CADDICE-CADE. produce a pleasant fruit.-The fruit of Opuntia Tuna affords a valuable pigment of the richest carmine colour. The flowers of the C. are in general very shortlived; those of some night-flowering species, as of Cereus grandiflorus, well known in our hothouses, endure only for part of a single night. In the greater number, they are large and splendidly coloured, in some they are very fragrant. The order is regarded as botanically allied to Mesembryacea (q. v.) and to Grossulariacea (q. v., Gooseberry, Currant, &c.). The cultivation of the C. in green-houses and hothouses has been much in fashion for more than 30 years. The gardener must imitate the natural conditions of their growth, by giving water freely during a few months, and withholding it almost entirely during the rest of the year. Most of them are easily propagated by branches, taken off, and allowed to dry a little before being planted. The Melocactide, which do not readily produce branches, are made to do so by cutting off or burning out the central bud, that the means of propagating them may be obtained. CA'DDICE, or CA'DDICE-FLY (Phryganea), a Linnæan genus of insects of the order Neuroptera, a family in subsequent entomological systems, and constituted by Mr Kirby into a distinct order, Trichoptera (Gr. hairy-winged). The caddice-flies certainly differ in important particulars from the other neuropterous insects, and exhibit points of resemblance to the Lepidoptera. They have no mandibles, and the maxilla and lower lip are membranous and united; the head is small, with prominent eyes, and two additional small simple eyes situated on the forehead; the antennæ are long and bristle-like, composed of very numerous indistinct joints. Both wings and body are generally very hairy, and the wings, when at rest, are raised, and meet above the back like those of butterflies, from which, however, they differ very much in form, being much more elongate: the legs are long. Caddice-flies are extremely active, particularly in the evening and at night, when the d с α cylindrical form, the head and first three segments hard, the remainder-the abdominal segmentssoft. To the thoracic segments are attached the feet, six in number, as in the perfect insect. The larva lives always in water, feeding on aquatic vegetables. It spins by its mouth silken threads, by means of which, together with a viscid substance, it attaches together and often in a very symmetrical manner, and with interesting peculiarities which differ in the different species-small hard substances, such as small stones, bits of stick, or small shells, even although they happen to contain living inmates, and thus constructs a case for itself, in which its soft body is protected, and from which only the head and hard thoracic segments are voluntarily protruded. When it changes into the pupa state, in which it differs little from the perfect insect, except in the imperfectly developed wings, it fixes its case to some solid substance beneath the water, and closes the two extremities with a kind of grating, which admits the free passage of water, necessary for respiration. Before assuming the perfect form, the pupa of the larger species breaks out of its case by means of a pair of hooks on the forepart of the head, and swims actively by means of the hind legs, or crawls by the other two pair. Many of the smaller species bring their pupa case to the surface of the water, and there take wing from it as from a boat. The species of caddice-fly are very numerous, and they are said to be more so in the north than in the south of Europe. About 200 British species have been described.-The angler looks for cad-bait about the edges of streams and under stones, or on the stalks of water-cresses, and other aquatic plants. As a bait for angling, the caddice is almost as deadly as the May-fly, and more so, in clear running streams, than the ordinary worm; the usual-sized bait-hook is used, upon which two of the baits are fixed, the angler proceeding exactly as in ordinary worm-fishing. CADE, JACK, a historical character, leader of an insurrection which broke out in Kent, June 1450. Little is known of his personal history, further, than that he was an Irishman, and an illegitimate relation of the Duke of York, and hence called himself Mortimer. With 15,000 or 20,000 armed men of Kent, C. marched on London, and encamped at Blackheath, whence he kept up a correspondence with the citizens, many of whom were favourable to his enterprise. The court sent to inquire why the good men of Kent had left their homes; C., in a paper entitled 'The Complaint of the Commons of Kent,' replied, that the people were robbed of their goods for the king's use; that mean and corrupt persons, who plundered and oppressed the commons, filled the high offices at court; that it was 'noised that the king's lands in France had been aliened;' that misgovernment had banished justice and prosperity from the land; and that the men of Kent were especially ill-treated and overtaxed, and that the free election of knights of their shire had been hindered. In another paper, called 'The Requests by the Captain of the Great Assembly in Kent,' C. demanded that the king should resume the grants of the crown, which he complained the creatures about the royal person fattened on, the king thus being compelled to live on taxation; that