CARLOVINGIANS-CARLOW.

The Carlovingian dynasty figures in the early CARLOVINGIANS, the second dynasty of Frankish kings. The origin of the family is traced history of France as the ally of the church. It to Arnulph, Bishop of Metz, who died in 631. His aided the popes against the Lombards; made war son, Anségise, married a daughter of Pepin, of on the Aquitanians, who pillaged and despoiled the Landen, in Austrasia. His sons, Martin and Pepin churches; established the temporal power of the d'Heristall (q. v.), as the greatest territorial lords successors of St Peter; subdued and converted the in Austrasia, were called to the office of Mayor still pagan Saxons; and fought the Mohammedans of the Palace. Martin was assassinated; Pepin, by in Spain. Nor, on the other hand, do we find the force of arms, compelled the weak Merovingian church ungrateful: it sanctioned, by benediction king, Theodoric III., to invest him with the office and prayer, the conquests of this powerful family; in of Mayor of the Palace in all the three Frankish various ways impressed its sacred stamp of approstates, Neustria, Austrasia, and Burgundy. Pepin bation upon it; and for its sake resuscitated the He alliance, which was advantageous to the policy of allowed the Merovingian kings to remain upon the imposing idea of an empire of the west. But this throne, but they were kings only in name. died on 17th December 714, and left as his succes- kings like Pepin le Bref and his son Charlemagne, sor, his young grandson, Theodoald; but Charles because they had genius, vigour, and design, became Martel (q. v.), a natural son of Pepin, was made at a later period, under their feeble successors, a Mayor of the Palace by the Austrasians, and in this chief cause of the overthrow of the dynasty, for the capacity subjected the three states to his power. clergy after 814 grew stronger and more exacting He died in 741. His two sons, Carloman and Pepin every day, and forced the monarchs to new conle Bref, divided the kingdom, although for a time cessions. CA'RLOVITZ, or KA'RLOVITZ, a town of the the nominal Merovingian dynasty still subsisted; but Pepin at last formally assumed the royal power, Austrian empire, in the military frontier of Slavoand was crowned King of the Franks on 3d Maynia. It is situated on the right bank of the Danube, This is the formal commencement of the about 8 miles south-south-east of Peterwardein, and Carlovingian dynasty. Pepin began the conquest of Italy. His sons, Carloman and Charles the Great is noted for its excellent wine, and for the treaty or Charlemagne (q. v.), succeeded him, of whom the concluded here in 1699. The wine-especially the latter soon reigned alone, and prodigiously extended red variety-ranks with the best and strongest duct has amounted to about 1 million of gallons. his dominions. In 800, Pope Leo III. set upon his obtained in Hungary, and in some years the prohead the crown of the Western Roman Empire. Pop. (1869) 4419. The important treaty or peace of C. was concluded, in 1699, between the allies He divided his dominions amongst his sons, of whom, however, only one, Louis le Débonnaire, survived him, who, in the list of the kings of Austria, Russia, Poland, and Venice on one side, France, appears as Louis I., but who was properly and the Porte on the other, and included the Emperor and King of the Franks. With Charle- following articles: "That Austria should repossess magne, however, the high abilities of his family the territories captured by the Turks during two suddenly disappeared, and his successors shewed centuries (which included Hungary and Slavonia, much weakness of character. Family feuds broke and she also acquired Transylvania); that Venice out during the life of Louis le Débonnaire, who had divided his dominions in part amongst his sons, and he terminated an inglorious reign in 840. By a treaty concluded in August 843, Lotharius I., the eldest son of Louis, obtained the imperial crown and the kingdom of Italy, with Lorraine, Franche Comté, Provence, and the Lyonnois; Louis, his brother, called Louis the German, obtained the German part of his father's dominions; and Charles the Bald, the son of a second marriage, obtained Neustria, Aquitania, and the Spanish Mark, and may almost be regarded as the founder of the French monarchy. The Emperor Lotharius I. died in 855, and his dominions were again divided-his eldest son, Louis II., being Emperor and King of Italy, and his two other sons kings of Lorraine and of Provence, but their kingdoms reverted to the emperor.-Charles the Fat, a son of Louis the German, having become emperor, was elected by the French nobles to be their king in 882; and being previously in possession of Italy and Germany, united under his sway great part of Charlemagne's empire. But he was a weak monarch, and was deposed in 887. The imperial dignity passed by the marriage of the daughter of the Emperor Arnulph with Fritzlar, Count of Franconia, to another family. The French dynasty, of which Charles the Bald may be deemed the founder, continued in a succession of weak monarchs for about a century, till it terminated with the reign of Louis V., on whose death, Hugh Capet, the most powerful nobleman in France, seized the crown in 987. The Carlovingian kings had for some time previous possessed no real power. A subsequent marriage, however, connected their family with that of the Capets, and enabled the kings of France to trace their descent from Charlemagne.

