Qualities. Barilla when good is of a grayish color; it is without much odor, but has a sharp alkalescent taste.

Medical properties. Antacid, diuretic, and lithontriptic; but the barilla is only employed as one of the substances to furnish the pure carbonate or subcarbonate of soda. See PHAR

MACY.

SODE MURIAS. Muriate of soda. Common salt.

History. This salt is found abundantly in nature, but it is generally mixed with earths and other ingredients. The ocean owes its saline taste to the presence of this salt.

Qualities. Pure salt is without odor, and its saline taste is without bitterness. It is soluble freely in water.

Medical properties. Anthelmintic and stomachic. It is supposed to assist digestion in a very considerable degree. Dr. Paris, in his work on diet, highly lauds it on this score. Dose 9j to 3j.

SODE SUBBORAS. Subborate of soda. Borax. History. Borax is found in an impure state in Persia and Thibet; in this state it is called tincal.

Qualities. Inodorous, with taste slightly saline. When purified it is in large white masses. Boiling water dissolves it more freely, and in greater proportions than cold water.

Medical properties. Refrigerant and detergent, It is only used as a local or external application, and is much employed in the aphthæ of children.

SODE SULPHAS. Sulphate of soda. Glauber's salt.

History. This salt is found native in several parts mixed with other matters; but the greatest part that is used is manufactured.

Qualities. Taste saline and bitter, inodorous. Soluble in water to a considerable extent. Medical properties. Purgative; but not so much used as formerly on account of its disagreeable taste. See PHARMACY.

SOLANUM (dulcamara). Woody nightshade. History. Indigenous, growing in hedges, and flowering in July. The berries ripen in the beginning of October.

Qualities. The taste of the twigs, which are the parts employed, are both bitter and sweet; bence its name, bitter-sweet. They impart their virtues to boiling water.

Medical properties. Narcotic and diuretic. It has been employed in several forms of cutaneous disorder. Dose 9j to 3j.

SOLIDAGO (virga-aurea) golden rod. History. An indigenous perennial plant, growing in woods and upon heaths. It flowers from July to September.

Qualities. Odor aromatic; taste rather astringent. The leaves impart their qualities to boiling water.

Medical properties. Slightly astringent and lithontriptic. Dose 9 to 3j.

SPARTIUM (Scoparium) broom History. Indigenous, growing on dry lands, and flowering in June.

Qualities. The tops, which are the parts used, have a disagreeable smell and bitter taste. Their

qualities are given both to water and alcohol. Medical properties. Diuretic and cathartic. Dose 913 to 3j. SPIGELIA (marilandica) Indian pink. History. A perennial plant growing wild in the lower parts of North America. It flowers in July and August.

Qualities. The root, which is the part employed, is bitter to the taste; its virtues are inparted to boiling water.

Medical properties. Anthelmintic; princi pally useful in expelling the round worms Dose 9fs to 3j.

SPIRITUS VINI. See CHEMISTRY and the article ALCOHOL, and PHARMACY. SPONGIA (officinalis) sponge.

History. Sponge is principally found in the Mediterranean and Red Seas. It is usually a tached to the bottom of rocks; it was formerly supposed to be a vegetable production, but it now admitted to be an animal of the class zouphytes.

Qualities. Color brown, texture light and porous, absorbing fluid in which it is immersed.

Medical properties. Alterative when burnt, and useful in some glandular tumors. Its virtues are supposed to be referrible to the quantity of iodine it contains. Dose 3 to 3ij.

STALAGMITIS (cambogioides). Gamboge.

History. The tree furnishing this gum resia is a native of the kingdom of Siam and Ceylon; in the former place the inhabitants obtain the gamboge by breaking the leaves and young shoots; but in Ceylon it is extracted from the wood of the tree, by incisions, at the commencement of flowering.

Qualities. Gamboge has no smell, and very little taste; it is of a bright deep yellow color. It is almost entirely soluble in water, if the water be impregnated with an alkali. Alcohol and the alkalies are also solvents of gamboge.

Medical properties. Powerfully cathartic and hydragogue. Dose grs. ij to 9. STANNUM. Tin.

History. In some places, as in Cornwall, this metal is found native in great abundance; it occurs both in its metallic state and combined with oxygen.

Qualities. Rather disagreeable taste, and a peculiar odor, especially when rubbed. It shows considerable lustre when first exposed to the air, which by this exposure is soon lost. Medical properties. Anthelmintic. Dose 3i

to 3ij.

STAPHISAGRIA. See Delphinium. STYRAX (officinale) storax balsam. (Benzoin) benzoin.

