CANADA. which was signed September 1760, brought to a final close the era of French dominion in Canada. The people of the conquered country were secured, by the terms agreed to, in the free exercise of their religion; and peace was concluded between Britain and France in 1763. In that year, a small portion of the recently acquired territory was organised by royal proclamation under English laws. In 1774, the new province was extended by parliamentary enactment, and that under French laws, down the Ohio to its confluence with the Mississippi, and up the latter stream to its source. Finally, C. receded to its present limits in 1783, giving up to the American republic the sites of six sovereign states-Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. In 1791, it was divided, under separate legislatures, into two sections-the eastern retain ing French institutions, and the western receiving those of England; and these sections, again, after political discontent had in each ripened into armed insurrection, were re-united for legislative purposes in 1840. In 1763, the French population amounted to about 65,000, occupying the immediate banks of the lower St Lawrence and its tributaries. Excepting within the cities of Montreal and Quebec, the immigrants of a different origin, whether from the old colonies or from the mother-country, scarcely attempted to establish themselves among the ancient settlers; thus producing a kind of reciprocal isolation, which, even down to the present day, has not been materially disturbed. Generally speaking, therefore, the two grand elements of the provincial population are locally distinguished from each other -a relative position which has happily excluded, as between them, nearly every difficulty as to education and religion. The settlers of French origin, almost entirely confined to Lower C., occupy the banks of the St Lawrence and of the lower courses of its tributary streams; all the rest of Lower C. and the whole of Upper C., so far as they are reclaimed at all, belong to colonists of English race. The origin of the name is most probably to be found in the assertion, that Jacques Cartier, the discoverer of Canada, having heard the natives apply the Indian word Kannatha (village) to their settlements, mistook it for the name of the whole country. worthless for every other object. Thus the area for the profitable production of ordinary cereals cannot materially exceed 40,000 square miles, containing, however, within this space a singularly small proportion of irreclaimable surface. This cultivable block increases regularly in width and fertility from its commencement on the lower St Lawrence to the shores of Lake Huron. Below Quebec-to say nothing of the precarious nature of the crops-there may always be seen, on one or on both sides, the primeval forest. Between that city, again, and the basin of the Ottawa, a gradual improvement shews itself, even on the north side; and towards the south, there stretches away to the frontier of the United States a broad belt of generally undulating character, probably the best field in the country for the blending of pasturage and agriculture. From the basin of the Ottawa inclusive, the parallel of the south end of Lake Nipissing may be said to cut off, towards the south-west, the entire residue of the practicable soil, in the shape of a roughly defined triangle, which, as a whole, is at least equal, in the growth of grain in general and of wheat in particular, to any region of the same extent in North America. As C. slants southwards eight or nine degrees from the mouth of the St Lawrence to that of the Detroit, which communicates between Lakes St Clair and Erie, the climate of the west must be warmer than that of the east. In addition to this cause of difference, it holds as a general law over the continent that the climate improves in advancing westward, even on the same parallel. Besides, the lakes of Upper C. appear, in a good measure, to neutralise and mitigate the extremes of a Canadian climate. While Quebec in winter ordinarily enjoys five or six months of sleighing, the corresponding season in Toronto ranges from five or six days to five or six weeks. As to summer, the difference in favour of Toronto is rather in point of duration than of intensity. As indications of the climate of C., it may be stated that the isle of Orleans, immediately below Quebec, is famous for its plums, and the island of Montreal for its apples; and from the neighbourhood of Toronto to the head of Lake Erie, grapes and peaches ripen without any aid whatever. Melons, again, of large size, come to maturity, through the settled parts of the province, in the open air; and pumpkins and squashes attain enormous size, Upper and Lower C. have presented a striking some of them near Toronto having weighed 300 lbs. contrast in their rates of progress. To take, for The climate of C., though, as a whole, vastly steadier instance, the growth of towns: In Lower C., Sher- than that of the British Isles, is yet occasionally brooke, the capital of the Eastern Townships, situ- liable to such changes as among us are all but ated on the river St Francis, with about 6000 impossible. Montreal, for instance, may be said, on inhabitants, forms almost the only addition to an average, to have an extreme cold of 24° below Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal-the