the false progeny of the Duke of Suffolk should be dismissed; and that the Duke of York and others should be restored to favour, and a number of persons punished. The court sent its answer in the form of an army, smaller species often fly in great numbers above before which C. retreated to Sevenoaks, where he streams and ponds. These insects are most interest-awaited the attack of a detachment, which he ing, however, on account of their larvæ, of which the larger kinds are the well-known Caddice-worms, or Cad-bait of anglers. They are of a long, almost h Various shapes of Caddice Cases, and perfect Insect: a, case of bark; b, case of sand; c, case of sand, magnified; d, case of grass stems; e, case of grass; f, orifice of case, shewing the silk grating, magnified; g, pupa; h, stone, or caddice-fly. defeated. The royal army now objected to fight against their countrymen; the court made some concessions, and C. entered London on the 3d July. CADELLE-CADENCY. HEHEHEHE For two days, he maintained the strictest order; but Haute Composition Musicale, gives 129 interrupted he forced the mayor and judges to pass judgment cadences. The following are those generally in use: upon Lord Say, one of the king's hated favourites, whose head C.'s men immediately cut off in Cheapside. On the third day, some houses were plundered, the leader himself, it is said, setting the example. C., who at night lodged his army in the Borough, got news that the citizens intended to prevent his entrance into the city on the morrow, and in the night he made an attack on the bridge, but was defeated. A promise of pardon now sowed dissension among his followers, who dispersed, and a price was set upon C.'s head. He attempted to reach the Sussex coast, but was followed by an esquire, named Alexander Iden, who fought and killed him, July 11. His head was stuck upon London Bridge, as a terror to traitors. cara CADE'LLE (Trogosita Mauritanica or boides), an insect sometimes found in granaries in Britain, but seemingly imported from more southerly countries, where, as in France, its larvæ often commit great ravages among stored corn. They also live on bread, almonds, and even rotten wood. When full grown, they are about three-quarters of an inch long, flattened, fleshy, rough with scattered hairs, whitish, tapering towards the head; which is black, horny, and furnished with two curved jaws. The perfect insect is a glossy beetle of a deep chestnut colour, marked with dotted lines. It belongs to the family of Xylophagi, of the order Coleoptera (q. v.), section Tetramera. The name C. is French. CADENCE, in Music, is the finish of a phrase (in German, Schluszfall), of which there are three principal species-viz., the whole, the half, and the interrupted cadence. The whole C., which finishes on the harmony of the tonic, is also called the perfect C., and is always used at the end of a composition, and frequently called the final cadence. In its most perfect use, it consists of three chordsthe one before the final being always the dominant, as for example: CA'DENCY (from Lat. cado, to fall or decline). The marks by which the shields of the younger members of families are distinguished from those of the elder, and from each other, is an extensive, and, in so far as that term can be applied to heraldry at all, an important branch of the science. No distinction is usually made by writers on heraldry, and probably the practice of heralds in general scarcely admits of any being made, between marks of C., differences, distinctions, or even brisures, though the last term is pretty constantly, and quite appropriately used to include not only differences in general, but also abatements (q. v.) or bearings by which the arms of the family are broken or diminished. See BASTARD BAR. But there is a manifest convenience in the practice which is usually followed in Scotland, of appropriating the label, the crescent, the mullet, and the rest of the series of marks, commonly known as marks of C., to the purpose of distinguishing the sons from the father, and of adopting other distinctions such as the and from each other, during the father's lifetime; bordeur of various kinds, the chief engrailed, embattled, and the like, as differences between father, and of the houses descended from them. the coats of brothers, after the death of their Another very common mode of differencing the shields of brothers in early times, was by changing the tinctures; but this is now regarded as too exten sive a change for such a purpose. The method of differencing by means of the ordinary marks of C. will 1 2 First House. 