BIANCAVILLA-BIBLE.

of woollens, hats, leather, soap, tallow, &c. Pop. (1867) 16,985.

BIANCAVI'LLA, a town of Sicily, in the province of, and about 14 miles north-west of the city of Catania. It is about 10 miles distant from Mount Etna, on the south-west declivity of which mountain it is situated. It has a trade in grain, cotton, and silk. Pop. 9328.

At the overthrow of Croesus, when the Ionians
dreaded an invasion by Cyrus, they were advised
by B. to take their personal property and colonise
Sardinia; but this advice was rejected, and the
Ionians, after a vain defence, were subjugated by
the generals of Cyrus. When the people of Priene
the birthplace of B.-were making preparations
to escape from their besieged city, B., in reply to
one who asked why he was not occupied like
other citizens, employed the words which have
become a Latin proverb, Omnia mea mecum porto,
Græcorum Veterum, &c., 1819.
'I carry all my goods with me.'-Orelli, Opuscula

BIANCHINI, FRANCESCO, celebrated for his antiquarian and astronomical investigations, was born December 13, 1662, at Verona, where he received his early education in the Jesuits' College: At Padua he studied theology, mathematics, and above all, botany; and then proceeded to Rome, BIB, POUT, or WHITING POUT (Gadus luscus where he became intimate with the most distin- or Morrhua lusca), a fish of the same genus with guished savans of the day, and devoted himself to the Cod (q. v.) and Haddock (q. v.), pretty common the study of jurisprudence and foreign languages. on many parts of the British coasts, found also on Alexander VIII. bestowed upon him a rich bene- those of Norway, Sweden, Greenland, &c. It is fice, and Clement XI. appointed him secretary to seldom more than a foot long, but remarkably the commission for reforming the calendar. B. differs from all other British fishes of the same was employed to draw a meridian line in the family (Gadida, q. v.) in the great depth of its body, church of Santa Maria degli Angeli, in Rome, which equals at least one-fourth of the entire which he successfully accomplished. After travel-length. The back is arched, and the nape exhibits ling through France, Holland, and England, he a rather sharp ridge. The eyes and other parts returned to Italy, with the design of drawing a of the head are invested with a singular loose meridian line from the Adriatic to the Mediter- membrane, which the fish can inflate at pleasure. ranean like that drawn by Cassini across France. The operations connected with this project occupied him eight years; but a variety of other labours, as well as want of means, prevented its completion. Besides several memoirs and dissertations on antiquarian and astronomical subjects, we may mention his Istoria Universale Provata coi Monumenti e Figurata coi Simboli degli Antichi (Rome, 1694), and his fine edition of the work of Anastasius, De Vitis Romanorum Pontificum, which was completed by his nephew Giuseppe B. (4 vols., Rome, 1718–1734). B. died in March 1729, and a monument was erected to his memory in the cathedral of Verona.

BIARD, AUGUSTE FRANÇOIS, a French painter, known in almost every department of his art, but chiefly distinguished for his animated and often comical representations of ordinary life and manners (peinture de genre). B.'s merits, and the school to which he belongs, will be sufficiently understood when we mention that his countrymen have styled him the Paul de Kock of painting! He was born at Lyon in 1800, and was at first destined for the church; but subsequently educated at the School of Art of his native city. He travelled in early life in Malta, Cyprus, Syria, and Egypt, where he made sketches, and stored his memory with images which he used in after-years. In 1839, he visited Greenland and Spitzbergen, and of this journey one of the fruits was his famous picture of a battle with polar bears. The first picture which gained him distinction was his 'Babes in the Wood' (1828); and one of his best is the 'Beggar's Family,' exhibited in 1836; both of which pictures were purchased by the town of Lyon. Many other continental galleries possess examples of B.'s pictures, and in England they have always been much sought after.

BIARRITZ, a maritime village of France, in the department of the Basses-Pyrénées, about 5 miles south-west of Bayonne. The late emperor and the empress, attracted by its pleasant situation and salubrity, latterly made it a summer residence; and the presence of the court of course tended to increase greatly the fame of its baths and singular grottoes. Pop. (1872) 3164.

There is a dark spot at the origin of each of the pectoral fins, as in the Whiting (q. v.). The names Bib and Pout, both originally local English names, were at one time supposed to belong to distinct species (called G. lusca and G. barbata), but it appears now to be pretty certain that these are really one. In Scotland, this fish is generally called Brassy. It is well known in the London market, is in best condition in November and December, and is much esteemed for the table.

BI'BERACH, a town of Würtemberg, in the circle of the Danube. It is situated on the Reiss, in the charming valley of the same name, about 23 miles south-south-west of Ulm; and is surrounded by a ditch and by walls flanked with towers. It has manufactures of paper, linen, and fustians, leather, children's toys, &c. Pop. (1871) 7091. In October 1796, Moreau won a great victory over the Austrian general Latour at B., the latter losing 4000 prisoners and 18 pieces of cannon. also, in 1800, Moreau again defeated the Austrian general Kray. B. fell into the possession of Baden in 1802, but four years afterwards, was ceded to Würtemberg. Wieland the poet was born in the immediate vicinity.

Here

BIBERICH, a village in the province of HesseNassau, on the right bank of the Rhine, and about 4 miles from Wiesbaden, is noted for its splendid palace. The views of the river-scenery from B. are unrivalled. Pop., including Mosbach (1871), 6642. See GREENHEART. BI'BIRI, BI'BIRI BARK, AND BI'BIRINE.

is the name given by Chrysostom in the 4th c. to BIBLE (Gr. Ta Biblia, ‘The Books '—see Book) that collection of sacred writings recognised by Christians as the documents of their divinely revealed religion. Both as regards language and contents, they are divided into two parts-the Old and New Testament, or rather, the Old and New Covenant; for the word testamentum is only a translation into the later Latinity of the 2d c. of the Greek diatheke, 'covenant.' The history of the Old Testament is connected with that of the New by a series of writings not received by Protestants as canonical, and collectively styled the Apocrypha

BI'AS, one of the seven sages of Greece, lived in | (q. v.). the time of the Lydian king, Alyattes, and his son, The OLD TESTAMENT is a collection of 39 books, Croesus, about 570 B. C. He was generally employed written partly in the Hebrew, and partly in the as a political and legal adviser in difficult questions. Chaldaic language, and containing all the remains