takes his place. By means of a winding-rope, b, held in one hand, he can regulate the speed with which the other two ropes uncoil themselves from the roller, thus graduating the boat's descent to the water's level. When lowered, the two ropes can be thrown off and the boat set free. The slings or lifts, g, are intended to prevent the canting or upsetting of the boat. The lanyard, m, belongs to the lashings, i, which hold the boat to the side of the ship; but by the thimbles, k, slipping off the prongs, o, the boat is liberated. The efficiency of the apparatus is most remarkable. In 1856, by order of the Admiralty, experiments were made with the starboard-cutter of H.M.S. Princess Royal. Twelve men got into the boat while it was hanging

BOATSWAIN-BOBBINS.

from the davits; it weighed, with the crew and the gear, nearly three tons; nevertheless, this cutter, thus laden, was successfully and quickly lowered by one of the twelve men, to a depth of 40 feet from

the davits to the water. Many other experiments of a similar kind were made. Clifford's apparatus is now supplied to many ships of war and merchantvessels; and many lives have been saved by its CLIFFORD'S BOAT-LOWERING APPARATUS.

[graphic][subsumed][subsumed][merged small][merged small]

means, under circumstances which would almost | the ends, to hold yarn, which is wound on them as certainly have proved fatal under the old mode of lowering boats from the davits.

The apparatus above described is a mere appendage, not necessarily depending on the form and construction of the boat.

BOA'TSWAIN is a warrant officer on board her Majesty's ships, who has charge of the boats, sails, rigging, cables, anchors, flags, and cordage. He is immediately under the master in some of these duties; he frequently examines the masts and yards, sails and ropes, to report on their condition and efficiency. He also keeps account of all the spare rigging, &c., and superintends the replacement of old by new. The B. has certain duties in connection with the crew: he assists in the necessary business of the ship, and, in relieving the watch. In bad weather, he looks well to the boats and anchors, especially when night is coming on. A B. should be a good sailor, a good rigger, and a vigilant, sober, firm man. The boatswain's mate assists in all the abovenamed duties; and to him is assigned the repulsive office of inflicting the flogging to which seamen are sometimes sentenced.

BO'BBIN-NET is the name of a kind of netfabric, usually made of cotton-thread. It is of the nature of lace, but is made in the lace-frame instead of by hand. The texture is peculiar: it consists in the interlacing of a set of long threads, representing the warp in common weaving, with a set of cross ones (the weft), in such a manner as to form a meshtexture. B. is one of the most elegant of textile fabrics, and forms an extensive branch of business, the chief seat of the manufacture in this country being Nottingham. SEE LACE MANU

Bobbin-net texture.

FACTURE.

BOBBINS are small wooden rollers, flanged at

a preparatory process to warping in the manufacture of cloth. B. are likewise extensively used in the spinning of yarn, chiefly in the preparatory processes, for holding rove. In throstle-spinning, however, they are an essential part of the machinery, as they receive the thread on their respective spindles as it comes from the rollers. B. are likewise very extensively used in the manufacture of

thread.

Besides these, there are three other kinds of B.,

although not of the genuine type, which deserve to be named as belonging to the class-viz.: the B. used for holding silk, which are flangeless, the ends being merely raised and rounded a little, by slightly Then the bobbin, called in hollowing the barrel. Scotland pirn, for delivering the weft from the shuttle, is simply a tapered pin, bored, it may be, the thick end; and next, the bobbin used for a throughout, with but the rudiments of a flange at similar purpose in lace-weaving, is merely a thin metal pulley, about the size of a halfpenny, deeply grooved in the rim, to hold the thread-weft. again, of a large size, and flanged and ribbed like the frame of a sand-glass, are called reels, are chiefly used in cordage-spinning, and are frequently of iron.