5 Ꮎ The half C., also called the imperfect C., is used to mark the termination of an idea or phrase, like the colon and semicolon; shewing a considerable division, but at the same time that a continuation is necessary. The harmony of the half C. is the reverse of the whole C., as it falls from the tonic to the dominant, and sometimes to the subdominant, as follows: Ꮎ In the interrupted C. (Ger. Trugschlusz; Ital. Cadenza d' inganno), the preparation for the ordinary perfect C. is made; but instead of the harmony of the tonic following the dominant, another harmony quite strange is introduced, so that the ear is deceived. The more particular the preparation for the usual C. is made, the more strange and unexpected is the interruption, which can be made in so many ways that Reicha, in his Traité de Distinction of Houses: In the First House, the first, second, &c., sons are denoted by 1, the label; 2, the crescent; 3, the mullet; 4, the martlet; 5, the annulet; 6, the fleur-de-lis; 7, the rose (not figured in the cut); 8, the cross moline; 9, the double quatrefoil. In the Second House, or family of the second son, the first son is denoted by (1) the crescent, with the label upon it; the second, by (2) the crescent, with the crescent upon it; and so on. In the Third House, or family of the third son, the first son is denoted by the mullet, with the label upon it; the second, by the mullet, with the crescent upon it; and so on. be understood from the accompanying illustration. Fanciful reasons have been imagined by heralds for assigning these different marks to the different sons. The differences at present used by the royal family will be found in most of the peerages. The rule with regard to them seems to be that, unlike subjects, they all bear the label of three points argent; but the label of the Prince of Wales is plain, whilst those of the other princes and princesses are charged with crosses, fleurs-de-lis, hearts, or other figures, for the sake of distinction. One of the most CADENZA-CADIZ. frequent reasons for matriculating the arms of the younger branches of families of distinction in the Lord Lyon's Register, is that they may be properly distinguished from those borne by the head of the house. CADENZA, in Music, an ornamental succession of notes introduced at pleasure by the performer at the finishing of a phrase. splicing ropes, arranging rigging, learning technical terms, going aloft, keeping the log, keeping watch, &c. If the C. serves satisfactorily for 3 months in a training ship, and 15 months in a sea-going ship, he becomes eligible for the rank of midshipman. The cadets mess with the the midshipmen on shipboard. There were 132 cadets on the navy estimates for 1873-1874, receiving each a shilling a day as pay. CA'DER I'DRIS (Chair of Idris, a reputed giant), a picturesque mountain in Merionethshire, Wales, 5 CADETS' COLLEGE. A college with this miles south-south-west of Dolgelly. It consists of an designation was established in 1858 by a remodelimmense ridge of broken precipices, 10 miles long, ling of the Junior Department of the Royal Military and 1 to 3 miles broad; the highest peak reaching College at Sandhurst. Its objects were, to give a an elevation of 2914 feet. It is composed of basalt, sound military education to youths intended for the porphyry, and other trap rocks, with beds of slag army, and to facilitate the obtaining of commissions and pumice. The view from the summit, which is when the education was finished. The age of very extensive, includes the Wrekin in Shropshire, admission was between 16 and 19. The friends of and St George's Channel almost to the Irish coast. a youth, able to pay the sums of money presently CADE'T, MILITARY (Fr. cadet, younger, junior to be named, applied to the commander-in-chief for in service-allied in derivation and meaning to permission to place the youth on the list of candi. cadency (q. v.) in heraldry), is a term applied in a dates; this permission was usually granted on progeneral sense to a junior member of a noble family duction of satisfactory certificates and references. as distinguished from the eldest; and in France, The youth might go up for examination on any halfany officer junior to another is a C. in respect to year. The list of subjects included English composihim. In a strict military sense, however, a C. is a tion, continental languages, mathematics, history, youth studying for the public service. geography, natural sciences, experimental sciences, In England, military cadetship has presented two and drawing. After the examination, the candiaspects, according as it related to the East India dates were reported to the commander-in-chief in Company's or to the royal service. When the their order of merit. Those who had the most Company possessed political and military authority marks were admitted as cadets as soon as vacancies in India, there were about 5000 English officers in occurred in the college. When entered, they studied their pay. Those who commanded the Company's for two years on a great variety of subjects conown regiments had been professionally educated nected with military science and practice. by the Company. A youth, nominated by the friends supplied clothing, books, and instruments. directors, was examined as to his proficiency in an The annual payment for education, board, and ordinary English education, and admitted between lodging varied from £100 per annum down to £20; the ages of 14 and 18 to Addiscombe School or the highest sum being demanded for 'the sons of College, near Croydon. If a probation of six private gentlemen,' while the lowest was deemed months resulted satisfactorily, he entered upon a sufficient for the sons of officers of the army or two years' course of study. If he passed through navy who had died in the service, and whose this ordeal well, he became a C. in the Company's families were proved to be left in pecuniary disservice, receiving pay or salary, and being available tress.' Twenty of the youths were 'Queen's cadets,' for service in India, as opportunity might offer. sons of officers who had fallen in