Others think, that the waters of the sea, and the rivers, with those which fell from heaven, turned the whole surface of the earth upside down; after the same manner as the waters of the Loire, and other rivers, which roll on a sandy bottom, overturn all their sands, and even the earth itself, in their swellings and inundations; and that in this general subversion, the shells came to be interred here, fishes there, trees there, &c. See DELUGE.

Dr Woodward, in his Natural History of the Earth, pursuing and improving the hypothesis of Dr Burnet, maintains the whole mass of earth, with every thing belonging thereto, to have been so broken and dissolved at the time of the deluge, that a new earth was then formed on the bosom of the water, consisting of different strata or beds of terrestrial matter, ranged over each other usually according to the order of their specific gravities. By this means, plants, animals, and especially fishes and shells, not yet dissolved among the rest, remained mixed and blended among the mineral and fossil matters; which preserved them, or at least assumed and retained their figures and impressions either indentedly or in relievo. See GEOLOGY.

FOSSIL Pitch. See PETROLEUM, MINERALOGY Index.

FOSTER, JAMES, a nonconformist divine, very highly celebrated for his pulpit eloquence and erudition, was born at Exeter in the year 1697. At the age of five years he was put to the free school of that city, where his progress in the acquisition of grammar was so rapid, that his master boasted of him as the most eminent genius in his school. From this seminary he went to the academy where young men designed for clergymen in the dissenting interest were educated, where his progress and applause were equally great. His apprehension was remarkably quick, his judgment solid, memory retentive, eloquence commanding, and his talents for argumentation were truly admirable; but above all, his piety was genuine, and few men possessed candour, modesty, liberality, integrity, tenderness and benevolence, in such a remarkable degree. He commenced preacher at the age of 21, and was much admired where he occasionally officiated. About this time the doctrine of the Trinity was much agitated in the west of England, which was not consonant to the notions of Mr Foster, and the honesty and openness of his heart would not allow him to conceal these, which brought so much odium upon him from the orthodox party, that he retired to another scene of action. He became pastor of a congregation at Milborne-port, in Somersetshire; but as soon as his hearers became zealously attached to what was deemed the orthodox opinion, he retired to Ashwick under the hills of Mendip, in the same county. In this asylum he preached to two congregations at a little distance from each other, as poor as they were plain, the united contributions of which did not amount to 15l. per annum. In this humble poverty and obscurity he lived for some years, honourable, however, as it was occasioned by his determined uprightness and sincerity. In the year 1720, he gave the world his "Essay on

By reading Dr Gale's treatise on infant baptism, he became a convert to the doctrine, that immersion is the true scriptural rite, and was accordingly soon after baptised in London in conformity to that mode. This unreserved manner of adopting whatever his conscience believed to be truth, excluded him from almost every religious party among whom he might otherwise have expected preferment. But while he deliberated with himself whether he should abandon the ministry, and acquire the knowledge of some mechanical employment, Robert Houlston, Esq. took him to his house in the capacity of chaplain, where his circle of acquaintances became wider and more respectable. In 1724, he was appointed to succeed Dr Gale in the baptist congregation in Barbican, London. In the year 1728 he commenced a Sunday evening lecture in the Old Jewry, which he continued till within a short time of his death, with such a degree of popularity as few dissenters at that time experienced. In 1732 appeared his valuable work, entitled "The usefulness, truth, and excellency of the Christian revelation, defended against the objections contained in a late book, called Christianity as old as the Creation," &c. In this reply Mr Foster exhibited no ordinary share of talents and ingenuity, and it was admired by the candid and judicious of every description. Dr Tindal, against whom it was written, is said to have spoken of it always with great respect. He published a volume of sermons in the 1734, followed by other three volumes, the last of which appeared in 1744. At this time he was appointed successor to Dr. Jeremiah Hunt, in the protestant congregation at Pinner's-hall. In 1746, he attended the earl of Kilmarnock when under sentence of death for hightreason, after which he published an octavo pamphlet, with the title of "An account of the behaviour of the late earl of Kilmarnock after his sentence, and on the day of his execution."