Poland should take back Podolia and the lands in

should hold the Morea as far as the isthmus; that

the Ukraine conquered by Mohammed IV., but should cede certain places in Moldavia; and that Russia should have the territory of Azof.

CA'RLOW, the capital town of Carlow county, Ireland, situated at the confluence of the Burren and the Barrow, 56 miles south-west of Dublin by rail. It is a well-built town, with two principal streets, from which branch many smaller ones, and a suburb, Graigue, in Queen's County, on the opposite side of the river, with which it is connected by a bridge. It has a Roman Catholic cathedral and divinity college. C. has extensive flour-mills, and is the emporium for the agricultural produce of the district, which is largely exported from this place. Pop. 7778. It returns one member to parliament. There are here the remains of a castle, picturesquely situated on an eminence on the Barrow, founded in 1180 by Sir Hugh de Lacy. In 1361 the Duke of Clarence established the Exchequer of the kingdom in this place. It constituted one of the boundaries of the PALE, beyond which the king's writ was not recognised by the 'Irishry.' Its first charter was granted in the 13th c. by William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke. The town grew up around this castle, which was several times besieged by, and alternately in the possession of, the English and Irish. The castle (one of great extent) was in the possession of the insurgents in 1650, when it was closely invested by General Ireton and the republican army. The garrison surrendered on conditions to Sir Hardress Waller, whom Ireton had left to conduct the siege. It was then dismantled; and about one-half of this once stately castle now remains a picturesque ruin. attacked the town, but were repulsed by the In the Irish insurrection of 1798, the insurgents

CARLOW-CARLUKE.

CARLUKE-CARLYLE.

One of his most The tudes of adventurous spirits. of Lanarkshire, near the right bank of the Clyde, which were sure to attract, sooner or later, multiPop. 3400. 6 miles north-west of Lanark. neighbourhood is rich in coal, iron, and limestone, beautiful, eloquent, and solid essays written at and mining is the chief industry of the place. The Craigenputtoch, was that on Burns (Edinburgh Not far off is Review, 1828). It has given the tone to all subseorchards around cover 130 acres. Lee, the seat of the Lockharts, where is preserved quent criticism on the Scottish poet. The article the famous Lee Penny, noticed by Sir W. Scott in on German Literature, in the same periodical, is a the Talisman. Roman coins have been found here. masterly review of a subject, the importance of General Roy, the antiquary, author of the Military which C. at length succeeded in compelling his written on his moorland farm, was Sartor Resartus Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain, was a countrymen to acknowledge. But his chef-d'œuvre, native of Carluke. ('The Tailor done over,' the title of an old Scottish song). This work, like all his after-productions, an indescribable mixture of the sublime and the grotesque, was offered to various London firms, and rejected on the advice of their sapient 'tasters,' and at length published in successive portions in Fraser's Magazine (1833-1834). It professes to be a history (Devil's Dirt'), professor in the university of or biography of a certain Herr Teufelsdröckh Weissnichtwo (Kennaquhair'), and contains the C. manifold opinions, speculations, inward agonies, The whole book quivers with tragic and trials of that strange personage or rather of C. himself. pathos, solemn aspiration, or riotous humour. now removed to London, where he still resides. In 1837 appeared the first work which bore the author's name, The French Revolution, a History. Nothing can be more gorgeous than the style of this 'prose epic.' A fiery enthusiasm pervades it, now softened with tenderness, and again darkened with grim mockery, making it throughout the most wonderful image of that wild epoch. C. looks on the explosion of national wrath as a work of the divine Nemesis, who 'in the fulness of times' destroys, with sacred fury, the accumulated falsehoods of centuries. To him, therefore, the Revolution is a truth clad in hell-fire.' During the same year, he delivered in London a series of lectures on German Literature; in 1838, another series on The History of Literature, or the Successive Periods of European Culture; in 1839, another on The Revolutions of Modern Europe; and a fourth in 1840, on Heroes, Hero-worship, and the Heroic in History; of these only the last has been published. Meanwhile, the first edition of his Miscellanies (contributions to the reviews) had appeared in 1838, and his Chartism in 1839. In 1843 followed Past and Present, which, like its predecessor, shewed the deep anxious sorrowful interest C. was taking in the actual condition of his countrymen. In 1845, he published The research diswhat is by many considered his master-piece-Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, with Elucidations and a Connecting Narrative. played in this book is something marvellous, but the author has been nobly rewarded for his toil, inasmuch as his vindication of the Protector's character is most triumphant. To C. has thus In 1850, the Latter-day fallen the unspeakable honour of replacing in the Pantheon of English history the statue of England's greatest ruler. Pamphlets, the fiercest, most sardonic, most furious of all his writings, came out. language in these pamphlets offended many. Next year (1851) appeared the Life of John Sterling-a biography of intense fascination for the younger intellects of the age. The latest production of C. is The History of Friedrich II. of Prussia-called Frederick the Great (1858-1864), in 4 volumes. This work gives a graphic picture of Europe on the eve of, and during the Seven Years' War.