action, or had The system of Indian cadetship underwent various died from the effects of active service, and had left modifications by the introduction of competition in the appointments, and by the transference of the Company's powers to the Crown; and ceased in 1861, when the accession of fresh officers to the local Indian armies was stopped. The second aspect of military cadetship in England, adverted to above, is that of the Royal or Queen's cadets. The arrangements in operation until recently will be found noticed under SANDHURST COLLEGE; and the present arrangements are given under STAFF COLLEGE, and WOOLWICH ACADEMY. CADET, NAVAL, is the lowest grade of officer in the royal navy. The cadets enter the royal service at 12 to 14 years of age. Every captain, on being appointed to a ship in commission, is allowed to nominate one C.; every flag-officer (admiral, &c.), two, on receiving his flag; but all the rest are nominated by the First Lord of the Admiralty, subject to regulations recently made concerning competitive examinations. The candidates are examined at the Royal Naval College at Greenwich; if they pass, they are sent for three months to a training ship at Portsmouth or Plymouth, to learn the elements of rigging and seamanship. If they do not progress sufficiently in the training ship, they are rejected; but if the report is favourable, they become cadets, and are put into sea-going ships. While on board, the C. is expected to watch and learn as much as possible of what is going on-saluting officers, tying knots, The their families in reduced circumstances.' These 20 cadets were admitted and educated gratuitously. The cadet system was abolished in 1870. Sublieutenants of cavalry and infantry, styled 'student officers,' who have done duty with a regiment for about 12 months, are now required to attend the college at Sandhurst, and go through a course of study for a year. At the end of it, on passing a satisfactory examination, they are promoted to the rank of lieutenant, and rejoin their regiments. CADET'S FUMING LIQUOR. See CACODYLE. CA'DI, an Arabic word signifying a judge or person learned in the law, the title of an inferior judge amongst the Mohammedan nations, who, like the Mollah (q. v.), or superior judge, must be chosen from the higher ranks of the priesthood, as all law is founded upon the Koran. city of Spain, capital of the modern province of the CA'DIZ (ancient Gades), an important commercial same name, which forms a part of the great division of Andalusia; is situated at the extremity of the long narrow isthmus of the Isle of Leon, in lat. 36° 32′ N., and long. 6° 17′ W. The Atlantic Ocean washes its western and part of its southern side, and on the north and north-east it is enclosed by the Bay of Cadiz, a deep inlet of the Atlantic, forming an outer and an inner bay. Connected by only a narrow strip of ground (in some places not above 200 yards across) with the mainland, C. is admirably situated for defence; but though it has several sea and land fortifications, these are by no means considered CADMIA-CADUCEUS. Yellow, however, has many valuable qualities, which are causing it rapidly to supersede Naples Yellow. impregnable. The town, which is surrounded by walls, forms nearly a square, each side being about a mile and a half in length. The houses being built CA'DMUS (according to Apollodorus and others) of white stone, the city presents a remarkably bright was the son of Agenor and Telephassa, and the and clean appearance from the sea. The streets brother of Europa. When the latter was carried off are well paved and lighted, regular, but narrow, by Zeus, he and his brothers, as also their mother, and there are some pleasant public walks, the most were sent in quest of her, with injunctions from frequented of which is the Alameda. It has few Agenor not to return without her. Their search public buildings of note; its two cathedrals are, was vain, and the oracle at Delphi told C. to on the whole, but poor specimens of ecclesiastical architecture, and its pictures, with the exception of relinquish it, and to follow a cow of a certain kind one or two excellent pieces by Murillo, are of little should lie down. which he should meet, and build a city where it He found the cow in Phocis, value. C. declined greatly as a commercial city followed her to Boeotia, and built there the city of after the emancipation of the Spanish colonies in Thebes, about 1550 B.C. The myth of C., however, South America; but owing partly to the recent like other early Greek myths, abounds in contradic extension of the railway system in Spain, and tions, and it is wholly impossible to disentangle the partly to the establishment of some new lines of historical facts from the meshes of fable in which steamers, the trade has, within the last sixteen they are imprisoned. To him is ascribed the introyears, revived considerably. To shew this, the duction into Greece of an alphabet of 16 letters, value of the imports in 1856 was £1,383,435; in derived from Egypt or Phoenicia, and the discovery 1871, it was £2,044,861. So the values of the ex- of brass, or introduction of its use. ports in the same years were £1,870,015 and £5,358,991. The number of sailing-ships which entered the port of C. in 1871 was 669, with a tonnage of 167,518; of steamers, 484-tonnage, 178,862. The exports consist of