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BRUNO-BRUNSWICK.

drawing the cabinets of St Petersburg and London closer together, and in the following spring was accredited as permanent ambassador. In this capacity he soon acquired distinction as a diplomatist. After retiring from London on the outbreak of the war in 1854, he represented Russia in Frankfort, and, along with Count Orloff, was sent to the conference of Paris, February 1856. Immediately after the treaty of peace had been concluded, he was sent on a special mission to London, to reestablish friendly relations between the courts of St Petersburg and St James's. He was afterwards appointed to the court of Prussia; but in 1858 he returned to his old place in London, where he was a great favourite. He represented Russia at the conferences in London in 1864 and 1871. In recognition of his services, he was raised by the emperor of Russia to the rank of count in April 1871. In 1874, he retired to Darmstadt, where he died in the following year.

The doctrine enunciated in these is Pantheistic. B. held that the infinite soul of God did not merely inhabit or pervade the universe, but that the universe was simply a manifestation of Him, and therefore itself divine. God was therefore, in the most literal and physical sense, all in all. B.'s philosophy, in later times, was quite unappreciated, and even neglected, until Jacobi drew public attention to it in his Letters on the Doctrine of Spinoza. Both Spinoza and Descartes were much indebted to Bruno. His influence is also discernible in the Pantheistic speculation of modern Germany. Original editions of B.'s works are very rare. Dr Wagner published, along with a life of the author, those written in Italian, under the title Opere di Giordano Bruno Nolano, &c. (Leip. 1830).

He was

BRUNO, THE GREAT, Archbishop of Cologne, and Duke of Lorraine, one of the most eminent men of his time, was born about 928 A.D. the third son of Henry the Fowler, and the brother of Otto I., Emperor of Germany. Baldrich, Bishop of Utrecht, and afterwards Israel Scotigena, and others, were his tutors. His surprising knowledge, sagacity, and eloquence secured for him an immense influence over the bishops and clergy, while, on the other hand, his liberality, meekness, and great earnestness of heart, won the affections and reverence of the laity. Summoned by Otto to the imperial palace, he quickly assumed an influential position among the chroniclers, poets, and philosophers of the court. At a later period, he was appointed Archbishop of Cologne, and Lord High Chancellor of the empire. He accompanied Otto to Italy in 951, and honourably distinguished himself by his fidelity to his brother, when Otto's own son, Conrad, and others of his kindred rebelled against him. As a reward, the emperor appointed him Duke of Lorraine. B. died at Rheims, 11th October 965. He wrote a commentary on the Pentateuch, and several lives of saints.

