BELL OF A CAPITAL-BELL, SIR C.

BELL OF A CAPITAL is the capital of a pillar denuded of the foliage, in which case it resembles

the form of a bell reversed.

God, and their bodies committed into the hands of | published a tractate on education, recommending Satan, we have rung these bells, erected this cross the monitorial system, as it was now called, and with the figure of Christ; and as ye see this candle's admitting B. to be the original inventor of it, light taken from the cross and the light quenched, an admission which he afterwards discreditably so be the said cursed murderers excluded from the retracted. Lancasterian schools now began to spread light of heaven, the fellowship of angels, and all over the country. The church grew alarmed at Christian people, and sent to the low darkness of the successful results of the efforts made by disfiends and damned creatures, among whom ever- senters to educate the poor, and resolved to be lasting pains do endure.' philanthropical ere it was too late. B. was put up against Lancaster. Money was collected, and an immense amount of emulation was excited in the bosoms of churchmen. Fortunately, however, this rivalry produced only beneficial effects, and BELL ROCK, or INCH CAPE, a reef of old the motives which induced it may therefore be red sandstone rocks in the forgotten. Later in life, B. was made a preGerman Ocean, 12 miles south-bendary of Westminster, and Master of Sherborn east of Arbroath, and nearly Hospital, Durham. He was also a member of opposite the mouth of the various learned societies. He died at Cheltenham, Tay. The reef is 2,000 feet January 28, 1832. He left (besides a valuable estate) long; at spring-tides, part of £120,000 of three per-cent. stocks for the purpose it is uncovered to the height of founding various educational institutions in of four feet; and for 100 yards Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leith, Aberdeen, Inverness, around, the sea is only three Cupar, and St. Andrews. fathoms deep. It was formerly a fruitful cause of shipwreck, and, according to tradition, the abbot of Aberbrothwick (Arbroath) placed a bell on it, fixed upon a tree or timber, which rang continually, being moved by the sea, giving notice to the saylers of the danger.' This tradition has been embodied by Southey in his well-known ballad of The Inchcape Rock. A light-house, on the plan of the Eddystone one, and a fine example of engineering skill, was completed on the reef in 1811, and a revolving light exhibited. The structure is 115 feet high, is 42 feet in diameter at base, and 23 at top, is solid for the first 30 feet upwards, 15 feet of which is under water at high tide, and cost upwards of £60,000.

Section of Bell Rock
Light House.

BELL, SIR CHARLES, an eminent surgeon, whose discoveries in the nervous system have given him a European fame, was born at Edinburgh in 1778, and while a mere youth, assisted his brother John (afterwards noticed) in his anatomical lectures and demonstrations. In 1797, he was admitted a member of the Edinburgh College of Surgeons, and soon after appointed one of the surgeons of the Royal Infirmary. In 1806, he proceeded to London, and for some years lectured with great success on anatomy and surgery at the academy in Great Windmill Street. Admitted in 1812, a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, he was elected one of the surgeons of the Middlesex Hospital, in which institution he delivered clinical lectures, and raised it to the highest repute. To obtain a knowledge of gunshot wounds, he twice relinquished his London engagements-the first time after the battle of Corunna in 1809, when he visited the wounded landed on the southern coasts of England; the other, after the battle of Waterloo, when he repaired to Brussels, and was put in charge of a BELL, ANDREW, D.D., author of the Madras hospital with 300 men. In 1824, he was appointed System of Education,' was born at St. Andrews in senior Professor of Anatomy and Surgery to the Royal 1753, and educated at the university of that place. College of Surgeons, London, and subsequently a Subsequently, he took orders in the Church of Eng- member of the council. On the establishment of the land; and after residing for some time in British London University, now University College, in 1826, America, was appointed one of the chaplains at Fort B. was placed at the head of their new medical St. George, Madras. While here, he was intrusted school. He delivered the general opening lecture by the directors of the East India Company with in his own section, and followed it by a regular the management of an institution for the education course of characteristic lectures on physiology; but of the orphan children of the European military. soon resigned, and confined himself to his extensive The arduous character of his new duties compelled practice, which was chiefly in nervous affections. him to reflect seriously on the best means of fulfilling In 1831, he was one of the five eminent men in them. As he found it impossible to obtain the science knighted on the accession of William IV., services of properly qualified ushers, he at length the others being Sir John Herschel, Sir David resorted to the expedient of conducting the school Brewster, Sir John Leslie, and Sir James Ivory. In by the aid of the scholars themselves. Hence origi- 1836, he was elected Professor of Surgery in the nated the far-famed system of 'Mutual Instruction' university of Edinburgh. He was a fellow of the (q. v.). After superintending the institution for Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, and a seven years, the state of his health forced him to member of some other learned bodies. Author of return to Europe. On his departure, he received various works on surgery and the nervous system, a most flattering testimonial from the directors and editor, jointly with Lord Brougham, of Paley's of the school. In 1797, after his arrival in Eng- Evidences of Natural Religion, B. was one of the eight land, B. published a pamphlet entitled An Experi- distinguished men selected to write the celebrated ment in Education, made at the Male Asylum of Bridgewater Treatises, his contribution being on Madras; suggesting a System by which a School The Hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments, or Family may teach itself under the Superintend- as evincing Design (1834). He died suddenly, ence of the Master or Parent. This pamphlet April 30, 1842. Among his principal works are: attracted little attention, until Joseph Lancaster, The Anatomy of the Brain Explained, in a Series a tissenter, commenced to work upon the system, and succeeded in obtaining for it a large measure of public recognition. In 1803, Lancaster also