B.,

The B. used in the thread manufacture are small, being from less than one inch to more than two, according as they are made for three or six ply-cord, and holding 200 yards each. The thread B., and those for warping, are of hard wood, turned out of the solid block; but the larger B., for rove, called slubbing B., are of pine, with the ends and barrels turned individually on the same arbor, and glued together.

The quantity of B. used in the various branches of business is enormous. In the thread manufacture alone, the wood required for them, in Britain only, is stated to be at least 40,000 tons annually; and assuming that a ton of wood produces 50 gross, taking the small and large together, we have 2,000,000 gross annually consumed in this manufacture, costing from 5d. to 18. 4d. a gross, according to size, or, at an average, at least £80,000.

This enormous production is, of course, the result of the machinery employed in it. The thread B. are turned by a self-acting lathe, which turns out

[graphic]

BOBBIO-BOCCACCIO.

[blocks in formation]

The quantity and value of the B. made use of, for warping and spinning, in the various manufacturing districts of the country, cannot be so well ascertained. It must be very great.

The price of the B. ranges from about 68. a gross to about £18; or 28. 6d. a piece for the large wooden B. used in cordage-spinning. The wood for B. is becoming scarce, so enormous is the supply wanted; and the trade is now under apprehension as to how it is to be kept up.

BOBRUÏ'SK, a fortified town of Russia, in the government of Minsk, and 88 miles south-east of the city of that name. It is situated on the right bank of the Beresina, and is a station for the steampackets navigating the Dnieper and Beresina. It was besieged ineffectually by the French in 1812. Pop. stated at 10,000.

used to confine the bowsprit down to the stem or BO'B-STAY, in the rigging of a ship, is a rope cut-water; its purpose is to keep the bowsprit steady, by counteracting the force of the stays of the foremast, which draw it upwards.

outlet of the Orinoco.-3. B. Grande, a bay of the
Caribbean Sea, at the mouth of the Zucar, in Costa
Rica.-4. B. del Toro, on the Caribbean Sea, in Costa
Rica, in lat. 9° 20' N., and long. 82° W.

BO'CA (Span. meaning Mouth), a term applied to the entrance of various straits and rivers, chiefly in America.-1. B. Chica, the channel of 28 miles in length, which leads to Cartagena in New Granada. BO'BBIO, a town of Piedmont, capital of the 2. B. de Navios, the largest and most southerly province of the same name, is situated near the left bank of the Trebbia, about 37 miles north-east of Genoa. B. is an ancient place, having originated from a church and convent erected here in the end of the 6th, or beginning of the 7th c., in the crypt of which St. Columbanus and some of his disciples lie buried. B. has a cathedral, an episcopal palace, and a palace belonging to the Malaspina family. It is guarded from the inundations of the Pellice by a long embankment, built by a money-grant from Oliver Cromwell, during whose protectorate the town was nearly destroyed by an inundation. Pop. 3976.

BO'BIA, or PIRATE ISLE, a singular island in the Bay of Amboise, off the coast of Guinea, Africa. Originally of considerable size, it has been greatly reduced by the action of the waves, and the same agency is still gradually lessening it. It is difficult of access, on account of the precipitous character of its shores, but is said to be densely peopled..

BO'B-O-LINK, or BO'BLINK, REED BIRD, or RICE BIRD (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), a bird nearly allied to buntings and sparrows, but of a genus characterised by stiff-pointed tail-feathers. It is rather larger than a yellow-hammer; and the male in his summer or nuptial plumage exhibits a fine contrast of colours, black, yellow, and white. The female differs greatly from the male in colours of plumage, yellowish-brown chiefly prevailing; and in the latter part of summer, the males assume the comparatively dull hues of the females. The B. is a bird of passage, spending the winter in the West Indies. In summer it is found as far north as the banks of the Saskatchewan, in lat. 54°, but is most plentiful in the Atlantic states and other eastern parts of America, where it is to be seen in every meadow and cornfield. It renders good service by the destruction of insects and their larvæ; but the immense flocks which congregate on their return southwards in autumn, commit great ravages in the rice-plantations of Carolina. At this season, these birds become extremely fat, and are killed in great numbers for the table. Their flesh is delicate, and resembles that of the ortolan.