three zero, and an extreme heat of 96° above it. Now, French foundations. The growth of Montreal and on short notice, a thaw may surprise the former Quebec, remarkable enough in itself, has been temperature, and a frost the latter; so that there owing rather to their commercial facilities with is room, in winter and summer respectively, for regard to the country at large than to the agri-a comparatively sudden rise or fall of about 60°. cultural resources of their immediate vicinities; In fact, it may be said that C. has the summer of while Toronto, London, Kingston, and Hamilton Italy and the winter of Southern Russia or North -each nurtured chiefly by its own locality-Germany. The following table of temperatures will have an aggregate population of above 120,000. Great part of Upper and Lower C., more especially the shores of Lake Superior, is valuable only for mineral resources, such as iron, zinc, lead, copper, silver, gold, cobalt, manganese, gypsum, marl, granite, sandstone, limestone, slate, and marbles of nearly every imaginable colour. siderable portions also, though heavily timbered, chiefly with pine, are yet but little adapted to settlement and cultivation. Towards the Gulf of the St Lawrence, again, a considerable section But, what is of vast importance to mention, C., derives importance mainly from the fisheries, being, lying in the latitudes of the summer rains, and of with partial exceptions in Gaspe, comparatively the most valuable cereals and grasses, the latitude Con present a clearer idea of its climatic condition than Toronto, average summer temperature, . Toronto, average winter temperature, St Petersburg, " 67.8° 64.5 74.2 24.5 31.4 18.1 CANADA. most favourable for animals which enhance domestic wealth-the ox, the sheep, and the horse-occupies one of the best positions in the world for rearing men and women. It lies in the latitude where man attains the greatest energy of body and mind, and from which have hitherto issued the conquering races. C. may thus be looked on as destined to influence the future of the world. In the matter of communications, C. is unrivalled. The St Lawrence, with its lakes, puts it in connection at once with the most commercial sections of the United States, and with the open ocean. The navigation of this great water-system has been greatly assisted by art. Below Montreal, Lake St Peter has been deepened, so as to admit vessels of over 1800 tons burden; and above that city, a series of cuts, skirting the rapids, admit sea-going vessels into Lake Ontario. Beyond this, the Welland Canal lifts the maritime navigation round the Falls of Niagara into Lake Erie. Without reckoning, therefore, the American works between Huron and Superior, the Canadian settlement at the foot of Sault Ste Marie, now a free port, is virtually, as it were, washed by the tides of the Atlantic. The Allan line of steamers plies weekly between Liverpool and Montreal in summer, and between Liverpool and Portland in winter. In addition to the navigation of the main artery, there are numerous canals and navigable streams and lakes throughout the province. The chief canal is the Rideau, connecting the river Ottawa with Lake Ontario. Over and above all these facilities in the way of navigation, C. is not deficient in roads of every description. To say nothing of the snow and ice, with which, at least in the north and east of the country, the winter paves the length and breadth of land and water alike, or of the macadamised thoroughfares in the older localities, the government has laid out, in the newer and remoter townships, two great systems of highways, seven lines for the upper province, and five for the lower, subsidising, as it were, the same by free grants of 100 acres to each holder on both sides of every route, under condition of residence and cultivation. C. has a network of railways of a total length of 2854 miles. The Grand Trunk, which is at present the longest line in the world owned by any one company and under one management, has an unbroken line of communication from Portland to Lake Huron and Detroit. The Victoria Bridge (q. v.), by which this railway crosses the St Lawrence at Montreal, is one of the wonders of the world. An imperial parliamentary paper, issued in 1872, notifies the guarantee of a Canadian loan of £2,500,000, to be applied to the construction of a railway, through British territory, from Canada to the Pacific, and the improvement and enlargement of the Canadian canals. western terminus of that great railway will be in Vancouver's Island. At Seymour's Narrows, at the widest span, the distance exceeds only by a little the width of the Menai Straits at the site of the Britannia Bridge; and a submerged rock, very similarly situated, is already placed by nature to do the same office as the Britannia rock. Vancouver's Island will thus acquire an additional claim to be entitled 'the gem of the Pacific.' A series of lines has been recently projected, of which two just finished-the Megantic International and the Intercolonial-give Montreal direct railway communication with St John and Halifax, the chief cities respectively of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The Canada, Upper and Lower, has been the most valuable province of British America, and perhaps the most important colony of the United Kingdom. But