of Engravings, 12 plates (Lond. 1802, 4to); A Series of Engravings, explaining the Course of the Nerves (Lond. 1804, 4to); Essays on the Anatomy

BELL.

of Expression in Painting, plates (Lond. 1806, 4to); posthumous edition, much enlarged, entitled The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression as connected with the Fine Arts (Lond. 1844, 8vo); A System of Operative Surgery, 2 vols. (Lond. 1807 -1809; 2d ed. 1814); Dissertation on Gunshot Wounds (Lond. 1814, 2 vols. 8vo); Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body, 3 vols. (1816); various papers on the nervous system, which originally appeared in the Philosophical Transactions; Exposition of the Natural System of the Nerves of the Human Body (1824); Institutes of Surgery (Edin. 2 vols. 1838, 12mo); Animal Mechanics, contributed to the Library for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1828); Nervous System of the Human Body, 1830, 4to complete edition (Edin. 1836, 8vo).

BELL, JOHN, of Antermony, a celebrated Asiatic traveller, born in the west of Scotland in 1691, studied for the medical profession. In 1714, he went to St. Petersburg, and soon after was appointed physician to an embassy from Russia to Persia. In 1719, he was sent upon another to China, through Siberia. In 1737, he was sent on an embassy to Constantinople, and afterwards settled for some years in the Turkish capital as a merchant. In 1747, he returned to Scotland, and died at Antermony, July 1, 1780. His Travels from St. Petersburg to various Parts in Asia, in 2 vols. 4to, were published by subscription at Glasgow in 1763. From its simplicity of style, the work has been described as the best model, perhaps, for travel-writing in the English language.'

BELL, JOHN, an eminent surgeon, second son of the Rev. William Bell, an Episcopal minister in Edinburgh, was born in that city, May 12, 1763. He studied under the celebrated Black, Cullen, and Monro secundus; and while attending the anatomy classes of Dr. Monro, first conceived the idea of teaching the application of the science of anatomy to practical surgery. He commenced, in 1786, lectur

BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH, an eminent lawyer, brother to the above, was born at Edinburgh 26th March 1770, and passed advocate in 1791. Acknowledged one of the greatest masters of commercial jurisprudence of his time, and in particular of that department of it which relates to the laws of bankruptcy, he was, in 1822, appointed Professor of Scots Law in Edinburgh University; and in 1823, a mem-ing at Edinburgh on surgery and anatomy, and in ber of the commission for inquiring into Scottish judicial proceedings. Subsequently, he was member of a commission to examine into and simplify the mode of procedure in the Court of Session. On the report, drawn up by B., was founded the Scottish Judicature Act, prepared by him, which effected many important changes in the forms of process in the superior courts of Scotland; the jury court being abolished as a separate judicature, and conjoined with the Court of Session Appointed in 1831 one of the clerks of the Court of Session, he was, in 1833, chairman of the Royal Commission to examine into the state of the law in general. He also prepared a bill for the establishment of a Court of Bankruptcy in Scotland. His principal works are-Commentaries on the Laws of Scotland, and on the Principles of Mercantile Jurisprudence (Edin. 1810, 4to; 5th ed. 1826, 2 vols. 410); Principles of the Law of Scotland (Edin. 1829, 8vo; 4th ed. 1839, 8vo); and Commentaries on the Recent Statutes Relative to Diligence or Execution against the movable Estate, Imprisonment, Cessio Bonorum, and Sequestration in Mercantile Bankruptcy (Edin. 1840, 4to). Died 23d September 1843.

1793 published the first volume of his Anatomy of the Human Body; in 1797, appeared the second volume; and in 1802, the third. A volume of anatomical drawings by himself, illustrative of the structure of the bones, muscles, and joints, was published in 1794; and another volume, illustrative of the arteries, with drawings by his brother, afterwards Sir Charles Bell, appeared in 1801. In 1798, B. passed some weeks at Yarmouth among the seamen of Lord Duncan's fleet wounded at Camperdown; and in 1800 he published a Memorial concerning the Present State of Military Surgery. His System of the Anatomy of the Human Body, and his Discourses on the Nature and Cure of Wounds (Edin. 1793-1795), were translated into German. A good classical scholar, he was distinguished alike for his great conversational powers and general information. Early in 1816, he was thrown from his horse, and, his health declining, he went to Paris, and thence proceeded to Italy. He died at Rome, of dropsy, April 15, 1820. Besides the works mentioned, he was the author of The Principles of Surgery, 3 vols. 4to, 1801-1807; new edition, edited by his brother, Sir Charles Bell, 1826. A BELL, HENRY, the successful introducer of steam-edited by Bishop Sandford of Edinburgh, was posthumous work entitled Observations on Italy, navigation into Europe, fifth son of Patrick Bell, a published by his widow. mechanic, was born at Torphichen, Linlithgowshire, Scotland, April 7, 1767. After working three years BELL, JOHN, an eminent sculptor, remarkable as a stone-mason, he was, in 1783, apprenticed to for rejecting the classical antique model, and followhis uncle, a mill-wright. He was instructed in ship-ing nature only in his works, born in Norfolk in modelling at Borrowstounness, and completed his knowledge of mechanics with an engineer at Bell's Hill. Repairing to London, he was employed by the celebrated Mr. Rennie. About 1790 he returned to Glasgow, and in 1808 removed to Helensburgh, where he kept the principal inn, and devoted himself to mechanical experiments. How far B. was anticipated by Fulton and others, in his application of steam to navigation, will be considered under the head of STEAM NAVIGATION. In January 1812, a small vessel, 40 feet in length, called the Comet, built under his directions, and with an engine constructed by himself, was launched on the Clyde with success-the first on European waters. Five years previously, on October 3, 1807, Mr. Fulton, a Scottish engineer in America, had placed the first steam-boat on the Hudson. B. died at Helensburgh, November 14, 1830. A monument was erected to his memory at Dunglass Point on the Clyde.

1800, first exhibited at the Royal Academy, London, in 1832, a religious group. His works are numerous and of high and original merit. B.'s statues of Lord Falkland, exhibited in model at Westminster Hall, 1847, and Sir Robert Walpole, 1854, were commissioned for the new Houses of Parliament. One of his latest designs is a monument to the Guards who fell in the Crimea, executed in 1858. In decorative art, he has also distinguished himself, having modelled many objects for the drawingroom table, combining the practical with the ornamental. B. is the author of a Free Hand Drawingbook, for the Use of Artisans.