The B. generally makes its nest in a grassy meadow, an artless structure of a few dry stalks and leaves, with a lining of finer grass. It displays the same instinct with many other birds, of seeking to lead intruders away from its nest, by pretending great anxiety about some other part of the field. During the breeding-season, the males are very musical, singing mostly in the air, in which they seem to rise and fall in successive jerks. Their song is very pleasing, and is emitted with a volubility bordering on the burlesque.' On account of their beauty and powers of song, many are caught, caged, and sold in the New York and other markets.

BO'CCA TIGRIS, or BOGUE, the name given to that portion of the estuary of the Canton River (q. v.) extending north from lat. 22° 45′ N.; south of this point, the estuary is designated the Outer Waters. In the centre of the B. T. are the rocky islands of North and South Wantung, while on the east the B. T. has the islands of Anunghoy and Chuenpee, and on the west the Ty-cock-tow island. On these islands are situated the Bogue forts, which have been more than once captured by the British. The last time they were taken was in November 1856, the occasion of quarrel being the refusal of the Chinese to make proper reparation for the capture of a vessel under British protection, but alleged, on the other hand, to be nothing but a smuggling craft, contriving to hide its real character by hoisting the British flag.

BOCCA'CCIO, GIOVANNI, the celebrated author of the Decamerone, was born in Paris, 1313. He styled himself Da Certaldo, and was sometimes named Il Certaldese by others, because his family sprang from Certaldo, a village in the Florentine territory. From an early period he displayed an invincible attachment to poetry, which his father attempted in various ways to thwart; but as soon as B. had attained his majority, he commenced to follow vigorously his own inclinations, poetising both in the Italian and Latin tongues, but not with any fine issues.' In prose he succeeded far better, developing quickly that airy grace of style which suits so admirably his light and lively tales, and which soon placed him in the highest rank of Italian prose-writers. He studied Dante closely, but did not confine himself to literature properly so called. In 1350, B. formed an intimate friendship with Petrarch, and, following his friend's example, collected many books and copied rare MSS., which he could not afford to buy. It is said that he was the first Italian who ever procured from Greece a copy of the Iliad and the Odyssey. He also wrote a Genealogy of the Gods, in 15 books, which was unquestionably the most comprehensive mythological work that Europe had as yet seen. But not only was B. one of the most learned men of his time, he was also one of the most enlightened in his scholarship. He helped to give a freer direction and a greater expansiveness to knowledge, stimulated his contemporaries to the study of Greek, and wished to substitute the wisdom of antiquity for the unprofitable scholasticism that prevailed.

While in Naples (1341), B. fell passionately in love with a young lady who was generally supposed to

BOCCAGE-BOCKH.

popular. In 1629, he gained great reputation by his victory, in a public discussion of several days' duration, over the famous Jesuit, Doctor Verin. The meetings gained additional éclat from the occasional presence of the Viceroy of Normandy, the Duke of Longueville. In 1646, appeared his Sacred Geography, bearing the title of Phaleg and Canaan. His Hierozoicon, or Scripture Zoology, to which he devoted many years of his life, appeared posthumously in 1675. In 1652, B. was invited to Stockholm by Queen Christina, and went thither accompanied by his friend Huet. The court-life, however, did not suit him, and his visit was short. He died suddenly, in 1667, while speaking at a meeting of the Caen Academy of Antiquaries. A complete edition of his works, with a life by Morin, was published at Leyden in 1712; and a new improved edition of the Hierozoicon, his most valuable work, at Leipsic, in 3 vols. 4to (17931796), by Rosenmüller.

