A. D. 1562. The Apology was composed by its author in the Latin language, of which he was a complete master*; but it was soon translated into the Ger- Elizabeth. man, Italian, French, Spanish, Dutch, and even into the Welsh tongue †. There was also a Greek version; and that it might obtain a popular circulation, it was translated into English by lady Bacon, wife of the lord-keeper, and a daughter of sir Anthony Cook. Among the testimonies of approbation received by Jewel, none could be so gratifying as that of Peter Martyr. The connexion between these two eminent divines began with the early youth of Jewel, and it was terminated only by the death of Martyr. But the foreign professor lived to read the immortal work of his once favourite pupil, and to stamp on it the seal of his testamentary com mendation. He was enabled to transmit not only his own heartfelt commendations, but the approving sentence of the foreign reformers. "I am pleased with all that you do," was the af- Aug. 24. fectionate congratulation of Martyr, on reading the production of that genius which he had fostered and formed; but the praises of Bullinger, of Gualter, and of Wolfius, not being dictated by partiality for the author, were an evidence of the merit of the work. "You have," continued Martyr, "by this your most elegant and learned Apology, raised such a hope in the minds of all good and "In the disputation at Westminster, ye would seem to stand in doubt, whether we would be able to understand you or not, when ye spake a little Latin." Jewel's answer to Cole. By M. Kyffin, printed at Oxford, 1571. Peter Martyr died, November, 1562. XVI. CHAP. learned men, that they generally promise themselves the reformed religion will never want an advocate against its enemies while you live. And truly I am extremely glad that I have the happiness to see the day which made you the parent of so famous and eloquent a performance. May the God of Heaven, of his goodness, grant that you may be blessed in time with many more such!" After the revisal of the liturgy and of the articles, and after the apologetical confession of Jewel, it remained to provide for general use a more correct version of the Holy Scriptures. This pious task had been the employment and the solace of the exiles at Geneva; and the divines who were engaged in it were contented to prolong the period of their banishment from their native country, in order that they might witness its completion t. The Genevan translators compared the old English Bible of Tindal, first with the Hebrew original, and then with the best modern translations; they divided the chapters into verses, which former translators had not done; and, lastly, they added figures, maps, tables, and annotations. It was published at the commencement of Elizabeth's reign, with a dedication to the queen, and an epistle to the reader. As soon as the translation circulated in England, the dedication and the notes occasioned great * Peter Martyr's letter, in the Life of Jewel, prefixed to his Apology. The divines engaged in it were Knox, Coverdale, Goodman, Gibbs, Samson, William Cole, and Whittingham. It was first printed in 1560. dissatisfaction. In the dedication, and the prefatory epistle, the discipline and ceremonies of the church of England were severely reprehended, as being no better than remnants of popery. The notes were still more offensive *; for some of them were thought derogatory to the royal prerogative, and others were pointed against episcopacy. The Genevan translation, so far from finding a favourable reception with the church of England, was not, for many years, suffered to be reprinted by public authority. Until an authorized translation could be completed, the old translation of Tindal and Coverdale was reprinted for general use. The bishops were directed to undertake a new version, which, though not finished for some years afterwards, was begun at this time. At this period, therefore, an account of the Bishops' Bible will be inserted with propriety. Parker, whose proficiency in antiquarian learning had been singularly useful in reforming the calendar, and in arranging suitable lessons for the Sundays and holidays, had the chief direction of the new translation. It was his province to divide the Old and New Testaments into portions, and to assign a separate portion to the different translators. Though not exclusively, yet it was principally the work of the English bishops; and the bishops of London, Ely, Norwich, Lichfield, Chi * The exceptionable notes were on Exodus, ch. xv. v. 19, and 2 Chron. ch. xix. v. 16, as encouraging resistance and rebellion. The note on Revelation, ch. ix. v. 3, was against the episcopal order, where the locusts that come out of the smoke are said to be heretics, false teachers, worldly subtle prelates, with monks, friars, cardinals, patriarchs, archbishops, bishops, doctors, bachelors, and masters. A. D. 1562. Elizabeth. XVI. CHAP. chester, Worcester, Winchester, and Saint David's, are recorded as the chief agents. When it was published, it had a preface by Parker, and the initial letters of every translator's name were subjoined to his respective portion. The Bishops' Bible was used in the public service of the church nearly forty years, while the Genevan Bible, being more accordant to the opinions which were acquiring strength, was chiefly read in private *. Such was the settlement of the ecclesiastical polity under the wise counsels of Elizabeth, displaying throughout its progressive steps "the moderation of the church of England." It preserved an equal distance from Rome and Geneva, and thus secured stability and permanence. By retaining the episcopal form of church government, and the primitive liturgy, Elizabeth, as her most virulent enemy confesses, gave strength and perpetuity to the English schism t. The moderate and reasonable members of the Romish communion were conciliated by the prudence of the queen, and the earliest divisions of her reign originated in a different source, in clamours raised by unquiet spirits, not for essentials, but for matters confessedly indifferent. These divisions it is the painful duty of the historian to relate, and their fatal effects on the peace of the church and of the civil government. * Bishop Gray's Key to the Old Testament, Introduction. † Sanders de Schism. Ang. CHAPTER XVII. Origin and Progress of Puritanism.-Cecil's Address to the Queen.-Many of the Clergy refuse to wear the Habits.Case of Samson and Humfreys.-Their Correspondence with the foreign Reformers.-Puritans take Advantage of a papal Bull to the University of Cambridge, and are licensed as Preachers.—First Separation of the Puritans from the Church.-Conduct of the See of Rome.-Rebellion of the Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland.-Bull of Pius the Fifth.-Increase of Puritanism.-Cartwright.-Parliament and Convocation meet.-Proceedings in both.-Jewel's Sermon at Saint Paul's Cross against the Puritans.— Death of Jewel. A. D. 1564. THE origin of puritanism is traced to the divisions between those English protestants, who, to save their lives from the tyranny of Mary, found Elizabeth. an asylum in Germany; some of the exiles adhering to the liturgy of king Edward as the religion of their own country, and others imitating the forms of those churches among whom they lived *. Germany, then, must be denominated the birth-place and the cradle of English puritanism; for it would be a dereliction of candour to seek any extraction more ignoble than that which its followers have assumed, and in which they have always gloried. The name of puritans, derived from the Puritani or Cathari of the third century, was first imposed as a term of reproach on the English *Neal's History of the Puritans, vol. i. Preface. VOL. II. F |