BRIGANTES BRIGHTON.

recent days, and, like them, addicted to marauding and pilfering; hence the word Brigand. BRIGA'NTES. See BRITANNIA. BRIGANTINE. See BRIG.

war.

office under Mr Gladstone as President of the Board

general election which followed, was re-elected for Manchester. A member of the Peace Society, and strenuously opposed to the war with Russia in 1854, B. was one of the meeting of the Society of Friends, by whom a deputation was sent to the BRIGGS, HENRY, a distinguished mathematician, Emperor Nicholas to urge upon him the maintenance was born in 1556, at Warleywood, near Halifax, of peace; and the following year he took a promiYorkshire, and studied at St John's College, Cam- nent part in energetically denouncing the Crimean bridge. In 1596 he was appointed first reader in A severe illness compelled him to withdraw geometry at Gresham House (afterwards College), for a time to the continent, and in his absence he London, and in 1619 first Savilian professor of was rejected by Manchester. Elected in 1857 for geometry in Oxford. This office he retained till Birmingham, he seconded Mr Milner Gibson's motion the time of his death, which took place at Oxford, against the second reading of the Conspiracy Bill, January 26, 1631. B. made an important contri- which led to the overthrow of Lord Palmerston's bution to the theory of logarithms, of which he government. Since then, his name has been chiefly constructed invaluable tables. Napier the inventor associated with the movement for reforming the had, in 1614, published a table of the so-called electoral representation, which resulted in the act natural logarithms, when B. observed that another of 1867. During the war in America, he was a system, in which the logarithm of 10 should be taken as unity, would afford great facilities of calculation. Napier admitted the improvement on his own system, and intended to assist in carrying the plan into effect; but died in 1618, when the whole work was left to Briggs. In the same year he published his Chilias Prima Logarithmorum, containing the first thousand natural numbers calculated to eight decimal places, and in 1624 published his Arithmetica Logarithmica, the fruit of many years of unwearied application, and giving the logarithms of natural numbers from 1 to 20,000, and from 90,000 to 101,000, with fifteen places. His system of logarithms is that now commonly adopted. Leaving others to carry out his calculations, for which he had provided every facility, he next employed himself on a Table of Logarithms of sines and tangents, carried to the hundredth part of a degree, and to fifteen places, which, with a table of natural sines, tangents, and secants, was posthumously published at Gouda, in Holland, 1633, under the title of Trigonometria Britannica.

BRIGHT, JOHN, a popular politician, first brought into notice by the Anti-Corn-Law agitation, son of Jacob Bright, a Quaker cotton spinner and manufacturer at Rochdale, Lancashire, was born at Greenbank, near that town, November 16, 1811. In 1835, he made a foreign tour, which included a journey to Palestine, and, on his return, delivered before a literary institution at Rochdale, of which he was one of the founders, lectures on the subject of his travels, and on topics connected with commerce and political economy. When the Anti-CornLaw League was formed in 1839, he was one of its leading members, and, with Mr Cobden, engaged in an extensive Free-trade agitation throughout the kingdom. In the spring of 1843, he offered himself as a candidate for the representation of Durham, and, though at first unsuccessful, he became, in July of the same year, M.P. for that city. At all times an animated and effective speaker, B. was incessant, both at public meetings and in parliament, in his opposition to the Corn Laws, until they were finally repealed. In 1845 he obtained the appointment of a select committee of the House of Commons on the Game Laws, and also one on the subject of cotton cultivation in India. An abridgment of the evidence taken before the former, published in one volume, contained from his pen an Address to the Tenant Farmers of Great Britain, strongly condemning the existing Game Laws. At the general election of 1847, he was elected one of the members for Manchester. He co-operated with Mr Cobden in the movement in favour of financial reform. On the formation of the first Derby ministry, February 27, 1852, B. aided in the temporary re-organisation of the Corn-Law League, in favour of the principles of Free Trade; and at the

strong advocate of the North. In 1868 he accepted of Trade, but in December 1870 was again obliged to retire, in consequence of severe illness.

BRIGHTENING, in Calico-printing, is the operation of rendering the colours of printed fabrics more bright or brilliant, by boiling them in solutions of soda and other materials.

BRIGHTON, originally Brighthelmstone, a town and a celebrated watering-place on the seacoast of Sussex, 50 miles south of London. It is built on a slope ascending eastward to a range of high chalk-cliffs (backed by the South Downs), bounding the coast as far as Beachy Head; to the west, these hills recede from the coast, and leave a long stretch of sands. Anciently, Brighthelmstone was a mere fishing-village on a level under the cliff; and more than once it was burnt and plundered by French marauders. It was fortified by Henry VIII., and more strongly by Elizabeth; but the sea proved more dangerous than the French, and now washes over the site of the village of those days. The inroads of the sea in 1699, 1703, and 1705, undermined many cliffs and destroyed many houses. Its further inroads are prevented by a sea-wall of great strength (60 feet high, 23 feet thick at the base, and 2 miles long), extending along the cliffs, and built at the cost of £100,000. The writings of Dr Russel, a celebrated physician of George II.'s time, first drew public attention to B. as an eligible watering-place, and the discovery of a chalybeate spring in the vicinity increased its popularity. The visit of the Prince of Wales in 1782, and his subsequent yearly residence there, finally opened the eyes of the fashionable world to its immense attractions, and B. thenceforth became the crowded resort of a health-seeking population. Its progress has been very rapid, and the town is still steadily increasing. B. is for the most part extremely well built, as becomes a favoured retreat of wealth and aristocracy. It mostly consists of new and elegant streets, squares, and terraces. The hotels are magnificent. A range of splendid houses fronts the sea for nearly 3 miles, including the famous seawall, and the beach is easily accessible by gaps in the chalk-cliffs. