VESTIGE-mark, trace, vestige, footstep, track
To VEX-to displease, vex, offend

To VEX-to tease, vex, taunt, tantalize, torment
VEXATION-Vexation, mortification, chagrin
VEXATIOUS-troublesome, irksome, vexatious.
VICE-crime, vice, sin

VICE-imperfection, defect, fault, vice.

VICINITY-neighbourhood, vicinity..

VICISSITUDE-change, variation, vicissitude

VICTOR-Conqueror, victor

TO VIE-to contend, strive, vie

VIEW-view, survey, prospect..

VIEW-view, prospect, landscape..

TO VIEW-to look, see, behold, view, eye
VIGILANT―wakeful, watchful, vigilant
VIGOR-energy, force, vigor.

VILE-base, mean, vile

TO VILIFY-to revile, vilify...

...

Page

Page

226

tuous

226

605

609 VISIBLE-apparent, visible, clear, plain, obvious, evident,

52

manifest

604

607

....

38

624

474

426

602

583

319 VOCABULARY-dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary, glossary,
99

nomenclature

416 VOCAL-verbal, vocal, oral

675 VOICE-Vote, suffrage, voice...

VOID-empty, vacant, void, devoid

226 VOLATILITY-lightness, levity, flightiness, volatility, gid-
660

diness..

VOLUNTARILY-willingly, voluntarily, spontaneously
288 VOLUNTARY-gratuitous, voluntary...
401 VOLUPTUARY-sensualist, voluptuary, epicure
25 VORACIOUS-rapacious, ravenous, voracious....
171 VOTE-vote, suffrage, voice....

642 TO VOUCH-to affirm, asseverate, assure, vouch, aver,
155

protest

679 VOYAGE-journey, travel, voyage

581 VULGAR-common, vulgar, ordinary, mean

SOUL, MIND.

THESE terms, or the equivalents to them, have been employed by all civilized nations to designate that part of human nature which is distinct from matter. The Soul, however, from the German seele, &c. and the Greek taw to live, like the anima of the Latin which comes from the Greek veμos wind or breath, is represented to our minds by the subtlest or most ethereal of sensible objects, namely, breath or spirit, and denotes properly the quickening or vital principle. Mind, on the contrary, from the Greek vos, which signifies strength, is that sort of power which is closely allied to, and in a great measure dependant upon, corporeal organization: the former is, therefore, the immortal, and the latter the mortal, part of us; the former connects us with angels, the latter with brutes; in this latter we distinguish nothing but the power of receiving impressions from external objects, which we call ideas, and which we have in common with the brutes.

There are minute philosophers, who, from their extreme anxiety after truth, deny that we possess any thing more than what this poor composition of flesh and blood can give us; and yet, methinks, sound philosophy would teach us that we ought to prove the truth of one position, before we assert the falsehood of its opposite; and consequently that if we deny that we have any thing but what is material in us, we ought first to prove that the material is sufficient to produce the reasoning faculty of man. Now it is upon this very impossibility of finding any thing in matter as an adequate cause for the production of the soul, that it is conceived to be an entirely distinct principle. If we had only the mind, that is, an aggregate of ideas or sensible images, such as is possessed by the brutes, it would be no difficulty to conceive of this as purely material, since the act of receiving images is but a passive act, suited to the inactive property of matter: but when the soul turns in upon itself, and creates for itself by abstraction, combination, and deduction, a world of new objects, it proves itself to be the most active of all principles in the universe; it then posi

tively acts upon matter instead of being acted upon by it.

But not to lose sight of the distinction drawn between the words soul and mind, I simply wish to show that the vulgar and the philosophical use of these terms altogether accord, and are both founded on the true nature of things. Poets and philosophers speak of the soul in the same strain, as the active and living principle;

Man's soul in a perpetual motion flows,

And to no outward cause that motion owes. DENHAM.

In bashful coyness, or in maiden pride,
The soft return conceal'd, save when it stole
In side-long glances from her downcast eyes,

Or from her swelling soul in stifled sighs. THOMSON.

The soul consists of many faculties, as the understanding, and the will, with all the senses, both outward and inward; or, to speak more philosophically, the soul can exert herself in many different ways of action.' ADDISON. The ancients though unaided by the light of divine revelation, yet represented the soul as a distinct principle. The Pysche of the Greeks, which was the name they gave to the human soul, was feigned to be one of their incorporeal or celestial beings. The anima of the Latins was taken precisely in the modern sense of the soul, by which it was distinguished from the animus or mind. Thus the emperor Adrian is said on his dying bed to have addressed his soul in words which clearly denote what he thought of its independent existence.

The earth was not of my mind

DRYDEN.

If you suppose as fearing you, it shook. SHAKSPEARE.

Or the will, choice, determination, as in the colloquial phrase to have a mind to do a thing; All the arguments to a good life will be very insignificant to a man that hath a mind to be wicked, when remission of sins may be had on such cheap terms.' TILLOTSON. Our question is, whether all be sin which is done without direction by Scripture, and not whether the Israelites did at any time amiss by following their own minds without asking counsel of God.' HOOKER.

Sometimes it stands for the memory, as in the familiar expressions to call to mind, put in mind, &c. ; The king knows their disposition; a small touch will put him in mind of them." BACON.

E'en from the body's purity, the mind
Receives a secret sympathetic aid. THOMSON.

This word, being often used for the soul giving life, is attributed abusively to madmen, when we say that they are of a distracted mind, instead of a broken understanding; which word mind we use also for opinion, as I am of this or that mind; and sometimes for men's conditions or virtues, as he is of an honest mind, or a man of a just mind; sometimes for affection, as I do this for my mind's sake,' &c. RALegh.

6

6

The soul being the better part of a man is taken for the man's self, as Horace says, in allusion to his friend Virgil; Et serves animæ dimidium meæ:' hence the term is figuratively extended in its application to denote a human being; The moral is the case of every soul of us.' L'ESTRANGE. It is a republic; there are in it a hundred burgeois, and about a thousand souls; • The poor soul sat singing by a sycamore tree.' SHAKSPEARE. Or the individual in general;

Join voices, all ye living souls. Ye birds

That singing up to heaven-gate ascend

Bear on your wings, and in your notes his praise.
MILTON.

And lodges where it lights in man or beast. DRYDEN. Incorporeal is used in regard to living things, particularly by way of comparison, with corporeal or human beings;

Of sense, whereby they hear, see, smell, touch, taste,
Tasting, concoct, digest, assimilate,

And corporeal to incorporeal turn. MILTON. Hence we speak of incorporeal agency, or incorporeal agents, in reference to such beings as are supposed to act in this world without the help of the body; 'Sense and perception must necessarily proceed from some incorporeal substance within us." BENTLEY. But immaterial is applied to inanimate objects;

O thou great arbiter of life and death,
Nature's immortal, immaterial sun!

Thy call I follow to the land unknown. YoUNG. Men are corporeal as men, spirits are incorporeal; the body is the material part of man, the soul his immaterial part: whatever external object acts upon the senses is material; but the action of the mind on itself, and its results are all immaterial: the earth, sun, moon, &c. are termed material; but the impressions which they make on the mind, that is, our ideas of them, are immaterial.