year

"We

He received from the Marischal college of Aberdeen the degree of doctor in divinity, accompanied with handsome letters from the principal and Professor Fordyce, the latter of whom thus addressed him. beg that you will be so good as to accept of the diploma, as a small mark of the sincere veneration we have for you, and of the sense we entertain of the eminent services you have done to the cause of liberty, religion, and virtue, by your writings as well as public instructions." The first volume in quarto of his Discourses on all the Principal Branches of Natural Religion and Social Virtue,' was published in the year 1749, and the second appeared in 1752. They were published by subscription; and to evince the high estimation in which

his

In the month of April 1750, he was seized with a violent distemper, from the effects of which he never thoroughly recovered; yet while at all able to officiate, he continued to preach till the beginning of 1752, when he had another attack, which seems to have been of a paralytic nature. After declining for some time, he expired like a genuine Christian on the 5th of November, in the 55th year of his age. His private and public life were alike irreproachable. Such was the wonderful extent of his beneficence, that he must have died in indigent circumstances, had it not been for the numerous subscriptions to his discourses on natural religion. Mr Rider gives him the following eulogium. "His voice was naturally sweet, strong, distinct, harmonious, always adapted to his matter, always varied as his method changed; as expressive of the sense as the most judicious recitative. Monotony was a fault he was never guilty of. His action, the soul of eloquence, was grave, expressive, free from distortions, animated without being theatrical; in short, such as became the pulpit. He reminded us of Paul at Athens, arresting the attention of his auditors." It was no doubt such rare accomplishments which induced Mr Pope to be an occasional hearer, and to pay him the following compli

ment:

Let modest Foster, if he will, excel

Ten metropolitans in preaching well.

In a poem describing the respective merits of dissenting ministers at that period, and supposed to have been the work of Mr Savage, we find the following lines upon Dr Foster.

But see th' accomplish'd orator appear,

Refin'd his language, and his reasoning clear;
Thou only, Foster, hast the pleasing art,

At once to charm the ear and mend the heart. Besides the works formerly taken notice of, Dr Foster published three funeral sermons, one of which was intended for that celebrated confessor Mr Emyln; together with a number of essays in the Old Whig.

FOSTER, Samuel, an ingenious English mathematician of the last century, and astronomical professor in Gresham college, was one of that learned association which met for cultivating the new philosophy during the political confusions, and which Charles II. established into the Royal Society. Mr Foster, however, died in 1652, before this incorporation took place; but wrote a number of mathematical and astronomical treatises, too many to particularize. There were two other mathematical students of this name; William Foster, a disciple of Mr Oughtred, who taught in London, and Mark Foster, author of a treatise on trigonometry, who lived later than the former two.

FOTHER, or FODDER, is a weight of lead, containing eight pigs, and every pig one and twenty stone and a half; so that it is about a ton or common cart load. Among the plumbers in London, it is nineteen hundred and a half; and at the mines it is two and twenty hundred and a half. The word is of Teutonic origin, from fuder.

FOTHERGILL, DR GEORGE, was born in West

FOTHERGILL, Dr John, a late eminent physician, son of John and Margaret, Quakers, was born in 1712, at Carr End in Yorkshire, where his father, who had been a brewer at Knaresborough (after having travelled from one end of America to the other), lived retired on a small estate which he cultivated. The Doctor was the second of five children (four sons and a daughter), and received his education under the care of his grandfather Thomas Hough, a person of fortune in Cheshire, which gave him a predilection for that county), and at Sedbergh in Yorkshire. He afterwards, served his time to one Mr Bartlett an apothecary at Bradford. From thence he removed to London, and became a pupil of Dr (afterwards Sir Edward) Wilmot, at St Thomas's hospital. He then went to the university of Edinburgh to study physic, and took his doctor's degree there. From Edinburgh he went to Leyden; whence, after a short stay, he returned to London, and began to practise about the year 1740, in a house in White-hart Court, Lombard-street, where he resided during the greatest part of his life, and acquired most of his fortune. In 1746, he was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians in London; and in 1754 a fellow of that of Edinburgh, to which he was a considerable benefactor. He afterwards became a member of the Royal Medical Society at Paris, and a member both of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies. He continued his practice with uninterrupted success till within the last two years of his life, when the illness which he had brought on himself by unremitted attention, obliged him to give up a considerable part of it. Besides his application to medical science, he bad imbibed an early taste for natural history, improved by his friend Peter Collinson, and employed himself on conchology and smaller objects of botany. He was for many years a valuable contributor to the Gentleman's Magazine; where his observations on the weather and diseases were begun in April 1751, and discontinued in the beginning of 1756, being disappointed in his views of exciting other experienced physicians in different parts to imitate the example. He had very extensive practice, but he did not add to his art any great or various improvements. His pamphlet on the ulcerous sore throat is, on every account, the best of his publications; but owes much of its merit to the information of the late Dr Letherland. It was printed in 1748, on the re-appearance of that fatal disorder which in 1739 had carried off the two only sons of Mr Pelham. In 1762 Dr Fothergill purchased an estate at Upton in Essex ; and formed a botanic garden there, the second in Europe; Kew is the first. In 1766 he began regularly to withdraw, from Midsummer to Michaelmas, from the excessive fatigue of his profession, to Lee Hall, near Middlewich, in Cheshire; which, though he only rent