BELL, ROBERT, an industrious and versatile literary writer, the son of a magistrate, was born at Cork, 10th January 1800, and when very young, obtained an appointment in a government depart ment in Dublin. He was for a time editor of the government journal, The Patriot. In 1828, he removed to London, and was appointed editor

BELL-BELLADONNA.

of The Atlas newspaper. In 1839, in conjunc- | tion with Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton and Dr. Lardner, he started The Monthly Chronicle, a literary periodical, published by Longman & Co.; and latterly was editor of it. In 1841, he retired from The Atlas. For Lardner's Cyclopædia, B. wrote The History of Russia, 3 vols., and The Lives of the English Poets, 2 vols. The last volume of Southey's Naval History, left unfinished by the author, was also written by him, as was the concluding volume of Mackintosh's History of England. At the London theatres, three five-act comedies have been produced by him. He is author, also, of The Ladder of Gold, a novel, 3 vols., 1850; Heart and Altars, a collection of tales, 3 vols.; Life of Canning; Outlines of China; Memorials of the Civil War, consisting of the Fairfax correspondence, 2 vols.; Wayside Pictures through France, Belgium, and Holland. In 1854, he commenced an annotated edition of the English poets; and received from the king of the Belgians a gold medal, as a token of his majesty's sense of his services to literature.

bell-shaped flowers of a lurid purple colour, which are fully larger than those of the common harebell, stalked and solitary in the axils of the leaves. It produces berries, of the size of a middle-sized cherry,

Belladonna.

persistent calyx.

a

BELL, THOMAS, a distinguished naturalist, the son of a medical practitioner, was born at Poole, Dorsetshire, in 1792. In 1814, he went to London, and studied at Guy's Hospital, and in 1815, a, part of a branch with leaves and flowers; b, fruit, with passed the College of Surgeons. In 1817, he commenced a course of annual lectures on dental surgery at Guy's Hospital, where he also for some time and which, when ripe, are of a shining black colour, delivered lectures on comparative anatomy. He was and of a sweetish and not nauseous taste, although one of the founders of, and a principal contributor to, the whole plant has a disagreeable heavy smell. It The Zoological Journal, of which five volumes were is a native of the southern and middle parts of published; also one of the members of the Zoological Europe, and is not uncommon in England, in the Club of the Linnæan Society, afterwards incorpo- neighbourhood of towns and of ruins. All parts of rated with the Zoological Society. Elected in 1828 the plant are narcotic and poisonous, and fatal cona Fellow of the Royal Society. in 1840 he was sequences not unfrequently follow from the eating of appointed its secretary. In 1836, he became Pro- its berries, which have an inviting appearance. Its fessor of Zoology in King's College, London. On roots have sometimes been mistaken for parsnips. the establishment of the Ray Society, in 1844, for Dryness of the mouth and throat, dilatation of the the publication of rare and costly works on natural eyes, obscurity of vision, paralytic tremblings, loss history, he was elected its first president. In 1853, of sensation, delirium, and stupor, are among the When death he resigned the secretaryship of the Royal Society, effects of poisoning by belladonna. on being elected president of the Linnean Society. takes place from this cause, corruption ensues with B. is, however, of great He is author of a History of British Reptiles, extraordinary rapidity. in Van Voorst's series of British natural history, value in medicine, soothing irritation and pain, 1829; a History of British Quadrupeds, same series, particularly in nervous maladies, and is adminis1836; and a History of the British Stalk-eyed tered both internally and externally, in the form Crustacea, same series, 1853. In 1833, he com- of extract, tincture, ointment, and plaster, which menced a Monograph of the Testudinata. The article are generally prepared from the dried leaves, some'Reptiles,' in Darwin's Zoology of the Voyage of the times from the root. It is particularly useful, Beagle, was written by Bell. It has been the from its power of dilating the pupil of the eye, and happy but deserved good-fortune of Professor Bell is constantly employed by oculists both for examiIt is also applied to to become proprietor of the manor of Selborne, nations and operations. endeared to all naturalists by the observations of the eye to diminish the sensibility of the retina the celebrated Gilbert White. to light. It has recently been recommended as ground of its tendency, when administered in a preventive of scarlet fever, apparently on the frequent small doses, to produce an eruption and an affection of the throat, somewhat similar to those characteristic of that disease; but the evidence of its utility for this purpose is not sufficient to warrant confidence.-The name B., i. e., Fair Lady, is supposed to have originated in the employment of the juice for staining the skin. The name Dwale is apparently from the same root with the French deuil, grief-an allusion to the same qualities which have obtained for the plant the appellation of Deadly Nightshade. Atropa is from Atropos, one of the Fates.-The other species of Atropa are South American.