be an illegitimate daughter of King Robert. His education at Leyden, he was chosen pastor of the passion was returned, and to gratify his mistress, Protestant_church at Caen, where he became very B. wrote Il Filocopo, a prose-romance, and afterwards La Teseide, the first attempt at romantic epic poetry, and written in ottava rima, of which B. may be considered the inventor. In 1842, he returned to Florence, but in 1344, went back to Naples, where he wrote his Amorosa Fiammetta, Il Filostrato, and L'Amorosa Visione. Here also he composed his famous Decamerone, to please Joanna, the daughter and successor of King Robert. It consists of 100 stories, ten of which are told each day by seven ladies and three gentlemen, who had fled from Florence during the frightful plague of 1348, to a country villa, and who try to banish fear by abandoning every moment to delicious gaiety. It is impossible to exaggerate the literary merits of the book. In abundance of incident especially, it is almost inexhaustible, though many of the stories are taken from older collections of Contes et Fabliaux. It is, however, unfortunately steeped in impurity. B. once more returned to Florence about 1350. He was now honoured with several diplomatic appointments by his fellow-citizens, and subsequently even thought of entering into holy orders as a penance for the immoral life he had previously led. From this artificial course of repentance he was wisely dissuaded by Petrarch, who advised him to be content with changing his conduct. In 1373, B. was appointed Dantean professor at Florence; that is to say, he was to deliver elucidatory lectures on the Divina Commedia of the great poet, and zealously devoted himself to the difficult task thus imposed on him; but his health failing, he resigned the office, and retired to his little property at Certaldo, where he died, December 21, 1375, 16 months after his friend Petrarch. Besides those works we have already mentioned, B. wrote Origine, Vita e Costumi di Dante Alighieri, and Commento sopra la Commedia di Dante. This commentary on the Divine Comedy extends only to the 17th canto of the Inferno. In Latin, B. wrote, beside the Genealogia Deorum, a work arranged in alphabetical order, De Montibus, Silvis, Fontibus, Lacubus, Fluminibus, &c.; De Casibus Virorum et Fœminarum Illustrium; De Claris Mulieribus, &c.

BOCCAGE, MARIE ANNE FIQUET DU, a French poetess, was born at Rouen, 22d October 1710, and received her education in the monastery of the Assumption at Paris, where her poetic tendencies early developed themselves, though only furtively. She first appeared as an authoress in a small volume of poems, published in 1746; next as an imitator of Milton in her Paradis Terrestre (1748); and in 1756, issued her most important work, La Colom

biade.

The letters which she addressed to her sister, Madame Duperron, while travelling through England, Holland, and Italy, are the most interesting things which have fallen from her pen. During her life, she was excessively admired and bepraised, especially by Voltaire, Fontenelle, and Clairaut. She used to be described as Formâ Venus, arte Minerva! The complimentary poems addressed to her would, if collected, fill many volumes. She was elected member of the academies of Rome, Bologna, Padua, Lyon, and Rouen. She died 8th August 1802. Her poems fail now to explain the reputation she once enjoyed, and dispose us to believe that her personal attractions must have given a charm to her verses.

BOCHART, SAMUEL, a learned Protestant divine, was born of an ancient family at Rouen, in 1599. He very early exhibited remarkable talent, chiefly philological. After studying at Paris, Sedan, and Saumur, visiting England in 1621, and finishing his

BO'CHNIA, a town of Austrian Galicia, capital of a circle of the same name, and about 25 miles eastsouth-east of Cracow. The houses are built chiefly of wood. There are extensive mines of rock-salt in its vicinity, which employ upwards of 500 miners, and yield annually about 13,000 tons of salt. Pop. 5300.