ed

Fotherin

gay.

dered to be taken of them. Accordingly Dr Hunter Fothergill bought them for 1200l. The drawings and collections in natural history were also to be offered to Mr (now Sir Joseph) Bankes at a valuation. His English portraits and prints, which had been collected by Mr John Nickolls of Ware, and purchased by him for 80 guineas, were bought for 200 guineas by Mr Thane. His books were sold by auction, April 30. 1781, and the eight following days. His house and garden at Upton, in which 15 men were constantly employed, were valued at 10,000l. He spared no expence to augment this as well as bis other collections. He had an ingenious artist qualified to collect for him at the Cape of Good Hope, and another on the Alps, and employed for several years before his death a painter in natural history at Leeds.

Dr Fothergill's character was excellent. A transaction, indeed, with regard to one Dr Leeds, gave occasion to some of his enemies to blame him; but how unjustly, has been abundantly shown by his biographers Dr Elliot and Dr Lettsome. Besides the pamphlet already mentioned, Dr Fothergill wrote a considerable number of Tracts, which are now collected into one volume 8vo, by Dr Elliot. He sometimes wrote in the newspapers, and is said to be the author of more than 100 letters in the Gazetteer, concerning the New Pavement.

Fothergill, ed it by the year, he had spared no expence to improve. He took no fees during this recess, but attended to prescribe gratis at an inn in Middlewich once a week. In 1767, after he found himself obliged to relax his attention to business, he removed from his house in the city, to reside in Harpur-street, Red-Lion Square. Some time before his death he had been industrious to contrive a method of generating and preserving ice in the West Indies. He was the patron of Sidney Parkinson, and drew up the preface prefixed to his account of the voyage to the South Seas. At his expence also was made and printed an entire new translation of the whole Bible, from the Hebrew and Greek originals, by Anthony Purver, a Quaker, in two volumes, 1764, folio, and also, in 1780, an edition of Bishop Percy's "Key to the New Testament," adapted to the use of a seminary of young Quakers, at Acworth, near Leeds in Yorkshire, founded in 1778 by the Society, who purchased, by a subscription in which Dr Fothergill stood foremost, the house and an estate of thirty acres which the Foundling Hospital held there, but which they found inconvenient for their purpose on account of distance. The Doctor himself first projected this on the plan of a smaller institution of the same kind at Gildersomes. He also endowed it handsomely by his will. It now contains above 300 children of both sexes, who are clothed and instructed. Among the other beneficent schemes suggested by Dr Fothergill were those of bringing fish to London by land carriage, which, though it did not in every respect succeed, tended to destroy a supposed combination; and of rendering bread much cheaper, though equally wholesome, to the poor, by making it with one part of potatoes and three parts of household flour. But his public benefactions, his encouragements of science, the instances of his attention to the health, the police, the convenience of the metropolis, &c. we cannot pretend to specify. The fortune which Dr Fothergill had acquired was immense; and, taking all things together, the house and moveables in Harpur-street, the property in Essex, and the estate in Cheshire (which he held on a lease), and his ready money, amounted to 80,000l. His business, when he was in full practice, was calcu lated at near 7000l. per annum. In the influenza of 1775 and 1776, he is said to have had 60 patients on his list daily, and his profit was estimated at 8000l. per

annum.