BELLA, a thriving town of Naples, in the province of Basilicata, with a population of between

5000 and 6000.

BELLA, STEFANO DELLA, a famous Italian engraver, was born at Florence, 18th May 1610. He was intended for a goldsmith, but he soon left that calling, and devoted himself to engraving. He executed upwards of 1400 different works, of almost all subjects battles, sea-pieces, landscapes, animals, &c. All are characterised by freedom and delicacy, and give evidence of high imagination on the part of the author, and also of much patient and careful manipulation. One of his most admired works is a view of the Pont-Neuf, Paris. He died 12th July

1664.

BELLADONNA, DWALE, or DEADLY NIGHTSHADE (A'tropa Belladonna), a plant of the natural order Solanaceae (q. v.); an herbaceous perennial, growing up every year as a bush, from two to six feet high, with ovate entire leaves, and

The

B. owes its active properties on the animal system to the presence of the alkaloid Atropine, accompanied by another alkaloid, Belladonnine. alkaloid atropine is present in all parts of the plant, and in all the preparations. It is generally procured from the root of B., and then forms

BELLADONNA LILY-BELL-BIRD.

needle-shaped crystals, which are sparingly soluble in water, but readily dissolve in alcohol and ether. Atropine is a very active poison, and its effects on the animal system resemble in an intensified degree the manner in which B. acts. It has recently been introduced into medicine, along with its nitrate, its sulphate, and its hydrochlorate.

BELLADO ́NNA LILY (Amaryllis Belladonna), a very beautiful species of Amaryllis (q. v.), with rose-coloured drooping flowers clustered at the summit of the leafless flowering stem. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope and of the West Indies, has become naturalised in Madeira, and is a not unfrequent ornament of gardens in England. The flowering stem is about 18 inches high.

BELLAMY, JACOBUS, a distinguished Dutch poet, was born at Vliessingen (Flushing), November 12, 1757, and died March 11, 1786. His parents were very poor, and he was indebted for his education to the patronage of a clergyman, and other persons who had seen and admired the patriotic effusions of his boyish muse, and who subscribed to send him to the university of Utrecht. Here the talents already remarked in B. were devoted chiefly to poetry, though his benefactors had hoped that he would devote himself to theology. His first sentimental and anacreontic poems, published at Amsterdam in 1782, were followed by a series of earnest patriotic poems (Vaderlandsche Gezangen), and in the same year, a third volume full of merit (1785). A collected edition of his works appeared at Haarlem (1826), but it does not contain his most popular poem, Roosje. B. was possessed of a glowing spirit and fancy, as well as a fine taste and ease in composition. He deservedly ranks as one of the chief restorers of national literature in Holland.

BELLARMINE, ROBERT, one of the most celebrated Catholic theologians, was born at Monte Pulciano in Tuscany, October 4, 1542. He entered the order of Jesuits in 1560, and was distinguished among his confrères by the zeal with which he studied theology, the church-councils, the Fathers, Hebrew, history, and the canon law. In 1563, he gave lessons in polite literature and astronomy at Florence; and in rhetoric, at Mondovi, 1564-1567. In his twentyseventh year, when he went to Louvain as professor of theology, he began that long controversy with 'heretics which formed the main business of his life. In 1599, when he was made a cardinal against his own inclination, he used his influence over Pope Clement VIII. to prevent the introduction of the Platonic philosophy into the university of Rome, on the ground of its being 'pernicious;' but though himself a Jesuit, he honourably opposed the Dominicans with regard to the Pelagian writings of Molina. He seems, however, to have participated to some extent in that writer's suicidal ethics, for in his Disputationes he argues that, as the pope is the supreme authority in doctrine and morals, if he should call virtue vice, and vice virtue, we are bound to believe him, and to act accordingly. In 1602, he was appointed Archbishop of Capua. After the death of Clement VIII., he contrived to escape promotion to the papal chair, but was induced by Pius V. (1605) to hold an important place in the Vatican, where he remained until the time of his death, which took place in the Novitiate-house of the Jesuits, September 17, 1621. In his work, De Potestate Pontificis in Temporalibus (On the Pope's Power in Secular Matters), he introduced the doctrine that the pope must be held as supreme over all kings. On this account, the book was condemned as treasonable in Paris, Venice, and Mentz. His chief work contains the disputations held in the Jesuits' College at Rome, 1576-1581, Disputationes