BÖCKH, AUGUSTUS, the most erudite classical antiquary of Germany at the present day, was born 24th November 1785, at Carlsruhe, and entered Wolf determined him to the science of philology. the university of Halle in 1803. The prelections of His first publication was Commentatio in Platonis qui vulgo fertur Minoem (Halle, 1806). In 1808, appeared his Grace Tragedia Principum, Eschyli, Sophoclis, Euripidis, num ea quæ supersunt et genuina omnia sint. In 1809, he became ordinary professor at the university of Heidelberg; and in 1811, he was translated to the chair of Rhetoric and Ancient Literature, at Berlin, where he has taught for upwards of forty years, forming many excellent scholars, and extending his reputation through all the learned circles of Europe. His conception of philology as an organically constructed whole, which aims at nothing short of an intellectual reproduction of antiquity, excited for a long time great opposition among his professional contemporaries, but has undoubtedly given an impetus to a deeper study of the old classical world. His lectures include not merely a grammatico-historical interpretation of the ancient authors, but also archæology proper, the history of ancient literature, philosophy, politics, religion, and social life. The four great works of B. which have, in fact, opened up new paths in the study of antiquity, are, 1st, his edition of Pindar (2 vols., Leip. 1811-1822), in which the metre and rhythm of the poet, as well as his artistic skill, are investigated and discussed with profound knowledge of the subject. 2d, The Political Economy of Athens (2 vols., Berlin, 1817), a work which remains unsurpassed for subtle research, surprising results, and clear exposition. It treats of the prices of goods, rate of workmen's wages, rent of houses and land, and other points of commercial economy, as well as of the larger questions of the state income and expenditure. It has been translated into English by Sir George Cornewall Lewis, under the title of The Public Economy of Athens (Lond. 2d edit. revised, 1842). 3d, Investigations concerning the Weights, Coins, and Measures of Antiquity (Berl. 1838). 4th, Records of the Maritime Affairs of Attica (Berl. 1840). The most important of his lesser works are the Development of the Doctrines of Philolaus,

BOCKLAND-BODLEYAN.

the Pythagorean, his edition of the Antigone of Sophocles, and a Dissertation on the Silver Mines of Laurion in Attica. B. has also the honour of having commenced, in 1824, the great work entitled Corpus Inscriptionum Græcarum, published at the expense of the Royal Academy of Berlin, and which, in 1850, had reached its third volume. It is intended to contain every known Greek inscription, whether printed or in manuscript. In 1852, appeared his Researches on the Cosmical System of Plato; and in 1855, The Lunar Cycles of the Greeks.

BO'CKLAND, BOCLAND, ог BOOKLAND, one of the original modes of tenure of manor-land, also called charter-land or deed-land, which was held by a short and simple deed under certain rents and free services. It was land that had been severed by an act of government from the Folcland (q. v.), and converted into an estate of perpetual inheritance. It might belong to the church, to the king, or to a subject; it might be alienable and divisible at the will of the proprietor; it might be limited in its descent, without any power of alienation in the possessor. It was often granted for a single life or for more lives than one, with remainder in perpetuity to the church. It was forfeited for various delinquencies to the state.

The estate of the higher nobility consisted chiefly of bockland. Bishops and abbots might have B. of their own, in addition to what they held in right of the church. The Anglo-Saxon kings had private estates of B., and these estates did not merge in the crown, but were devisable by will, gift, or sale, and transmissible by inheritance, in the same manner as B. by a subject. (Kerr's Blackstone, vol. ii., p. 88; and see An Inquiry into the Rise and Growth of the Royal Prerogative in England, by John Allen, 1830, pp. 143-151; and Wharton's Law Dictionary, 2d ed., under Bockland.)

BO'DEN-SEE. See CONSTANCE, Lake of.

BODE'S LAW, an arithmetical relation subsisting between the distances of the planets from the sun. It may be thus stated: Write, in the first instance, a row of fours, and under these place a geometrical series beginning with 3, and increasing by the ratio 2, putting the 3 under the second 4; and by addition we have the series 4, 7, 10, &c., which gives nearly the relative distances of the planets

from the sun.

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 12 24 48 96 192 384

4

7 10

numbers, are found to subsist in the distances of the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn from their primaries.