BRUNO, GIORDANO, the precursor of the school of modern Pantheistic philosophers, was born at Nola, in the kingdom of Naples, about the middle of the 16th century. He entered, at an early age, the order of the Dominicans, but soon began to express his doubts in regard to the doctrines of Transubstantiation and of the Immaculate Conception, in consequence of which he was obliged to flee from his convent. Henceforth, his life was unsettled. In 1580, he went to Geneva, where he spent two years, but having excited the suspicion and dislike of the strict Calvinists of that city by his general scepticism, he judged it prudent to betake himself to Paris, where he delivered prelections on the 'Great Art' (Logic) of Raymond Lully. His disputes with the bigoted Aristotelians of the university of Paris compelled him, however, to leave France. He passed over into England, where he resided for two years in comparative quiet, enjoying the friendship of Sir Philip Sidney and the protection of the French ambassador, Michel de Châteauneuf de la Mauvissière. Here he composed his most important BRUNO, SAINT, the founder of the Carthusian works, but at last, having incurred the displeasure order of monks, was born at Cologne 1051, and of the clergy by his vehement denunciation of the received his earliest education in the school attached Aristotelian philosophy, and other grave heresies, to the Collegiate Church of St Cunibert. Subse he returned to Paris in 1585. In 1586, he proceeded quently, he studied at Rheims, where he distinguished to the university of Marburg, where he matricu-him director of all the schools in his diocese. B., himself so greatly, that Bishop Gervasius appointed lated; and to Wittenberg, where he became pro- however, soon began to be troubled by the wickedfessor; but being asked to join the Lutheran communion, he refused. On his departure from the ness of his time, and, anxious to escape from what city, he pronounced an impassioned panegyric on seemed to him the general pollution, he took refuge, Luther. After spending some time in Prague, along with six pious friends, in a desert place near Brunswick, Helmstadt, and Frankfort-on-the-Maine, Chartreuse, in the diocese of Grenoble. Here, in he resolved to go back to Italy. He fixed his 1086, he founded one of the most austere of all the residence at Padua; but after a stay of two years, monkish orders, which received its name from the he went to Venice, where he was arrested by the locality whence it had sprung. See CARTHUSIANS. officers of the Inquisition, and conveyed to Rome B. and his companions had each a separate cell, in in 1598. He was now subjected for two years to which they practised the severities of the rule of St persecution, in the vain hope that he would recant; Benedict, keeping silence during six days of the but when all the endeavours of his enemies proved week, and only seeing one another on Sundays. ineffectual, he was brought to the stake on the 17th Pope Urban II., who was one of B.'s most eminent February 1600, and burned as an obstinate heretic. scholars, in 1089 summoned the saint to Rome. B.'s writings, of which the most valuable are obeyed the call reluctantly, and steadily refused all composed in Italian, display throughout a strong, second Carthusian monastery, called La Torre, in a offers of preferment. In 1094, he established a courageous, excitable soul, susceptible of deep solitary district of Calabria, where he died in 1101. enthusiasm, but vainly labouring to attain perspicacity. The Cena delle Ceneri, or Evening Conver- He was not canonised until 1628. B. left no written These first made sations on Ash-Wednesday, is an apology for the regulations for his followers. Copernican astronomy; the Spaccio della Bestia their appearance in a complete form in 1581, and Trionfante, or Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast were enjoined on all Carthusians by Innocent IX. (Par. 1584), is a satirical but somewhat heavy allegory in the style of the times. His greatest works are metaphysical, such as the Della Causa Principio ed Uno (On the One Sole Cause of Things), and the Del Infinito Universo e Mondi (On the Infinity of the Universe and of Worlds).

B.

BRUNSWICK, DUCHY OF (Ger. Braunschweig), a state of Northern Germany, consisting of three larger and five smaller distinct parts, and lying mostly within lat. 51° 38′—52° 28′ N., and long. 9° 23′ -11° 30′ E. Its entire area amounts to about 1425 square miles. Pop. in 1871, 311,764 For

BRUNSWICK-BRUSSELS.

administrative purposes, B. is divided into six circles-viz., Brunswick, Wolfenbüttel, Helmstedt, Gandersheim, Holzminden, and Blankenburg. Of the three larger parts, the principal one, forming the circle of Wolfenbüttel, and including the capital, lies between Prussia and Hanover; the second, extending east and west from Prussia to the Weser, divides Hanover into two parts; and the third, forming the circle of Blankenburg, lies to the south-east between Hanover, Anhalt, and Prussia. The smaller parts are the isolated bailiwicks of Calvörde in the east, Thedinghausen in the west (not far from Bremen), and some very small demesnes in the Hanoverian boundaries. B. belongs mostly to the basin of the Weser, which serves as a boundary on the west. The surface is mostly mountainous, particularly in the southern portions of the country, but B. has nevertheless level tracts of considerable extent. The rivers, with the exception of the Weser, are comparatively unimportant, though advantage is taken of one or two for the transport of timber. The climate in the low lands resembles the general climate of Northern Germany; but in the Harz district it is so much colder, that harvest is generally a month later than in the plains.

1815, became the kingdom of Hanover. See HANOVER.

BRUNSWICK, the capital of the duchy of Brunswick, is situated on the Oker, in a level and fertile district, in lat. 52° 46' N., and long. 10° 4' E. B., which is a very old place, is supposed to have been first walled about the 9th c., by Bruno, Duke of Ostfalen. But Henry the Lion, in the 12th c., so greatly beautified and extended the city that he may be almost said to be its founder. In the 13th c., B. became a member of the Hanse League, and soon attained considerable commercial prosperity, but its importance declined with the decay of the League. The town is most irregularly built, with narrow and crooked streets, but possesses the advantages of good causeways and an abundant supply of water. The cathedral-in which are preserved some interesting relics brought by Henry the Lion from the Holy Land-with the churches of St Martin, St Catharine, and St Andrew, with its steeple 316 feet high, are among the principal buildings. In the museum, are some interesting antiquities and works of art by Jan Steens, Albert Dürer, Holbein, Rembrandt, Raphael, Guido, Ruysdael, Michael Angelo, and Benvenuto Cellini. The industry of B. consists chiefly in manufactures of woollen and linen, chicory, beet-sugar, tobacco, papier-mâché, lackered wares, &c. Its great annual fair, founded in 1498, is important. The old fortifications of B. have been demolished, and their site converted into pleasant promenades. A fine avenue of linden-trees leads to the duke's palace, an imposing edifice, built since 1865. Pop. (1871) 57,782.

The mines and quarries of B. produce marble, alabaster, limestone, gypsum, alum, iron, copper, lead, sulphur, and salt in large quantities, with some portions of gold and silver. Agriculture, which is carried on with intelligence and energy, constitutes the chief wealth of the duchy. The products include, beside the ordinary cereals, large quantities of leguminous plants, potatoes, tobacco, and hops. The pasture-land is extensive, and great attention is paid to the rearing of cattle, and especially to the breeding of sheep, wool being an important article of commerce. A large number of persons are employed in the cutting and preparation of timber. The chief manufactures of B. for coating over coarsely finished iron grates, BRUNSWICK BLACK is a varnish employed are of linen, stockings, woollen cloth, metals, porce-fenders, &c. It is mainly compounded of lamplain, paper, sugar, glass, beer, &c.

BRUNSWICK, NEW. See NEW BRUNSWICK. BRUNSWICK BAY, on the north-west coast of Australia, in long. 125° E., and about lat. 15° S. It receives Prince Regent River.

black and turpentine, and when applied with a brush, quickly dries, and leaves a shining jet-black

surface.

The inhabitants are mostly Saxons, and, with the exceptions of about 22,000 Reformed, 5000 Roman Catholics, and 1100 Jews, all adhere to the Lutheran Church. The people in the rural districts speak a BRUNSWICK GREEN is a pigment used in very broad Low-German dialect; but good High- the arts, and consisting of the hydrated chloride German is spoken by the educated classes. Educa- and oxide of copper (CuCl,3CuO,4HO). It may tion is well looked after by the government, which be prepared (1) by acting upon metallic copper is a limited monarchy, the duke being head of the state, and his power restricted by the legislature, which is partly hereditary and partly elective. As a state of the German empire, B. has two votes in the Bundesrathe (confederate council), and sends three deputies to the Reichstag or parliament.

Taxes are voted triennially in Brunswick. The estimated revenue for the three years ending 1872 was 7,196,400 thalers (about £1,080,000). The public debt in January 1871 amounted to 23,765,768 thalers, of which 19,670,700 thalers were borrowed for the construction of railways. The civil list of the duke is not comprised in the budget, being paid out of a special fund consisting of the revenues of the state domains, which amount to 220,722 thalers, and other receipts amounting to 22,333 thalers.

with common salt and diluted sulphuric acid, (2) by acting upon metallic copper with moistened salammoniac, or (3) by mixing sulphate of copper and common salt into a paste with water. It is found native at Atacama, in Peru, in the form of a green sand, hence the name Atacamite (q. v.).

BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles), the capital of Belgium, is situated on the small river Senne, a tributary of the Dyle, in lat. 50° 51′ N., and long. 4° 21' E. It communicates with Antwerp and the Baltic Sea, by means of the Scheldt canal, and railways connect it with Germany, France, and Holland, as well as with all the principal towns of Belgium. The city is built partly on the side of a hill, and partly on a fertile plain; and though some of the streets are so steep that they can be ascended B. was included, as a part of Saxony, under the only by means of stairs, B., on the whole, may be empire of Charlemagne. In 1235, B., with Lüne- pronounced one of the finest cities in Europe. The burg, was made a duchy under Otto, who died in Upper Town, situated on the side of the hill, is 1252, and was succeeded, in 1267, by his son, the newest and most fashionable, and is the resi Albrecht, founder of the older line of Wolfenbüttel. dence chiefly of the great and wealthy. The king's John, another son of Otto, was the founder of the palace, public offices, chief hotels, and mansions older Lüneburg line, which became extinct with of foreign ministers are here. It is also much William of Lüneburg in 1369. In 1569, Henry, more healthy than the Lower Town, which, stretchwho styled himself Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg- ing along the canal and the Senne, is greatly subDannenberg, founded the new House of Brunswick- ject to fogs. But the latter, with its numerous Wolfenbüttel; and his brother William founded handsome old buildings, formerly belonging to the the new line of Brunswick-Lüneburg, which, in Brabant nobility, but now occupied by merchants

BRUSSELS CARPETS-BRUTUS.

I. Under Charles V., B. was made the courtresidence in the Netherlands, and became afterwards, under Philip II., the chief arena of the revolution, and of the atrocities committed by the Duke of Alba and the Inquisition. B. suffered greatly in the war of Spain against Louis XIV.-in whose reign it was bombarded by Marshal Villeroi and upwards of 4000 buildings destroyed-and in that of Austria against Louis XV.; but still more from the continual prevalence of party animosities caused by the policy of Austria. Under the mild rule of Maria Theresa, B. flourished greatly, and in this time, many of its best institutions and public buildings were founded. In 1789 occurred the Brabant revolution under Joseph II; and scarcely had Austrian rule been re-established, after a brief time of independence, when B. fell into the hands of the French, 1792. After other changes of fortune, B., with the other parts of Belgium, was incorporated with the kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815, and so remained until the revolution of 1830, by which it became the capital of the independent kingdom of Belgium.

BRUSSELS CARPETS. See CARPETS.

and traders, has a fine picturesque appearance, in 966 is proved by a deed of the Emperor Otho while some of its public edifices are unrivalled as specimens of Gothic architecture. This part has also several noble churches, but it is now wholly given over to trade. French is spoken in the upper part of B.; but in the lower, Flemish is prevalent, and in one quarter the Walloon dialect is spoken. The English language, owing to the large number of English who reside in B. for economy, is also very common. The walls which formerly surrounded B. have been removed, and their place is now occupied by pleasant Boulevards, shaded by alleys of trees, extending several miles. The Allée Verte-a double avenue along the Scheldt canal-forms a splendid promenade, and leads toward the palace of Laeken, the suburban residence of the royal family, three miles north of the city. Besides the fine park in the Upper Town, covering an area of some seventeen acres, ornamented with fountains and statues, and surrounded by the king's palace, the Palace of the Prince of Orange,' the Chamber of Representatives, and other buildings, B. has several other squares or places, among which the most noteworthy are the Place Royale, with its colossal monument of Godfrey of Bouillon; the Grand Place, in which is situated the Hôtel de Ville, a splendid Gothic structure, erected in the beginning of the 15th c., with a pyramidal tower 364 feet high, surmounted by a statue of St Michael, the patron saint of B., and where, in 1568, the patriot counts, Egmont and Horn, were beheaded by order of the Duke of Alba; and the Place des Martyrs, where a memorial has been erected to those who fell here in the revolution of 1830. Among the churches of B., the largest and finest is the cathedral of St Gudule, which dates from the 12th c., and is built in the pointed Gothic style, with two towers of more modern date, rising on each side to a height of 264 feet, many richly painted windows, a pulpit considered the master-piece of Verbruggen, and monuments of the Dukes of Brabant and other distinguished persons. In the Palais des Beaux Arts is the picture-gallery, containing the finest specimens of the Flemish school of painting; the public library with its 234,000 volumes, and its 20,000 MSS., collected by the Dukes of Burgundy-MSS. interesting and valuable not only for their contents, but for the beautiful miniature paintings with which the scholars of Van Eyck adorned them. The Observatory is one of the finest in Europe, and is under the charge of the celebrated mathematician Quetelet. The educational establishments of B. are numerous, the principal being the free university, founded in 1834, with four faculties-viz., law, medicine, mathematical and physical sciences, and belles-lettres, and having a special school of pharmacy attached. It has also numerous charitable and benevolent institutions; and is the seat of the provincial government of South Brabant, as well as of the general government of the kingdom. B. is one of the chief centres of the industry of the country. Its lace is particularly famous. Of the esteemed carpets which pass under the name of B. carpets, only a few are manufactured here, most of those of Belgic make being produced at Tournai. It has also manufactures of damask, linen, ribbons, paper, jewellery, hats, soap, porcelain, mathematical and musical instruments, &c. Carriage-building is also an important branch of industry. Printing and lithographic establishments are numerous; and about a dozen newspapers are published daily. Pop. in 1870, 176,806.