the name has acquired a considerable extension of territorial signification within the last few years. In 1867, an act for the union of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick was passed, and by it these provinces were federally united into one Dominion under the crown of the United Kingdom, with a constitution similar to that of the mother country (see CANADA, in SUPP., Vol. X.). The whole of the vast territory which the Hudson Bay Company had held for nearly 200 years, under a royal charter issued by Charles II., was transferred to the imperial government in December 1869-the Company receiving an indemnity from the Canadian government of £300,000—and was by order of H.M. the Queen in council, received into the Dominion the following year. The portion of that territory known as Selkirk or Red River Settlement has been erected into the province of Manitoba. This province, hitherto known in the mother country as little more than a region fraught with local rebellion, contains an area of 14,340 square miles, or 9,177,600 acres. It is represented in the senate of the Dominion by two members, and in the House of Commons by four. British Columbia became a member of the Dominion in 1871. Prince Edward Island joined the Confederation in 1873, and the accession of Newfoundland cannot be long deferred; and then the Dominion of Canada' will be a phrase synonymous with the historical one, 'British North America.' This vast extent of territory, a future rival to Russia, and extending from the latitude of Rome to the Arctic Ocean, stands in superficial area (3,500,000 square miles) above the United States (3,390,000), and below Europe (3,650,000). East and west it extends from the 53d to the 141st meridians. The total habitable area is, however, diminished considerably when the frozen regions north of the 60th parallel of latitude are deducted; just as the inhabitable parts of the United States suffer diminution by the arid region west of the 98th meridian, and east of the Rocky Mountains, over which the eye may wander to the horizon without sight of a living thing. The There is no state church in the Dominion. Episcopal Church is governed by seven bishops; the Roman Catholic Church by one archbishop and eight bishops; the Presbyterian Church, which is in connection with the churches in Scotland, by annual Synods. In the province of Quebec, or Lower C., the Roman Catholic religion predominates-the great majority of the inhabitants being French. All the other religious denominations, Congregationalists, Baptists, Methodists, and many miscellaneous creeds, are well represented. The population on the 2d day of April 1871, was ascertained to be as follows: CANADA BALSAM-CANAL. The numbers of a great many other denominations were returned, but they are not of general interest. The total revenue of the Dominion of C., for the financial year ending June 1872, amounted to £3,362,000, and the gross expenditure was £3,650,378, leaving a deficit of £288,378. In the financial estimates for the year ending June 1873, the total expenditure was fixed at £3,992,537. The debt of the Dominion, incurred chiefly on account of public works, the interest of which forms the largest part of the expenditure, amounted in 1870 to £23,198,741; and of this capital £15,169,435 represented debt payable in London. In addition to the troops maintained by the imperial government-the strength of which was reduced, in 1871, to 2000 men-Canada has a large volunteer force, and a newly organised militia, brought into existence by a statute of the first Federal parliament, passed in March 1868, 'to provide for the defence of the Dominion.' The militia consists of all male British subjects between 18 and 60. Official returns of December 1871 give the strength of the active militia of the Dominion of Canada as 43,174. The trade of the Dominion is chiefly with the United States and Great Britain, the greater part of the imports being from the latter country, and the greater part of the exports going to the former. The two staple articles of export to the United Kingdom are bread-stuffs and wool. In the year 1871 the exports of corn and flour to the mother country amounted in value to £2,967,550; of wood and timber to £3,900,670. It is the finest kind of turpentine obtained from any of the Conifera, and is much employed for medicinal purposes, particularly as a stimulant for the cure of mucous discharges, and as a detergent application to ulcers. It is also used for a variety of purposes in the arts-as an ingredient in varnishes, in mounting objects for the microscope, in photography (q. v.), and by opticians as a cement, particularly for connecting the parts of achromatic lenses to the exclusion of moisture and dust. Its value for optical purposes is very great, and depends not only on its perfect transparency, but on its possessing a refractive power nearly equal to that of glass. CANADA GOOSE. See Goose. CANA'L, an artificial channel for water, formed for purposes of drainage, irrigation, or navigation, but now usually employed to designate only such cuts as are intended for the passage of vessels.