BO'DKIN, an instrument used by women of antiquity to fasten up their hair behind. It was the method commonly adopted by the priests of Cybele, as well as by the female characters in Greek tragedy, the B. being highly ornamented. Silver bodkins are still worn in a similar way by the peasant girls of Naples. The term B. is also applied to a sharp-pointed instrument for piercing holes in cloth, and it was at one time a very common name for a dagger.

value the sixth of a penny sterling. BO'DLE, an ancient copper coin in Scotland, in Jamieson, the B. is said to have been so called from According to a mint-master of the name of Bothwell.

BODLEY, SIR THOMAS, the restorer of the library originally established at Oxford by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, was born at Exeter, March 2, 1544. His family being forced to flee from England during the persecutions of Mary, settled at Geneva, where B. studied languages and divinity under the most distinguished professors of that city. On the accession of Elizabeth, he returned to England, and completed his studies at Oxford, where he took the degree of M. A., and was afterwards elected a proctor. After travelling some time abroad, he was employed by the queen in diplomatic missions to Denmark, France, and Holland, and returned to his favourite city, Oxford, in 1597, where he devoted himself to literature, especially to the extension of the univer sity library, now called the BODLEYAN (q. v.), in B.'s honour. In collecting rare and valuable books from many parts of Europe, B. expended a very large sum, and also left an estate for salaries to officers, repair of the library, and purchase of books. He was knighted by King James, and died at Oxford, January 28, 1612. B.'s autobiography, extending to the year 1609, together with a collection of his letters, has been published under the title Reliquiæ Bodleianæ (Lond. 1703).

BODLEY'AN or BODLEI'AN LIBRARY, the public library of Oxford university, restored by being the presentation of a large collection of Sir Thomas Bodley (q. v.) in 1597, his first act valuable books, purchased on the continent at an expense of £10,000. Through his influence and noble example, the library was speedily enriched by numerous other important contributions. Among the earliest subsequent benefactors of the B. L., which was opened in 1602, with a well-assorted collection of about 3000 volumes, were the Earl of Pembroke, who presented it with 250 volumes of valuable Greek MSS.; Sir Thomas Roe; Sir Kenelm Digby; and Archbishop Laud, who made it a mag

16 28 52 100 196 388 Thus, if 10 be taken as the distance of the earth from the sun, 4 will give that of Mercury, 7 that of Venus, and so forth. The actual relative distances are as follow, making 10 the distance of the earthMercury, Venus. Earth. Mars. Asteroids. Jupiter. Saturn. Uranus. Neptune.nificent donation of 1300 MSS. in more than twenty 3.9 7.2 10 15.2 27.4 52 954 192 300

Close as is the correspondence between the law and the actual distances, no physical reason has been given to account for it, although there is little room for doubt that such exists. B. L., therefore, in the present state of science, is termed empirical. Kepler was the first to perceive the law, and Bode argued from it that a planet might be found between Mars and Jupiter, to fill up the gap that existed at the time in the series. The discovery of the Asteroids has proved the correctness of this prediction. The greatest deviation from the law is seen in the case of Neptune; but if we were acquainted with the principles from which the law proceeds, we might also be able to account for the discrepancy. Similar relations, though expressed in different

different languages. Upwards of 8000 volumes of the library of the famous John Selden (q. v.) went to the Bodleyan Library. General Fairfax presented the library with many MSS., among which was Roger Dodsworth's collection of 160 volumes on English history. During the present century, the most important bequests have been the collections of Richard Gough, on British Topography and Saxon and Northern Literature; of Edmund Malone, the editor of Shakspeare; and of Francis Douce; also a sum of £40,000, by the Rev. Robert Mason, the interest to be expended on books. By purchase, the library acquired some magnificent collections of Oriental, Greek, Latin, and Hebrew books and MSS. The B. L. is particularly rich in biblical codices, rabbinical literature, and materials for

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