The disorder which hastened his death was a scirrhus of the prostata, and an obstruction of the bladder (in which were found after his death two quarts of water), which had been gradually coming on him for six years past, occasioned by a delicacy, which made him unwilling to alight from his carriage, and when, after his temporary recovery from it the year before he died, he submitted to use relief in his carriage, it was - too late. He died at his house in Harpur-street, December 26. 1780; and his remains were interred, January 5. in the Quakers burying-ground at Winchmore-hill, whither they were accompanied by more than 70 coaches and post-chaises, notwithstanding the intention of the executors to have the funeral private. The Doctor by his will appointed, that his shells and other pieces of natural history should be offered to the late Dr Hunter at 500l. under the valuation he or

FOTHERGILLA, a genus of plants belonging to the polyandria class. See BOTANY Index.

FOTHERING, a peculiar method of endeavouring to stop a leak in the bottom of a ship while she is afloat, either under sail or at anchor. It is usually performed in the following manner: A basket is filled with ashes, cinders, and chopped rope yarns, and loosely covered with a piece of canvas; to this is fastened a long pole, by which it is plunged repeatedly in the water, as close as possible to the place where the leak is conjectured to lie. The oakum or chopped rope yarns being thus gradually shaken through the twigs, or over the top of the basket, are frequently sucked into the hole along with the water, so that the leak becomes immediately choked; and the future entrance of the water is thereby prevented.

FOTHERINGAY, a town of Northamptonshire, about four miles from Staneford, situated on the river Avon, or Nen, and consisting of one street. Edward duke of York, in the reign of Henry V. founded and endowed a fine collegiate church here, in which he was interred. At the dissolution, the college and the choir were pulled down, and the bodies of the founder and his family left exposed till Queen Elizabeth's time, who ordered them to be interred, and the present monuments to be erected. On the north side of the church is a free school, founded by Henry VII. or Edward VI. endowed with 20l. per annum for a master, payable out of the exchequer by the receiver of the county. The bridge over the river here was first built by Queen Elizabeth, 1573, of timber, with three pillars upon the foundation. Daniel, first earl of Nottingham, and the other trustees for William Saville, marquis of Halifax, rebuilt it in 1722, of freestone from King's Cliffe. On the south-east side of the cliffe stood the castle; which was of great antiquity and considerable strength. Mary queen of Scots, who had been in the custody of Sir

Amias

Foulahs.

Fotheria. Amias Powlet here, was tried and beheaded in the hall; gay and her son afterwards, forgiving and even taking into favour her greatest enemy Cecil, only took the childish revenge of beating down the castle; which he so completely demolished, that no more than the earthworks now remain. Within the first work is a farm-house, with some carved stones wrought into it, and at the south-west corner of the inner trench are some masses of stone walls. Sir Robert Cotton carried the wainscot of the hall to Connington.

FOU-TCHEOU, a city of China, in the province of FO-KIEN. It carries on a considerable trade; but is chiefly remarkable for the magnificence of its principal bridge, which has more than 100 arches constructed of white stone, and ornamented with a double balustrade throughout. This city is the residence of a viceroy, and has under its jurisdiction nine cities of the third class.

FOUGADE, or FOUGASSE, in the art of war, a little mine, about 8 or 10 feet wide, and 10 or 12 deep, dug under some work or post, which is in danger of falling into the enemy's hands; and charged with sacks of powder, covered with stones, earth, and whatever else can make great destruction. It is set on fire like other mines, with a saucisse. See mine.

FOUL, or FOULE, in the sea language, is used when a ship has been long untrimmed, so that the grass weeds, or barnacles, grow on her sides under water. A rope is also foul when it is either tangled in itself, or hindered by another, so that it cannot run or be overhauled.

FOUL imports, also, the running of one ship against another. This happens sometimes by the violence of the wind, and sometimes by the carelessness of the people on board, to ships in the same convoy, and to ships in port by means of others coming in. The damages occasioned by running foul, are of the nature of those in which both parties must bear a share. They are usually made half to fall upon the sufferer, and half upon the vessel which did the injury; but in cases where it is evidently the fault of the master of the vessel, he is alone to bear the damage.

FOUL-Water. A ship is said to make foul water, when, being under sail, she comes into such shoal water, that though her keel do not touch the ground, yet it comes so near it, that the motion of the water under her raises the mud from the bottom.