wine, olive-oil, fruits, salt, and metals; and the manufactures of glass, coarse woollen cloth, soap, hats, leather, &c. Pop. about 72,000. C. is one of the most ancient towns in Europe, having been built by the Phoenicians, under the name of Gaddir, 347 years before the foundation of Rome, or about 1100 B. C. It afterwards passed into the hands of the Carthaginians, from whom it was captured by the Romans, who named it Gades, and under them it soon became a city of vast wealth and importance. Occupied afterwards by the Goths and Moors, it was taken by the Spaniards in 1262. In 1587, Drake destroyed the Spanish fleet in the bay; nine years later, it was pillaged and burned by Lord Essex; and in 1625 and 1702, it was unsuccessfully attacked by other English forces. After the revolution of 1808, C. became the headquarters of the insurrectionary junta, by whose orders it was separated from the mainland. The French, in February 1810, commenced a blockade, which they vigorously persevered in, capturing several of the forts, until August 25, 1812, when the victories of the Duke of Wellington forced them to abandon it. The city was besieged and taken by the French in 1823, and held by them until 1828. In the Spanish revolution of 1868, C. played a distinguished part. CA'DMIA is the term applied to the crust formed in zinc furnaces, and which contains from 10 to 20 per cent. of cadmium. CADMIUM is a metal which occurs in zinc ores, and, being more volatile than zinc, rises in vapour, and distils over with the first portions of the metal. See ZINC. C. is represented by the symbol Cd, has the atomic weight or equivalent 5574, and the specific gravity 86. It is a white metal, somewhat resembling tin; is malleable and ductile; fuses at 442° F., and rises in vapour a little above 600°. It is rarely prepared pure, and is not employed in the arts as a metal, though one or more of its salts have been serviceable in medicine. The sulphide of C., CdS, occurs naturally as the mineral Greenockite, and when prepared artificially, is of a bright yellow colour. It is known as CADMIUM YELLOW, and is of great value to the artist. A great variety of tints are produced by mixing it with white-lead. Much of what is sold as Naples Yellow (q. v.) is thus prepared; but the genuine Naples Yellow has a greenish tint, which renders it easily distinguishable from the imitation. Cadmium CADOUDAL, GEORGE, a distinguished leader in the Chouan or Royalist war in Brittany, was born near Auray, in Lower Brittany, where his father was a miller, in 1771. He was among the first to take up arms against the Republic, and soon acquired great influence over the peasants. Captured in 1794, he was sent as a prisoner to Brest, from which he soon made his escape, imprisonment having only increased his loyal ardour. Annoyed at the dissensions between the Vendean generals and the emigrant officers, and the disasters consequent thereon, C. organised an army in which no noble was per mitted to command, and which Hoche, with all his great military talents, was unable to subdue or disperse. In 1799, C. was the soul of the conspiracy to overthrow the First Consul, and place a Bourbon on the throne; but the events of the 18th_Brumaire disarranged the plans of the conspirators. Bonaparte recognised C.'s energy and force of character, and offered to make him a lieutenant-general in his army, which offer C. refused, as well as another of a pension of a hundred thousand francs, if he would only consent to remain quiet. Bonaparte attempted to arrest him, but he fled to England, where, in 1802, he conspired with Pichegru for the overthrow of the First Consul. With this design he went to Paris, but was arrested, condemned, and executed June 25, 1804. C. was a man of stern honesty and true mould; in my hands he would have done great indomitable resolution. His mind was cast in the things,' was Napoleon's estimate of him. Hermes, as he was called by the Greeks, which was CECILIA-CAEN. Hercules, Bacchus, Ceres, Venus, &c. Amongst the moderns, the C. is used as an emblem of commerce, over which Mercury was the presiding divinity. CECILIA (Lat. cæcus, blind), a genus of reptiles, formerly placed among serpents, on account of their form, although, in their anatomical structure, Si Two-banded Cæcilia. peculiarities were observed allying them to Batra chians, with which they are now ranked, the important fact having been ascertained of their breathing by gills when young, and undergoing a metamorphosis. The body is almost cylindrical or worm-like, the head small, the eyes very small, and nearly hidden by the skin; in some species, indeed, imperfect or wanting, upon which account the name C. was given to them, and an attempt has been made to transfer to them the English name Blindworm, commonly given to the Anguis fragilis. The skin is smooth, viscous, and annularly wrinkled, appearing naked, although, upon dissection, minute scales are found disposed between its wrinkles, at least in some species. The vertebræ are articulated as in fishes and in some of the other lower Batrachians, not as in serpents, and the skull is united to the first vertebra by two tubercles. The ribs are imperfectly developed, and much too short to encircle the trunk. The original genus C. has been subdivided, now forming a family, Cæciliada. The species are inhabitants of warm climates, and of marshy or moist places. into smaller ones.