* means Canals date from a period long anterior to the Christian era, and were employed as a of irrigation and communication by Assyrians, Egyptians, and Hindus; also by the Chinese, whose works of this kind are said to be unrivalled in extent; one of them, the Imperial C., having a length of about 1000 miles. For the most part, however, these early canals were of one uniform level, and hence exhibit no great skill or ingenuity; and the moderns were content to follow the until the 15th c., when the invention of the Lock rudimentary efforts of the ancients in this way (q. v.)—shewing how canals might be generally and The emigrant meets in C. all the main elements of advantageously used for inland navigation, in comfort and prosperity-the civilisation of Europe countries whose surface was irregular-gave a great with the cheaper land and higher wages of America. impulse to this branch of engineering. The Italians Besides the free grants already mentioned along the and Dutch, for both of which nations the invention newly opened highways, he may at reasonable rates, develop this kind of engineering in Europe. In of the lock has been claimed, were the first to and under easy terms of payment, select, from many France, the first C., that of De Briare, to form a millions of acres, such allotments as may suit his communication between the Loire and the Seine, resources, purchasing not only from the government, was opened in 1642. In 1681 was completed the but also from either of the great companies-the British American for the lower province, and the the C. of Languedoc, or the C. du Midi, to connect greatest undertaking of the kind on the continent, Canada for the upper. If he has carried with him the Atlantic with the Mediterranean. The length capital, or has acquired it on the spot by his skill or of this C. is 148 miles, it has more than 100 labour, he will always be able to secure a ready- locks, and about 50 aqueducts, and in its highest erect it. If he has substance to spare, he may It is navigable for vessels of upwards of 100 part it is no less than 600 feet above the sea. invest it in duly registered mortgages at 8 per tons. It was not until nearly a century later that cent., or else buy blocks of about 50,000 acres C. navigation assumed importance in England, each, at prices varying from 9d. sterling to 28. an through the sagacity, energy, and liberality of the acre, and that on not very onerous conditions of Duke of Bridgewater (q. v.), and his celebrated survey and settlement. The Canadians, as a body, are warmly attached to Great Britain. See MoN-engineer, James Brindley (q. v.). The success of these works stimulated other public persons to TREAL, TORONTO, QUEBEC, SUPERIOR, VICTORIA engage in similar undertakings. Speculation in C. BRIDGE; and CANADA, in SUPp., Vol. X. shares became a mania similar to that which over made homestead for less than it would cost him to CANADA BALSAM is a kind of turpentine took the people in connection with railways at a (q. v.) obtained from the Balm of Gilead Fir (Abies more recent period, and a crash ensued on the prosor Picea balsamea), a native of Canada and the pect of war in 1792. It would be an endless task to northern parts of the United States. See FIR. It pursue the history of canal development in Britain, exists in the tree in vesicles between the bark and which speedily became intersected with these watery the wood, and is obtained by making incisions, and highways to an extent unequalled in any European attaching bottles for it to flow into. It is a trans-country save Holland. In the space at our disposal, parent liquid, almost colourless, and with an agreeable odour and acrid taste. It pours readily out of a vessel or bottle, and shortly dries up, and becomes solid. When fresh, it is of the consistence of thin honey, but becomes viscid, and at last solid by age. It consists mainly of a resin dissolved in an essential oil, and its composition is as follows: In the fen-districts of the east coast of England, however, the large channels required for drainage are made subservient to purposes of inland navigation by sluices at the mouth-one to keep out the tide at high water, and another acting in the opposite direction, to retain water of depth sufficient in the channel to float such boats as make use of it. These combinations of drain and canal are commonly called navigations; hence the workmen employed in their construction were called navigators, which, contracted into navvy, is now applied indiscriminately to persons engaged in any kind of earth-works. CANAL. we shall briefly consider the several kinds of canal. On the Morris C. (United States), boats are conSee SUEZ, and SUEZ CANAL in SUPP., Vol. X. veyed on a carriage up a railway inclined plane, Canals may be divided into three general heads-from one reach to another; on the Chard C., viz., 1. Canals proper, i. e., entirely artificial chan- Somersetshire, and on the Monkland C. near Glasnels, having no water running through them beyond gow, they are taken afloat in a caisson, or waterwhat is necessary for their own purpose; 2. Tidal, tight vessel, up or down an inclined plane—in the i. e., affected by the rise and fall of the tides; and latter case, empty boats of 60 tons burden are raised 3. Rivers rendered navigable by weirs built across or lowered 96 feet. them to increase their depth, and having a lock at Other matters engineers have to consider are an one end for the ascent or descent of vessels; and ample supply of water, by means of feeders and occasionally, when there is much fall, or any