CARLYLE, THOMAS, was born 4th December 1795, in the town of Ecclefechan, parish of Hoddam, Educated first at the Dumfriesshire, Scotland. parish school, and afterwards at Annan, he passed to Edinburgh University, with a view to entering the Scottish Church, in his 15th or 16th year. Here he studied irregularly, but with amazing About avidity. The stories which are related of his immense reading are almost fabulous. the middle of his tneological curriculum, C. felt wholly disinclined to become a clergyman, and, after a short period spent in teaching at Dysart, in Fifeshire, he embraced literature as a profession. His first efforts were contributions to Brewster's Encyclopædia. In 1824, he published a translation of Legendre's Geometry, to which he prefixed an Essay on Proportion, mathematics having, during his college years, been a favourite study with him. In 1823-1824 had appeared in the London Magazine his Life of Schiller, and, during the same year, his translation of Goethe's Wilhelm Meister. In 1825, the Life of Schiller was recast, and published in a separate form. It was very highly praised; indeed, one can discern in the criticisms of the book certain indications of the genius of Carlyle. The translation of Wilhelm Meister met with a somewhat different fate. De Quincey, in one of his acrid and capricious moods, fell foul both of Goethe and his translator; while Lord Jeffrey, in the Edinburgh Review, admitting C. to be a person of talents,' slashed in cavalier fashion at the book. In 1827, C. married Miss Welch, a lineal descendant of John Knox, and, during the same year, appeared his Specimens of German Romance (4 vols., Tait, Edinburgh). From 1827 to 1834, he resided chiefly at Craigenputtoch, a small property in Dumfriesshire, belonging to his wife-the loneliest nook in Britain,' as he says himself in a letter to Goethe,fifteen miles north-west of Dumfries, among the granite hills and the black morasses which stretch westward through Galloway almost to the Irish Sea.' Here C. revolved in his mind the great questions in philosophy, literature, social life, and politics, to the elucidation of which-after his own singular fashion-he has earnestly dedicated his whole life. Here, also, he commenced to write the splendid series of critical and biographical essays which first familiarised Englishmen with the riches of modern German thought. For this work, he was incomparably better fitted than any man then living in Great Britain. Possessing a knowledge of the German tongue such as no foreigner ever surpassed, he was also inspired by the conviction, that the literature of Germany in depth, truthfulness, sincerity, and earnestness of purpose, was greatly superior to what was admired and relished at home. Gifted, moreover, in a degree altogether unexampled, with a talent for portraiture, he soon painted in ineffaceable colours on the British memory, the images of Schiller, Fichte, Jean Paul Richter, and other foreign magnates, until then Gradually, educated circles almost unheard of. awoke to the fact, that a literary Columbus had appeared among them, who had discovered a 'New World' of letters, the freshness and grandeur of

The violence of the

What position C. will ultimately occupy in the literature of his country, is not easy to determine. That his genius will never want ample recognition, is most certain; but his writings derive so much of their interest and power from what is peculiar to,

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CARMAGNOLA-CARMONA.

CARNAC-CARNELIAN.

elevated ridge, overlooking a rich and olive-clad in painting are called carnations.
plain, and its old massive Moorish walls and castle
give it a very picturesque appearance. It has a fine
old Gothic church, and the gate of Cordova is a
most interesting piece of architecture. It has
manufactures of woollen cloth, hats, leather; also
flour and oil mills, and an important annual cattle-
fair. Pop. 18,000.

CARNAC, a village in the department of Morbihan, France, 17 miles south-east of Lorient. It is remarkable on account of the great Celtic monument situated about three-quarters of a mile from the village, on a wide desolate plain near the seashore. The monument consists of 10,000—12,000 rude broken obelisks of granite, resting with their smaller ends in the ground, rising, many of them, to a height of 18 feet, though a large proportion does not exceed 3 feet, and arranged in 11 parallel rows, forming 10 avenues, extending from east to west, and having at one end a curved row of 18 stones, the extremities of which touch the outer horizontal rows. The origin and object of the monument remain a mystery. Similar but smaller structures are found to the west of C., at Erdevan and St Barbe. Pop. (1872) 603.

The art of producing the true colour of flesh, from the rarity with which it is acquired by artists, would seem to be one of the most difficult branches of colouring. Whether from their painting less from the nude than the old masters, or from some other cause, it is certain that the moderns, and particularly the English, have been very unsuccessful in this respect. It is said that the pigments must be laid on thick and pasty. The ochres are preferable to vermilion for the local colours; and ultramarino ashes, or Veronese green, mixed with asphaltum, may be used for the shadows.