de Controversiis Fidei adversus hujus Temporis Hereticos (3 vols., Rome, 1581; 4 vols., Prague, 1721; 4 vols., Mayence, 1842). These disputations are regarded by Catholics as the best arguments for their tenets. There can be no question of their merits with regard to erudition and adroitness in controversy; but as Gerhard, in his Bellarminus Orthodoxias Testis (Jena, 1631-1633), and Dallæus have shewn, many of the conclusions are far from being sound or logical. Industry, clearness, and acuteness are the chief merits of B.'s great work; but it is seriously lessened in value by subtilty, forced conclusions, and a very defective exegesis faults which have long been evident to enlightened Catholic writers themselves. Among his other writings, the most able is the Christiana Doctrinæ Applicatio, originally written in Italian, and now translated into all the European languages. Pope declared B. to be a 'faithful servant of God;' but Urban VIII., at the instigation of the Jesuits, his canonisation as a saint has hitherto been opposed. Complete editions of his works have been published at Venice, 5 vols., 1721; and Cologne, 7 Jesuit Fuligatti (Rome, 1624); and translated into vols., 1619. His life was written in Italian by the Latin by Petra Sancta (Liege, 1626).

BELLARY, a district of British India in the presidency of Madras, bounded on the N. by the Nizam's territories, on the E. by Cuddapah, on the S. by Mysore, and on the W. by Dharwar. With an area of 13,056 square miles, it extends in N. lat. between 13° 40′ and 15° 58'; and in E. long. between 75° 44' and 78° 19'. Pop. 1,229,599. The main peculiarities of the district are connected with its situation. Elevated on the east slope of the West Ghauts, B. enjoys so healthy a climate that it has been officially recommended as the site of a sanatorium for the neighbouring provinces. Screened by the Ghauts from the south-west monsoon, and protected against the north-east one by its distance from the Bay of Bengal, B. receives, on an average, less rain than any other portion of Southern India-the annual fall ranging between about 12 inches and about 26 inches. Hence all its subordinate streams become, in the dry season, mere expanses of sand, which, excepting when bound together by the growth of the nuth-grass, is apt to encroach from year to year, like a glacier, over the bordering grounds. B., in fact, may in a great measure be said to be habitable through artificial means. Irrigation, though rude, is yet ingenious; dug wells amount to 22,000; of tanks there are 1400; and weirs or dams of huge stones, to the number of 331, cross the various wateras to form, after the rains, so many courses, so reservoirs.

BELLA'RY, the chief town of the above district, is situated about 380 miles south-east of Bombay, and 270 north-west of Madras. Lat. 15° 8' N., and As one of the principal military long. 76° 59' E. stations in the presidency of Madras, it is connected by good roads with Belgaum, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Madras itself.

The fort stands on a rock two

miles round, and 450 feet high; and is supplied with water from tanks excavated in the solid granite. Besides the fort and adjacent cantonments, B. contains a native town, which, in 1836, numbered 30,426 inhabitants.

BE'LL-BIRD (Casmarynchus carunculata), a bird found in some of the warm parts of South America, remarkable for the metallic resonance of its cry, which resembles the tolling of a bell, with pauses varying from a minute to several minutes. This bird belongs to a genus nearly allied to the Cotingas (q. v.) and Wax-wings (q. v.), but characterised by a very broad and much depressed bill, soft and flexible

BELLE-ALLIANCE-BELLENDEN.