formid-reservoirs, to the summit-level; stop-gates at conable obstruction in the river, by lateral cuts, with venient distances, to shut off the water in case of locks for part of their course. damage to any part of the C.; means of drainage when repairs are necessary; and provision against leakage through the banks, by puddling or otherwise. The floor-line or bottom of a C. is usually made twice the width of the largest boat likely to enter the C., with an addition of 6 or 8 inches for play at each side, and the depth 12 or 18 inches more than the draught of the boat. Another division may be made (1) of ship-canals for the transit of sea-going vessels generally, from sea to sea; these are necessarily of large dimensions, and must be crossed by swing or draw bridges; and (2) of canals for the passage of mere boats or barges, generally without masts, so that they may be crossed by stone or other solid bridges. The largest ship C. in Europe is the Great North Holland C., completed in 1825, which has a breadth of 125 feet at the water-surface, and of 31 feet at the bottom, with a depth of 20 feet. It extends from Amsterdam to the Helder, a distance of 51 miles; it thus enables ships of as much as 1400 tons burden to avoid the shoals of the Zuyder Zee. The surface of the water in this C. is below the high-water level of the German Ocean, from which it is protected by embankments faced with wickerwork. The locks on this C. are 297 feet long, 51 feet broad, and 20 feet deep. There is a similar C. from near Rotterdam to Helvoetsluis, to avoid the shallows of the Brill at the mouth of the Maas. Another great ship C. is the Caledonian C. (q. v.). The Forth and Clyde C. is also one on a smaller scale for the passage of sea-going vessels. Its length is 35 miles; its medium width is 56 feet at the surface, and 27 feet at the bottom, and its depth 9 feet. It has 39 locks, each 75 feet long, and 20 feet wide, and a rise of 155 feet. In constructing ship-canals, it is important to secure a sheltered entrance, one not likely to become silted up, and of sufficient depth to admit vessels at all times of the tide; and towing-paths on both sides are desirable. Among the principal canals in England for the passage of barges, some of which run to very great elevation, are the The C. of the Loire is one of those aiding the navigation of a river, it has a width on the waterline of 33 feet, and a depth of 5 feet, the locks being 17 feet broad, and 100 feet long. The river Lea and the Mersey and Irwell Navigations in England, and the Welland C. in Canada, formed to connect Lake Erie with Lake Ontario, and avoid the Falls of Niagara, are also among the most noteworthy works of this class; the river Thames, above the first lock at Twickenham, partakes also of the nature of a canal. Many canals pass through long tunnels, some very low and without towing-paths, in which case the mode of propulsion is by the boatmen lying on their backs and pushing with their feet against the roof of the tunnel. The great expenditure of water and time in 'locking' have led to the trial of various other plans for overcoming differences in level. On the Great Western C., boats are raised and lowered by means of machinery, called a perpendicular lift. The introduction of railways has materially interfered with C. traffic, and some canals have been altogether abandoned. Many, however, still continue to prosper, as, for instance, the Grand Junction, the Lea Navigation, and the Trent and Mersey. There are in Great Britain 2172 miles of C. proper, which have been established at a cost of £28,400,000; and 1315 miles of improved river navigation, formed at a cost of £6,270,000. In France, there are 1974 miles of C., the cost of which has been about £12,250,000; and in the United States, 2000 miles, costing £9,200,000. A new canal, which will shorten the distance from Amsterdam to the North Sea to 15 m., was in process of construction in 1873. The harbour is near Wyk-aan-Zee, and the minimum width is to be 80 yards. This canal is being constructed mainly by British capital and engineers. Laws regarding Canals.-The traffic, and generally the rights, duties, and liabilities of canal companies are regulated by two acts of parliament, the 8 and 9 Vict. c. 42, and the 17 and 18 Vict. c. 31, called 'The Railway and Canal Traffic Act, 1854.' The word canal is declared to include any navigation whereon tolls are levied by authority of parlia ment, and also the wharves and landing-places used by such canal or navigation; and traffic is defined as including not only passengers and their luggage, but also goods, animals, trucks, boats, and vehicles of every description. All tolls and charges in respect of the traffic are to be charged equally to all persons. It is declared to be the duty of canal companies to make arrangements for the receiving and forwarding of traffic without unreasonable delay, and without partiality; and facilities are given for a remedy to parties complaining of want of attention in these respects. According to section 7 of the 17 and 18 Vict. c. 31, companies are liable for neglect or default in the carriage of animals or goods, although they may have given notice to the contrary. Where the effect of such neglect or default occasions the loss of or injury to animals, the act provides that no greater damages shall be recovered than as