CARNATION, one of the finest of florists' flowers, a double-flowering variety of the Clove Pink (Dianthus caryophyllus, see PINK), and existing only in a state of cultivation. It has long been a universal favourite, both on account of its beauty and fragrance, although it does not appear to have been known to the ancients. The stem is about three feet high, and generally receives support. There are varieties, called Tree Carnations, with much taller stems, but they are not amongst the varieties esteemed by florists. The flowers are often three inches or more in diameter. Scarlet, purple, CARNAHUBA PALM, or CARANAIBA and pink are the prevailing colours; but whatever PALM (Copernicia cerifera), a very beautiful species are the colours of a C., it is of no value, in the of palm, which abounds in the northern parts of eyes of a florist, unless they are perfectly distinct. Brazil, in some places forming vast forests. It Fulness and perfect regularity are also deemed attains a height of only 20 to 40 feet; but its essential. The varieties are extremely numerous : timber is valuable, is used in Brazil for a great those which have only two colours, disposed in variety of purposes, and is imported into Britain for large stripes through the petals, are called Flake veneering. The fruit is black, and about the size of Carnations; those which have three shades of an olive; it is sweet, and is eaten both raw and colour, also in stripes, Bizarre Carnations; and prepared in various ways. Scales of wax cover the those which have the flowers spotted with different under side of the leaves, and drop off when the colours, and the petals serrated or fringed, receive fallen and withered leaves are shaken. Being the name of Picotees. Great attention is at present collected in this way, the wax is melted into masses; paid in Britain to the cultivation of the C., and very and bees' wax is often adulterated with it. It has fine specimens are often to be seen in the gardens of been imported into Britain, and used in the manu- cottagers, especially about towns and villages. The facture of candles, but no method has yet been soil for carnations must be rich, rather open, and devised to free it of its yellowish colour. the manure well rotted and intimately mixed. The CARNA'RIA (Lat. caro, carnis, flesh), the Latin-finest kinds are generally grown in pots, and receive ised form of the French Carnassiers, the name given by Cuvier to a great order of Mammalia, which, according to his system, includes all the not marsupial Fera of Linnæus, and along with them the bats, from the Linnæan order Primates. The C. have the toes terminated by claws; none of them have an opposable thumb on any of the extremities; they have incisors or cutting teeth, canine teeth or tusks, and molar teeth or grinders, but their dentition varies according to their kind of food, some preying on insects, others on the higher animals, whilst many of them are by no means exclusively addicted to animal food, but subsist in great part, and a few bats entirely, on vegetable substances. Cuvier at first included the marsupial quadrupeds in this order; but afterwards, recognising more fully the great importance of the characteristic from which they derive their name, constituted them into a distinct order, the remaining C. being divided into Cheiroptera (Bats, q. v.), Insectivora (q. v.), and Carnivora (q. v.).

CARNATIC, a country of somewhat indefinite dimensions on the east or Coromandel coast of the peninsula of Hindustan. While some carry it as far inland as the Western Ghauts, others limit its breadth to about 75 miles. The length is generally taken from Cape Comorin to about 16° north. The C. is no longer a recognised division of the country, and exists only in history as the grand theatre of the struggle of last century between France and England for supremacy in India.

CARNATION (from Lat. caro, flesh). Flesh-tints

protection from cold winds and heavy rains, although free access of air is indispensable. Carnations are propagated in summer either by layers or by pipings, which are short cuttings of shoots that have not yet flowered, each having two joints. The young plants are transferred in spring to the bed in which they are to flower.

CARNE'ADES, a Greek philosopher, born at Cyrene, in Africa, about 213 B. C. He studied logic at Athens under Diogenes, but became a partisan of the Academy, and an enemy of the Stoics, whose stern and almost dogmatic ethics did not suit his sceptical predilections. Conspicuous for his eloquence and skill in 'tongue-fence,' he was destitute of any convictions moral or intellectual, and had even arrived at the conclusion that no criterion of truth existed in man. In 155 B. C., along with Diogenes and Critolaus, he was sent as ambassador to Rome, where he delivered two orations on justice, in the first of which he eulogised the virtue, and in the second proved that it did not exist. Honest Cato, who had no relish for intellectual jugglery, and thought it a knavish excellence at the best, moved the senate to send the philosopher home to his school, lest the Roman youth should be demoralised. C. died at Athens, 129 B. C. He was remarkable for his industry, negligent habits, and impatient temper.

CARNE'LIAN, or CORNELIAN, in Mineralogy, the name given to some of the finer varieties of Chalcedony (q. v.). The colour is blood red or fleshcolour, reddish brown, reddish white or yellow, more