-The intestinal canal of some of the Infusoria is furnished throughout its whole length with numerous cæca, no other organ corresponding to a stomach appearing to exist. CÆDMON, the first Anglo-Saxon writer of note who composed in his own language, and of whom there are any remains. The date of his birth is unknown, but his death occurred about 680 A. D. He was originally a cow-herd, attached to the monastery of Whitby, and, according to Bede, 'even more ignorant than the majority of his fellows, so that in the evenings, when the domestics assembled in the hall to recreate themselves with music after the labours of the day, Cadmon was frequently obliged to retire, in order to hide his shame when the harp was moved towards him. One night, however, as he was sleeping in the stable-loft, a stranger appeared to him, and commanded him to sing. C. declared his ignorance, but the stranger would take no refusal, and imposed on the poor cow-herd the sublime task of hymning the glories of creation. Suddenly, a poetic inspiration seized him, and he began to pour forth verses. When he awoke from his dream, the words remained fast-rooted in his memory, and were recited by him to others with new confidence. The Abbess Hilda, and the learned men who were with her in the monastery, immediately declared that he had received the gift of song from Heaven. He was now educated, became a monk, and spent the rest of his life in composing poems on the Bible histories and on miscellaneous served, and are altogether in bulk nearly equal to religious subjects, many of which have been prethe half of Paradise Lost, to parts of which some of them bear a striking resemblance. Satan's Speech in Hell is characterised by a simple yet solemn greatness of imagination, which may possibly have influenced at some period of his life the more magnificent genius of Milton. CÆLATU'RA. See CHASING. CÆ'CUM (Lat. cæcus, blind), a blind sac; that is, CAEN, the chief town in the department of a sac or bag having only one opening, connected Calvados, France-formerly the capital of Lower with the intestine of an animal. In man, there is Normandy-is situated on the left bank of the Orne, only one C., very small, and apparently not per- about 9 miles from its mouth, 122 miles west-northforming any important function, situated at the west of Paris. C. is built in the middle of a fertile extremity of the small intestine, where it termin- plain; its streets are wide and clean, it has several ates in the large intestine or colon. In many of fine squares, and many noble specimens of ancient the mammalia, however, and particularly in most Norman architecture. Among the best examples of those which are herbivorous, it is comparatively are the churches of St Etienne, founded by William large, and is found to secrete an acid fluid resem- the Conqueror, and which contained his monument, bling the gastric juice. It therefore appears that, erected by William Rufus, and destroyed by the where the nature of the assimilatory process is Huguenots in 1562; La Trinité, called also Abbaye such as to require the detention of the food for aux Dames, founded by Matilda, wife of the Con. a considerable time, this provision is made for it, queror; St Nicholas, now used as a shot-factory; in order that digestion may be more completely St Pierre, and St Jean. The castle, founded by the accomplished. The C. is entirely wanting in some Conqueror, and finished by Henry L. of England, quadrupeds, as in bats, and the bear and weasel was partially destroyed in 1793. There are several families. Birds have two cæca, which are generally beautiful promenades in the city, which has manulong and capacious in those that are omnivorous factures of lace, blonde, crape, cutlery, cotton-yarn; or granivorous, and the position of which is the breweries, dye-works, wax-bleaching, and shiponly circumstance that marks the division of the building yards. Its Angora gloves, made from the intestine into two parts, the small and the large unwashed, undyed fur of Angora rabbits, which are intestine, or the ileum and the colon. In reptiles, a reared in the district, are celebrated. Quarries in C. is of very rare occurrence. Fishes have none in the neighbourhood produce an excellent stone, the position occupied by those of quadrupeds and called Caen Stone (q. v.). Trade is facilitated by birds, but many of them have cæca attached to the a maritime canal connecting the port with the sea, intestine at its uppermost part, and very generally and also by the railway connecting it with the regarded as appendages of the stomach. The num- Paris and Rouen line; those to Cherbourg and ber of these cæca is, however, extremely various; Tours; and that to Flors, opened in 1867, which sometimes there are only 2, and sometimes more affords C. communication with Granville. Nothing than 100. The number is different even in very is known of C. before the 9th century. It was nearly allied species of the same family; thus, there a place of importance in 912, when it came into are only 6 in the smelt, but 70 in the salmon; 24 in the possession of the Normans, under whom it the herring, and 80 in the shad. In some fishes, as increased rapidly. William the Conqueror and the cod, the cæca consist of large trunks ramified his queen made it their residence, and greatly |