History. The storax tree is a native of the Levant, and flowers in July. The balsam is procured by incisions made in the bark. The benzoin, or benjamin tree, grows in Sumatra; the balsam is also obtained from this tree by incisions.

Qualities. Storax has a fragrant smell and an aromatic taste. Its color is reddish-brown Water dissolves it partly; alcohol and ether completely. Benzoin balsam has but little taste, but emits a very pleasant smeli. Alcohol and ether readily dissolve this balsam also.

Medical properties. Storax is slightly expec

Dose 3.

torant. Benzoin perhaps more so. SUCCINUM. Amber. History. Amber is a vegetable substance dug out of the earth, or found upon the sea shore in Polish Prussia and Pomerania. The greater part of what is imported into this country comes from the Baltic.

Qualities. Amber is without much taste or smell, unless rubbed or heated, when it emits an agreeable odor. It is generally of a yellow or brown color. It is insoluble in water, and only partly soluble in alcohol. Medical properties. Antispasmodic; but scarcely now employed. Dose 313 to 3j. SULPHUR.

History. This substance is found native in the neighbourhood of volcanoes; but the sulphur of commerce is principally extracted from pyrites. Qualities. Sulphur is of a bright yellow color, has a peculiar odor, especially when heated, and is without much taste. The roll sulphur is crystallised. Sublimed sulphur is in the form of powder. Sulphur is insoluble in water, but soluble in a small degree in alcohol and ether.

Medical properties. Laxative and diaphoretic. Specific in scabies. It is, perhaps, more useful as an alterative aperient than is generally supposed in the regular practice of medicine. Dose 313 to 3ij.

SUPERTARTRAS POTASSE (impurus) tartar. (Purus) crystals of tartar. Cream of tartar.

History. Tartar is the saline extractive matter which is deposited from new wine on the sides of the cask or bottle in which it is kept. When purified (which is effected by boiling, filtering, and crystallising) it is the cream of tartar of commerce.

Qualities. Cream of tartar is a bitartrate of potass. It has an acid roughish taste, and is soluble in thirty parts of its weight of boiling

water.

Medical properties. Purgative, diuretic, and refrigerant. Much used in dropsy. Dose f 3j to 3).

The

Sus (scrofa). Hog; the fat; hog's lard. History. The hog is a well known animal, inhabiting most parts of temperate regions. wild hog and that which is domesticated are varieties of the same species. It is the fat which is employed for medicinal purposes.

Qualities. Good lard is very white, without much smell or taste; it is insoluble in water, alcohol, or ether, but capable of combination with the alkalies in the form of soap.

Medical properties. Emollient; but principally employed in the composition of ointments and plasters.

SWIETENIA (febrifuga).

History. A native of the East. It is the bark of the tree which is employed in medicine. The bark of the species of swietenia, called mahogany, has likewise been employed medicinally. This tree is from the West Indies.

Qualities. Febrifuge. Swietenia is pleasantly bitter and astringent to the taste; it is of a grayish color without, but breaks of a light red color. The bark of the mahogany tree is very astringent and bitter. Water, when boiling, extracts the Virtues of these barks.

Medical properties. Tonic and astringent. Both these barks have been used as substitutes for the Peruvian bark; but they are not much employed in Britain or in Europe. Dose j to 3j.

TAMARINDUS (Indica). Tamarind.

History. The tamarind tree is a native of both the Indies; it is also found in Egypt and Arabia. The part employed is the fruit or pulp, artificially prepared.

Qualities. Tamarinds have an agreeable acid taste. They contain citric, and malic, and tartaric acid, with supertartrate of potass.

Medical properties. Refrigerant and laxative. Resinous purgatives are rendered milder by their admixture with tamarinds.

TANACETUM (vulgare). Tansy.

History. Tansy is indigenous and perennial. It grows wild by road sides and on the borders of meadows, and flowers at the end of June. The leaves are the parts employed, sometimes the seeds.

Qualities. Taste acrid, and rather bitter, slightly resembling camphor. Smell, strong and peculiar. Water and alcohol extract its virtues.

Medical properties. Tansy leaves and seeds are considered tonic and vermifuge. An infusion of tansy has been recommended and employed to prevent the recurrence of gout. Dose 3 to 3j. TEUCRIUM (marum) common marum. (Chamædrys) wall germander.

History. Marum, or Syrian mastich, is a native of Spain and Syria, and cultivated in our gardens. The wall germander is indigenous, and shoots out on old walls, flowering in June and July.