As early as the 8th c., we find B. (Bruchsella), then probably a villa of the Frank kings, mentioned in old chronicles, and that a church existed here

890

BRUSSELS SPROUTS, one of the many cultivated varieties of Brassica oleracea (see BRASSICA and CABBAGE), distinguished by producing, in the axils of the leaves, little clusters of leaves which close together and form miniature cabbages. These are used, like other greens of this species, for the table, and are very delicate. The plant is culti vated much in the same way as cabbage or kale, requiring, however, less space than most of the varieties. It may be planted in shady situations, or between the rows of crops, such as pease, beans, scarlet-runners, &c., which are to be removed from the ground in autumn. The sprouts are fit for use chiefly in winter and spring. The stem sometimes attains a height of four feet, and the head resembles a small imperfectly bolled savoy; but there is a subvariety with shorter stems, preferable for many situations. In some places, it is customary to remove the head early in winter, in order to promote the development of the lateral shoots in spring; but if the head is allowed to remain, the plant becomes taller, and new shoots are formed as the lower ones are removed.

The seed is sown in February or March. Seed is very generally imported from Belgium, as this vegetable is said to degenIts use has of late rapidly extended, and none of the many varieties of the species to which it belongs is better deserving of cultivation.

erate in Britain.

BRUTUS, LUCIUS JUNIUS, figures in the legendary history of early Rome, as the hero who overturned the monarchical, and established the republican form of government. The legend runs that he was the son of a rich Roman. On his father's death, Tarquin the Proud took possession of the property, and put an elder brother to death, and B. himself only escaped the same fate by feigning idiocy (hence the name Brutus, stupid). The oracle of Delphi foretold that he should govern in Rome. Remembering his own wrongs, and gifted with the strength and wisdom of one who was fulfilling the decrees of fate, B., when the foul rape committed by one of the royal family upon Lucretia had shocked the people, convoked them, placed himself at their head, and drove the kings from Rome. He is said to have been then elected one of the two first consuls (509 B. C.). That his character as a stern old Roman hero might be complete, the legend adds that he sacrificed to the new republic his own sons, detected in a conspiracy to restore the monarchy;

BRUTUS-BRYONY.

and that at last he fell in mortal combat repelling an attack led on by one of the sons of Tarquin. Little more, however, can be said to be established upon sufficient historical evidence with regard to B., than that there existed a person of that name who held high office in Rome at a very early period.

BRUTUS, MARCUS JUNIUS, born 85 B. C., appears to have spent the early years of manhood in exclusive devotion to literary pursuits, and not to have taken part in the political dissensions agitating Rome till he had attained a mature age. When the civil war broke out between Pompey and Cæsar, he sided with the former; but after the battle of Pharsalia, made his submission to the latter, and, in the following year, was appointed governor of Cisalpine Gaul. On returning to Rome, he divorced his wife, in order to marry Portia, the daughter of Cato, of whose principles in politics he professed to be a disciple. The influence of Cassius prevailed upon him to join the conspiracy which ended in the murder of Cæsar. The efforts of B. to retain popular favour afterwards being unavailing to counteract the effects of the eloquence of Antony, he was forced to leave first Rome, and then Italy. The remainder of his life was spent partly in Athens, partly in Asia Minor, and partly as the leader of a marauding force which maintained itself by plundering the inhabitants of the eastern Defeated by Antony and shores of the Adriatic. Octavianus (Augustus) at the battle of Philippi (42 B. C.), he terminated his life by falling upon his sword.