FOUL is also a disease in cattle, proceeding from blood, and a waterish rheum that falls down into the legs, and makes them swell.

FOUL or Pimpled Face. See GUTTA Rosacea. FOULA, or FOUL Island, one of the Shetland isles, lying between six and seven leagues west from the main land. It is about three miles long, narrow, and full of rough, steep, and bare rocks; one of which is so large, and runs up to such a height, that it may be clearly seen from Orkney. This, it is probable, is the Thule of Tacitus. It has scarcely any pasturage, and but little arable land. The only commodities exported are stock fish, train oil, and feathers.

FOULAHS, a people of Africa, which inhabit the confines of the great desert Sahara. The principal of the Foulah states is that within Sierra Leona, and of which Teembo is the capital. See SIERRA LEONA. 3

FOUMART, a species of MUSTELA. See MAM- Foumai MALIA Index.

FOUNDATION, in Architecture, is that part of a building which is under ground. See ARCHITECTURE, N° 104.

Palladio allows a sixth part of the height of the whole building for the hollowing or under-digging; unless there be cellars under ground, in which case he would have it somewhat lower.

FOUNDATION, denotes also a donation or legacy, either in money or lands, for the maintenance and support of some community, hospital, school, &c.

Founde

The king only can found a college, but there may be a college in reputation founded by others. If it Law Dict cannot appear by inquisition who it was that founded a church or college, it shall be intended that it was the king, who has power to found a new church, &c. The king may found and erect an hospital, and give a name to the house upon the inheritance of another, or license another person to do it upon his own lands; and the words fundo, creo, &c. are not necessary in every foundation, either of a college or hospital, made by the king; but it is sufficient if there be words equivalent: the incorporation of a college or hospital is the very foundation; but he who endows it with lands is the founder; and to the erection of an hospital, nothing more is requisite but the incorporation aod foundation. Persons seised of estates in fee simple, may erect and found hospitals for the poor by deed enrolled in chancery, &c. which shall be incorporated, and subject to зuch visitors as the founder shall appoint, &c. stat. 39 Eliz. c. 5.

FOUNDER, in a general sense, the person who lays a foundation, or endows a church, school, religious house, or other charitable institution. See FOUNDATION.

FOUNDER, also implies an artist who casts metals, in various forms, for different uses, as guns, bells, statues, printing characters, candlesticks, buckles, &c. whence they are denominated gun-founders, bell-founders, figure-founders, letter-founders, founders of small works, &c. See FOUNDERY.

FOUNDER, in the sea language: A ship is said to founder, when by an extraordinary leak, or by a great sea breaking in upon her, she is so filled with water, that she cannot be freed of it; so that she can neither veer nor steer, but lie like a log; and not being able to swim long, will at last sink.

FOUNDERED, applied to horses. See FARRIERY

Index.

FOUNDERY, or FOUNDRY, the art of casting all sorts of metals into different forms. It likewise signifies the workhouse or smelting hut wherein these operations are performed.

FOUNDERY of Small Works, or casting in Sand. The sand used for casting small works is at first of a pretty soft, yellowish, and clammy nature; but it being necessary to strew charcoal dust in the mould, it at length becomes of a quite black colour. The sand is worked over and over, on a board, with a roller, and a sort of knife; being placed over a trough to receive it, after it is by these means sufficiently prepared.

This done, they take a wooden board of a length, and breadth proportional to the things to be cast, and putting a ledge round it they fill it with sand, a little moistened,

Fouadery, moistened, to make it duly cohere. Then they take either wood or metal models of what they intend to cast, and apply them so to the mould, and press them into the sand, as to leave their impression there. Along the middle of the mould is laid half a small brass cylinder, as the chief canal for the metal to run through, when melted, into the models or patterns; and from this chief canal are placed several others, which extend to each model or pattern placed in the frame. After this frame is finished, they take out the patterns, by first loosening them all around, that the sand may not give way.

Then they proceed to work the other half of the mould with the same patterns in just such another frame; only that it has pins, which, entering into holes that correspond to it in the other, make the two cavities of the pattern fall exactly on each other.

The frame, thus moulded, is carried to the melter; who, after extending the chief canal of the counterpart, and adding the cross canals to the several models in both, and strewing mill dust over them, dries them in a kind of oven for that purpose.