Qualities. Marum is very pungent in its smell, readily exciting sneezing when rubbed between the fingers and held to the nostrils. The taste is bitterish and aromatic. The recent leaves of the wall germander are aromatic and pleasantly bitter; they lose their smell by drying.

Medical properties. The marum is errhine. The germander has been used as an emmenagogue, and as a stomach tonic. Dose 9 to 3j.

TOLUTANUM (balsamum). Tolu.

History. The tree which yields the balsam of Tolu is a native of South America. It has been ascertained to be the same from which the Peruvian balsam is procured; the tolu balsam being the white Peruvian balsam hardened by exposure to the air. The tolu balsam flows from incisions made in the bark during the hot season.

Qualities. This balsam has an exceedingly agreeable smell, and an aromatic sweetish taste. It is of a yellowish-brown color, rather inclining to red. It is soluble in alcohol, and yields a small portion of volatile oil by distillation with water.

Medical properties. Stimulant and expectorant. Rather less irritating than the other balsams. Dose 9 to 3fs.

TORMENTILLA (erecta). Tormentil.

History. This is a common plant in woods and on heaths, and flowers in June and July. It is the root that is employed.

Qualities. An aromatic austere taste, and a slightly aromatic odor. It is knotty, and exter nally blackish, breaking reddish.

Medical properties. Astringent. More deserving of credit than many other substances that are used for the same purposes. Dose 3 to 3j. TRITICUM (hybernum). Wheat. Starch. History. Wheat was first cultivated in Sicily, but whence it came into Europe does not seem to have been ascertained. The spring wheat is a variety. Starch is the fecula of wheat.

Qualities. Starch is without smell or much taste. It is insoluble in cold water, alcohol, and ether. Boiling water dissolves it.

Medical properties. Emollient; used principally in enemas.

TUSSILAGO (farfara). Colts-foot.

History. This is an indigenous plant, growing wild in moist situations, and flowering in March and April; the leaves soon appear after the flowers. These last are the parts principally employed.

Qualities. The taste of the colts-foot leaves is mucilaginous and subacid. When dried they are without smell.

Medical properties. Demulcent and mildly expectorant.

VALERIANA (officinalis). Valerian.

History. An indigenous perennial plant, and flowering in June. One variety of valerian grows in marshy and woody parts, another in high and open ground.

Qualities. The root, which is the part employed, has a strong unpleasant smell, and a bitterish warm subacrid taste. It yields its virtues to water when boiling, and to alcohol.

Medical properties. Antispasmodic and stimulant. Some have employed it as an anthelmintic. Dose, 3 to 3j.

VERATRUM (album). White hellebore. History. This plant is a native of Italy, Greece, and Germany; it is cultivated in our gardens, and flowers in July.

Qualities. The root, when recent, has a strong disagreeable smell, and a bitterish acrid taste. The odor is dissipated by drying. The external appearance of it is of a yellowish-gray.

Medical properties. Violently purgative. Not at present in much use internally. It is employed externally as an errhine, and is powerful. Dose, gr. i. to ij.

VERONICA (beccabunga). Brooklime. History. This plant is perennial and indigenous, common in ditches and rivulets. It flowers at the latter end of July.

Qualities. The leaves of brooklime have a bitterish taste, slightly astringent. They are without odor.

Medical properties. Antiscorbutic, but not in much repute.

VIOLA (odorata). Violet. History. Perennial and indigenous, growing in shady places, and flowering in April. Qualities. Violet flowers have an agreeable smell, and a slightly bitter taste. They yield their properties to boiling water.

Medical properties. Laxative, and, according to some, pectoral and anodyne. Dose 9.

VITIS (vinifera). Common vine. Berries. History. The vine grows in most temperate regions. It is cultivated in several parts of Europe for the purpose of making wine with its

berries; but in England the grapes or berries of the vine are very little used but for eating. There are several varieties of the vine.

Qualities. Grapes are sweet and subacid to the taste. Raisins, which are dried grapes, are generally sweeter than the first berry.

Medical properties. Grapes are aperient and slightly diuretic. Raisins are more laxative than the grape; they are principally employed in composition.

VINUM. Wine. See FERMENTATION, CHMISTRY, and WINE.

ULMUS (campestris). Elm, the bark. History. The elm tree is indigenous. It flowers in March and April, and the leaves subsequently unfold themselves.

Qualities. Elm bark has a slightly bitter m cilaginous taste, and but very little odor. It qualities are given to boiling water.

Medical properties. Diuretic. Some have em ployed it in leprous affections. Dose 3j to j. UVA URSI. See Arbutus.