BRÜX, a town of Bohemia, situated on the Bila, about 14 miles north of Saatz. In its vicinity are extensive coal-mines, and the famous mineral springs of Pullna and Seidlitz, from which the inhabitants of B. prepare a considerable quantity of salts. Pop.

(Dec. 31, 1869) 6308.

BRUYÈRE, JEAN LA. See LABRUYÈRE.

BRYANT, JACOB, an eminent English scholar, was born at Plymouth in 1715. He was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, where he took his degree of M.A. in 1744. In 1756 he became private secretary to the Duke of Marlborough, and accompanied his Grace to the continent. Substantial proofs of the duke's esteem raised him above the region of pecuniary cares, and enabled him to devote his whole life to letters. He died 14th November 1804. Among his numerous publications, may be mentioned: Observations and Inquiries relating to various Parts of Ancient History (Cambridge, 1767); A New Sys tem or Analysis of Ancient Mythology (1774-1776); Vindicia Flaviana (a defence of Josephus's testimony in regard to Christ), (1780); Treatise on the Authenticity of the Scriptures and the Truth of the Christian Religion (1792); A Dissertation concerning the War of Troy, &c. (1796); The Sentiments of PhiloJudæus concerning the Logos (1797); and a variety of Dissertations on the Difficult Passages of Scripture (1803). B. was a man of great and varied learning, but his intellect, although acute, was neither philosophical nor comprehensive enough to enable him to handle in a satisfactory manner the important questions on which he wrote.

he removed to a more congenial sphere, and in asso-
ciation with a friend, established The New York
Review, to which he contributed many of his best
poems. In 1826 he became principal editor of The
Evening Post, the leading democratic paper of New
manliness and purity of tone of which the examples
York, which he still continues to conduct with a
among his professional brethren might be increased
with advantage. The first collected edition of his
poems appeared in 1832. They were soon after
republished in Britain, and were regarded as the
In 1842 he published The Fountain, and
highest efforts, up to that time, of the American
Muse.
Other Poems. B. visited Europe in 1834, and again
in 1844 and 1849. The result of his observations
was, Letters of a Traveller in Europe and America.
In 1858 appeared a new edition of his poetical
works, with 71 engravings. In 1869, he published
a metrical translation of the Iliad, followed in
1871 by a similar one of the Odyssey. Although
the popularity of B.'s writings has been eclipsed by
that of Longfellow and Poe, he has still a large
circle of readers and admirers.

BRY'ONY (Bryonia), a genus of plants of the
natural order Cucurbitaceae, distinguished by tria-
delphous stamens, with distinct anthers, a trifid
style, and a few-seeded fruit destitute of hard rind.
The stems climb by means of lateral tendrils, the
leaves are angular or 3-5-lobed, and the flowers cam-
panulate, 5-partite, unisexual, and generally yellow.
The COMMON BRYONY (B. dioica), the only British
not indigenous to Scotland. It has cordate palmate
species, is frequent in hedgerows in England, but is
leaves, axillary bunches of flowers, and red berries
about the size of a pea. It abounds in a fetid and
B. alba, common in the
acrid juice. The root is perennial, very large, white
purgative, and emetic.
and branched, has a repulsive smell, and is acrid,
middle parts of Europe, possesses similar properties.

Common Bryony.

The root of both is applied topically to bruises, and was formerly very much in use as a purgative. It is now again much employed in homoeopathic practice. A decoction made of 1 lb. of the fresh root is said by Withering to be the best purge for horned BRYANT, WILLIAM CULLEN, a distinguished cattle.' It contains a bitter extractive, called BryoAmerican poet and journalist, was born in Hamp-nine, to which it seems to owe its properties. The shire, Mass., November 3, 1794. At the early age of 10, he published translations from some of the Latin poets; at 13, he wrote a terse and vigorous political poem, entitled The Embargo; and at 18, he composed his Thanatopsis, a poem full of beauty. In 1815 he was admitted to the bar, and for ten In 1825 years practised with diligence and success.