follows: for any horse, £50; for any neat cattle, per head, £15; for any sheep or pigs, per head, £2, unless at the time of delivery for transit, the animals were declared to have been of higher value. No special contract between the company and parties employing the canal shall be binding on the latter unless signed by them. The act saves the rights, privileges, and liabilities of companies under the Carriers' Act, the 11 Geo. IV. and I Will. IV. c. 68. Injury to canals, with intent to obstruct the navigation, is punishable with penal servitude for not more than seven, or less than three years; or imprisonment for two years, with the addition of CANALETTO-CANARIES. hard labour, solitary confinement, and whipping, at the discretion of the court. See CARRIERS. CANALETTO, or CANA'LÉ, the name of two The Venetian painters, who have acquired a reputation for their landscapes and views of towns. elder, ANTONIO C., born 1697, was the son and pupil of a theatrical decorator in Venice. He studied at Rome. He painted a numerous series of excellent views in Venice, among which that of the great canal are especially admirable for their fresh colouring, faithfulness, and the invention displayed in accessory objects. He came to England by the He died in 1768, after having advice of Amiconai. acquired both wealth and fame by his representations of English scenes, several of which are in Buckingham House, and are highly admired. BERNARDO BELLOTTO, surnamed CANALETTO, nephew and pupil of Antonio, was born at Venice, 1724, and attained high excellence as a painter, and also as an engraver on copper. He practised his art in his native place, and afterwards in Rome, Verona, Correct perspective, Brescia, Milan, and Dresden. powerful effects of light and shade, and beautiful sky-tints, are the most prominent characteristics of his works. C. visited England, where, among several other excellent works, he painted a masterly interior view of King's College Chapel, Cambridge. He died in Warsaw, 1780. CANAMI'NA, a town of Dahomey, Africa, about 12 miles south of the capital, Abomey. It is situated in the midst of a cultivated plain, and has a house for the accommodation of white men, set apart by the king. Pop. 10,000. CANANO'RE, a seaport and military station of the district of Malabar, in the presidency of Madras. It is in lat. 11° 52′ N., and long. 75° 26' E., being about 50 miles to the north of Calicut. The town stands at the head of a bay, which, opening from the south, forms its harbour, while the fort and cantonments occupy the bluff headland, which shelters the inlet on the side of the Arabian Sea. C. has been a British Besides pepper, grain, and timber, the neighbour CA'NARAC, a town on the Orissa coast, at the CANA'RIES, or CANARY ISLANDS, a group off the north-west coast of Africa, in lat. 27° 40′- evergreens. The researches of Humboldt and Von Buch led to the division of the botanical geography of Tenerife African forms of vegetation, extends to about 1300 into five distinct regions. The first, or region of feet above the sea, and is marked by the growth of the date palm, sugar-cane, dragon's-blood tree, &c. The second region extends to the height of 2800 nuts, &c., in luxuriance. This zone represents the feet, and produces vines, corn, maize, olives, chestIn the fourth, extending to above vegetation of Southern Europe. In the third region, rising 1200 feet or so higher, we have laurels and 6000 feet, we find vegetation nipped by cold and excessive dryness, snow falling several months of Here are found the year, and only the Pinus Canariensis and other coniferee flourishing. The fifth region attains an elevation of nearly 11,000 feet. a kind of Spartium (Broom) peculiar to this The barren mountain-peaks are zone, with cedrine junipers, and one Alpine plant, Arabis alpina. just below the limit of perpetual snow, although sea, snow is said to be preserved throughout the in a cavern at the height of 11,000 feet above the year. All the rest of the islands are similar in character, with the exception of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, which are less elevated, more abundantly wooded, and more luxuriant in vegetation generally. Minerals are few, and of little importance. Near the sea, the general temperature ranges from 60°-66° F., in the coldest month, January, to 78°-87° F., in the warmest month, October. The rainy season lasts from November to February; from April to October, the weather is uniformly fine. The islands, however, suffer much from the east and south-east winds, which, blowing over the hot deserts of Africa, burn up vegetation, and The annual produce of the generate disease. islands is estimated at 170,000 quarters of grain, 54,000 pipes of wine, 300,000 quintals of barilla, and 500,000 barrels of potatoes, besides oil and fruits of all kinds. The chief foreign trade is with the United States, England, and Hamburg; and an active trade between the islands themselves is carried on. Manufacturing industry is little developed. A captain-general rules over the whole, with a governor for each of the islands under him. TENERIFE, the largest island of the group, has an area of 877 miles, with a population of 85,000. In pal seat of the vine-culture, is situated the famous the north-west of this island, which is the princiPico de Teyde, or Peak of Tenerife (q.v.). The chief 553 |