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CONTENTS.
27. Government originates in it,
ix
82
28. It constitutes the chief Motive to the Pursuit of Wealth, 83
29. Ambition, Covetousness,
30. The Sentiment of Self-comparison often coöperates with
Benevolence,
84
31. Color hence given to the Stoical Theory of Morals, 84
32. Susceptibility to the Pain of Inferiority essential to or- dinary Virtue,
33. Desire of Superiority essential to extraordinary Virtue.
Self-respect, Emulation, Shame, Love of Reputation,
Love of Fame, Love of Glory,
85
86
34. Pleasures of Virtue and Pains of Vice. Self-applause,
88
89
37. Paradoxes of Lucretius and Rochefoucault explained,
38. Parental Love,
39. Love of Knowledge chiefly dependent on Self-comparison, 90
40. Moral character ascribed to the Love of Knowledge, 91
41. Cooperation of the Sentiment of Self-comparison with
Malevolence. Envy, Jealousy, Magnanimity,
CHAPTER III.
91
OF CERTAIN QUALITIES OR TEMPERAMENTS, called Virtues,
BECAUSE THEY ARE ESSENTIAL TO THE PERFORMANCE OF
BENEFICIAL ACTIONS.
1. General Description of these Qualities or Temperaments, 92
2. Wisdom, or Prudence,
3. Courage. Distinction between Moral Fear, Fear of
Shame, and Fear in general,
92
4. Necessity of distinguishing between Admiration and
Moral Approbation,
5. Fortitude,
6. Double Character of Courage and Fortitude, Physical
and Moral,
7. False Shame,
8. Constancy, Firmness, Steadiness, Perseverance, Tem-
per, Self-control, Patience, Fidelity,
9. Hopefulness or Faith, Doubtfulness, Despondency, Skep-
ticism, Folly, Credulity,
10. Activity, Sloth, Indolence, Idleness, Industry,
97
98
99
11. Capacity or Ability, bodily and mental. Healthfulness,
12. These Qualities have a Moral Character only as they are
connected, or not, with the Sentiment of Benevolence, 99
CHAPTER IV.
DEFINITIONS OF VIRTUE.
1. Why all Definitions of Virtue have failed,
100
2. Proper Moral Sense of the Term Virtue. What Ac-
tions are called Disinterested,
101
3. Definitions of Virtue proposed by the Self-sacrificing
Moralists, Forensic and Mystic, .
4. Stoic Definition of Virtue,
102
5. Definitions proposed by the various Partisans of the
Selfish Theory,
7. Definition proposed by Aristotle and his Followers,
8. Fault common to all these Definitions,
104
CHAPTER V.
OF MORAL OBLIGATION, DUTY, RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITY,
Merit, Demerit, PunishmenTS, AND REWARDS.
4. All Actions of all Kinds originate in Mental Necessity, 106
5. Extent of Moral Obligation in general,
107
6. Measure of its Extent in any given Community, .
12. Effect of Admiration upon Disapprobation,
13. Approbation, Merit,
15. Confusion in which the Mystics have involved this Sub-
109
110
16. Paradoxical Consequences of the Mystic Theory of
Morals,
111
17. Great theological Controversy thence resulting,
18. First Aspect of that Controversy. Free Will denied to
Man by the pure Mystics. Consequences,
113
19. Attempts of the Semi-mystics to avoid those Conse-
quences,
115
20. Second and third Aspects of that Controversy. Three
great Schools of Theology,
116
21. First School. Application to Theology of the Selfish
Theory of Morals,
117
22. Second School. Theological Opinions of those who re-
ject the Selfish Theory without adopting the Theory
of pure Benevolence,
119
23. Third School. Application of the Moral Theory of pure
Benevolence to Theology,
122
127
129
24. Benefits thence resulting to practical Morals,
25. Views of the Character of Man entertained by these
three theological Schools,
CHAPTER VI.
GROUNDS OF MORAL JUDGMENT AS RESPECTS INDIVIDUAL
ACTIONS AND ACTORS.
1. In Case the Act be apparently beneficial,
130
2. In Case the Act be apparently injurious,
3. Rule according to which Men are commonly pronoun-
ced Virtuous or Vicious,
4. Bias with Respect to those who are special Causes to
us of Pleasure or Pain,
5. Reason why Men incline to an unfavorable Opinion of
the Moral Character of others,
134
6. That Reason not operative with Respect to the Dead,
or those highly exalted above us,
135
7. Apparent Inconsistencies thence resulting,
PART SECOND.
SOLUTION OF MORAL PROBLEMS, AND CONCILIATION OF
ETHICAL CODES.
CHAPTER I.
OF PERSONAL SECURITY, AND THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES REL-
1. Object of this Part,
2. Homicide,
ATIVE TO IT.
3. Reasons why Death is considered so great an Evil,
4. Light in which Homicide is regarded by some Mystic
137
138
Codes,
5. Paradoxes thence resulting,
6. Forensic View of Homicide. Self-defence,
7. Homicide to save one's own Life,
8. Meritorious Homicide. War,
9. Laws of War,
140
141
142
10. Modern European Code of Forensic Morals, or Law of
14. Retaliatory Homicides. Origin of the Idea of the Moral
Obligation of Revenge,
16. Retaliatory Homicides esteemed meritorious. Knight-
errantry, Lynch Law,
149
17. Further Observations upon Duelling. Its Mystic Origin, 149
18. Mitigations of criminal Homicide,
20. How Civilization affects Ideas respecting Homicide, 153
21. Rank and Character of the Party slain, how it affects
our Judgment respecting the Act. Regicide,
22, Reasons of the Abhorrence felt for criminal Homicide
23. Homicides justifiable in a Mystic Point of View. Reli-
gious Persecutions. Hereticide,
155
24. Wounds, Blows, Poisons, and other Injuries to the Per-
2. Reason why Violations of Property are esteemed immoral, 159
3. Cases to which these Reasons do not apply,
160
4. Mystic Doctrines as to the Rights of Property,
! 5. Influence of the Distribution of Property on Respect for
the Rights of Property,
161
for the Rights of Property,
6. Imperfection of the Laws; how they diminish Respect
7. Property in Men. Slaves,
162
9. Malevolence essential to the Continuance of Slavery,
10. Important Difference in this Respect between Property
in Slaves and other Kinds of Property, .
163
164
11. Different Lights in which Slavery is regarded. Anti-
Slavery and Pro-Slavery Feeling,
12. Mystical Defenders of Slavery,
165
OF PROMISES, CONTRACTS, AND TRUTH IN GENERAL.
1. Reason why Breaches of Promise and Violations of
Truth are esteemed Wrong,
3. Promises involving a Violation of the Rights of Third