young shoots of both species are, however, so free from acrid and dangerous qualities, that they may be used as pot-herbs.-The roots of other species of the genus are also acrid and purgative; but it is said that the root of B. Abyssinica, when cooked, is eaten without danger.-BLACK BRYONY (Tamus communis) is a plant of a different natural

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BRYOZOA-BUBALUS.

order (Dioscoreaceae, q. v.). The genus is distin- leaves. It is not cultivated, and the only use to guished by an inferior ovary and succulent fruit. which it is put by the natives is to afford threads Black B. has long twining stems, cordate undivided

leaves, greenish flowers, and red berries. Its roots are very large and fleshy, black externally. The berries are unwholesome, and the whole plant is acrid, the roots so much so as to have been formerly employed for stimulating plasters. But the young suckers, in which the acrid principle is not much developed, are eaten in Greece as asparagus, after careful boiling with change of water, as are also those of T. Cretica. The plant is common in most parts of Europe, and is found in England, in hedges and thickets.

BRYOZO'A. See ZOOPHYTES.

BRY'UM (Gr. bryon, moss), a genus of Mosses (q. v.) distinguished by a terminal fruit-stalk, a double peristome (see MOSSES)-the outer one of 16 teeth, the inner a membrane cut into 16 equal

a

b

Bryum Longicollum:

d

a, Sterile shoots with leaves; b, fertile plant, shewing the spore-case and its stalk; c, the spore-case or capsule, magnified; d, the calyptra, magnified; e, the top of the spore-case or capsule, shewing the double peristome, inagnified.

segments-and a dimidiate calyptra. The species are very numerous, and many of them are natives of Britain. They are all small, their stems short, and their leaves forming little rosettes, from the centre of which the fruit-stalk springs. They very generally grow in dense patches, on wet rocks, wet earth, the bark of trees, &c., beautifully clothing them with bright green.

BRZESC LITE'WSKI, a walled town of Russia, in the government of Grodno, about 108 miles south from the city of the same name. Being advantageously situated on the right bank of the Bug, it has an extensive trade. It was the scene of a battle between the Russians and Poles in 1794. Pop. (1867) 22,493.

BRZE ZAN, a town of Galicia, situated on the Zlota-Lipa, about 54 miles south-east of Lemberg. It has an old castle and a gymnasium, and manufactures of linen, sail-cloth, and leather. Pop. 7299.

BUA'CHE, or GARDEN ISLAND, an island of Western Australia, near the mouth of Swan River, in lat. 32° 10′ S., and long. 115° 40′ E. Though measuring only 6 miles by 1, it is yet important as sheltering from the open ocean the deep and spacious anchorage of Cockburn Sound, which flows between it and the mainland of the colony.

BU'AZE, a South African plant, of which the botanical characters and relations are not yet known, but which is likely to prove of importance on account of its fibre. Dr Livingstone found it growing in large quantities in the Maravi country, north of the Zambesi; but he could not procure any specimen in flower or fruit, and Dr Hooker did not recognise the specimens of branches and

Buaze.

for stringing beads on; but Dr Livingstone thinks its fibre stronger and finer than flax, and says that a firm thread of it feels like catgut in the hand, and would rather cut the fingers than break.

BU'BALUS, BU'BALIS, or BU'BALÉ (Antilope Bubalus), supposed to be the Bubalus of the ancients -although that name is now generally appropriated to the buffalo (q. v.)-a species of antelope, of that section of the genus which is characterised as boviform or ox-like. The Arabic name is Bekker-elWash, which signifies wild ox. It is an animal head and muzzle the head, however, remarkably about the size of a large stag, with very ox-like

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long; the horns about as long as the head, surrounded by a succession of thickened rings, curved BO as somewhat to resemble the sides of a lyre, the points directed backward. The general colour is yellowish brown, but the tail is terminated by a black tuft. The B. is an animal of rather coarse appearance, very destitute of the gracefulness of the typical antelopes. It inhabits Barbary, and occasional wanderers make their way to the banks of the Nile. It is figured on the monuments of ancient Egypt. It is gregarious in its habits. It is said to be easily domesticated. The most nearly related species to this, of other antelopes known, is the KAAMA (q. v.) of South Africa.

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