WINTERIA (aromatica). Winter's bark.

History. The tree from which this bark is procured was discovered by captain Winter in the straits of Magellan. The bark was used by him as a spice.

Qualities. The odor of this bark is aromatic. and its taste hot and spicy. It yields a volatne oil in distillation with water. Medical properties. Carminative and stomachic. Canella alba is frequently used for it. Dose 9j to 3fs.

ZINCUM. Zinc. Calamine. Tutty. History. This metal is found in its metallic state in the ore called blende, and under several degrees of oxidation. The ore of zinc called calamine is an article of the materia medica in itself; it is found abundantly in several counties of England.

Qualities. Metallic zinc, when rubbed between the fingers, gives out a very peculiar odor; its color is white, with a slight shade of blue; it breaks lamellated and shining. Calamine appears in the form of reddish-yellow lumps, and is without metallic lustre. Tutty, which is an impure oxide of zinc, is of a brownish color, and breaks with a smooth fracture; it is inodorous, and without much taste.

Medical properties. Calamine is used as an absorbent earth. The oxides are employed as tonics and antispasmodics, and externally as astringents and stimulants. Dose of the oxide of zinc grs. iij to fs.

ZINZIBER (officinale).

History. A perennial plant, a native of the East Indies, but now cultivated in the West India Islands, where it flowers in September. The black ginger is the root scalded in water before being dried in the sun. The white consists of the best pieces scraped and washed with care, without being subjected to boiling water.

Qualities. Ginger has rather a fragrant smell, and a hot aromatic taste. Water, alcohol, and ether, extract its virtues; and it yields a volatile oil by distillation.

Medicinal properties. Carminative, stimulant, and sialagogue. Principally employed in com position. Dose 9 to 9j.

All this concerneth the customs of the Irish

very

materially; as well to reform those which are evil, as to confirm and continue those which are good. Spenser on Ireland.

What part of the world soever we fall into, the ordinary use of this very prayer hath, with equal continuance, accompanied the same, as one of the principal and most material duties of honour done to Christ. Hooker.

The question is not, whether you allow or disallow that book, neither is it material. Whitgift.

He would not stay at your petitions made; His business more material.

Shakspeare. Winter's Tale. That these trees of life and knowledge were material trees, though figures of the law and the gospel, it is not doubted by the most religious and learned writers. Raleigh.

The West-Indians, and many nations of the Africans, finding means and materials, have been taught, by their own necessities, to pass rivers in a

boat of one tree.

Id.

It is more difficult to make gold or other metals less ponderous and less materiate, than to make silver of lead or quicksilver, both which are more ponderous than silver; so that they need rather a degree of fixation than any condensation.

material in nature.

Bacon.

Neither is this a question of words, but infinitely Id. Natural History. When we judge, our minds we mirrors make, And as those glasses which material be, Forms of material things do only take, For thoughts or minds in them we cannot see.

Davies.

Considering that corporeity could not agree with this universal subsistent nature, abstracting from all materiality in his ideas, and giving them an actual subsistence in nature, he made them like angels, whose essences were to be the essence, and to give existence to corporeal individuals; and so each idea was embodied in every individual of its species.

Digby.

That lamp in one of the heathen temples the art of man might make of some such material as the stone asbestus, which being once enkindled will burn without being consumed.

Wilkins.

Intending an accurate enumeration of medical materials, the omission hereof affords some probability it was not used by the ancients. Browne.

In this material point, the constitution of the English government far exceeds all others.

Swift.

Id.

Such a fool was never found, Who pulled a palace to the ground, Only to have the ruins made Materials for an house decayed. In modest mediocrity, content With base materials, sat on well-tanned hides, Obdurate and unyielding, glassy smooth, With here and there a tuft of crimson yarn, Or scarlet crewel, in the cushion fixed, If cushion might be called, what harder seemed Than the firm oak, of which the frame was formed. Соорет.

MATERIALISTS, a sect in the ancient church, composed of persons, who being prepossessed with that maxim in the ancient philosophy, Ex nihilo nihil fit, 'Out of nothing nothing can arise,' had recourse to an internal matter, on which they supposed God wrought in the creation, instead of admitting God alone as the sole cause of the existence of all things. Tertullian vigorously opposes the doctrine of the materialists, in his treatise against Hermogenes, who was one of their number.

MATERIALISTS is also a name given to those who maintain that the soul of man is material; or that the principle of perception and thought is not a substance distinct from the body, but the result of corporeal organisation. See METAPHY SICS. There are others called by this name, who