Both parts of the mould being dry, they are joined together by means of the pins and to prevent them giving way, by reason of the melted metal passing through the chief cylindrical canal, they are screwed or wedged up like a kind of press.

While the moulds are thus preparing, the metal is fusing in a crucible of a size proportionate to the quantity of metal intended to be cast.

When the moulds are coolish, the frames are unscrewed or unwedged, and the cast work taken out of the sand, which sand is worked over again for other casting.

FOUNDERY of Statues. The casting of statues depends on the due preparation of the pit, the core, the wax, the outer mould, the inferior furnace to melt off the wax, and the upper to fuse the metal. The pit is a hole dug in a dry place something deeper than the intended figure, and made according to the prominence of certain parts thereof. The inside of the pit is commonly lined with stone or brick; or when the figure is very large, they sometimes work on the ground, and raise a proper fence to resist the impulsion of the melted metal.

The inner mould, or core, is a rude mass to which is given the intended attitude and contours. It is raised on an iron grate, strong enough to sustain it, and is strengthened within by several bars of iron. It is generally made either of potters clay, mixed with hair and horse dung; or of plaster of Paris mixed with brick dust. The use of the core is to support the wax, the shell, and lessen the weight of the metal. The iron bars and the core are taken out of the brass figure through an aperture left in it for that purpose, which is soldered up afterwards. It is necessary to leave some of the iron bars of the core, that contribute to the steadiness of the projecting part, within the brass figure.

The wax is a representation of the intended statue. If it be a piece of sculpture, the wax should be all of the sculptor's own hand, who usually forms it on the core: Though it may be wrought separately in cavities, moulded on a model, and afterwards arranged on the VOL. IX. Part I.

ribs of iron over the grate; filling the vacant space in the middle with liquid plaster and brick dust, whereby the inner core is proportioned as the sculptor carries on the wax.

When the wax, which is the intended thickness of the metal, is finished, they fill small waxen tubes perpendicular to it from top to bottom, to serve both as canals for the conveyance of the metal to all parts of the work; and as vent holes, to give passage to the air, which would otherwise occasion great disorder when the hot metal came to encompass it.

The work being brought thus far, must be covered with its shell, which is a kind of crust laid over the wax, and which being of a soft matter, easily receives the impression of every part, which is afterwards communicated to the metal upon its taking the place of the wax, between the shell and the mould. The matter of this outer mould is varied according as different layers are applied. The first is generally a composition of clay, and old white crucibles well ground and sifted, and mixed up with water to the consistence of a colour fit for painting: accordingly they apply it with a pencil, laying it seven or eight times over, and letting it dry between whiles. For the second impression they add horse dung and natural earth to the former composition. The third impression is only horse dung and earth. Lastly, The shell is finished by laying on several more impressions of this last matter, made very thick with the hand.

The shell, thus finished, is secured by several iron girths, bound round it, at about half a foot distance from each other, and fastened at the bottom to the grate under the statue, and at top to a circle of iron where they all terminate.

If the statue be so big that it would not be easy to move the moulds with safety, they must be wrought on the spot where it is to be cast. This is performed two ways: in the first, a square hole is dug under ground, much bigger than the mould to be made therein, and its inside lined with walls of free-stone or brick. At the bottom is made a hole of the same materials, with a kind of furnace, having its aperture outwards in this is a fire made to dry the mould, and afterwards melt the wax. Over this furnace is placed the grate, and upon this the mould, &c. formed as above. Lastly, At one of the edges of the square pit, is made another large furnace to melt the metal. In the other way, it is sufficient to work the mould above ground, but with the like precaution of a furnace and grate underneath. When finished, four walls are to be run around it, and by the side thereof a massive made for a melting furnace. For the rest, the method is the same in both. The mould being finished, and enclosed as described, whether under ground or above it, a moderate fire is lighted in the furnace under it, and the whole covered with planks, that the wax may melt gently down, and run out at pipes contrived for that purpose, at the foot of the mould, which are afterwards exactly closed with earth, so soon as the wax is carried off. This done, the hole is filled up with bricks thrown in at random, and the fire in the furnace augmented, till such time as both the bricks and mould become red hot. After this, the fire being extinguished, and every thing cold again, F they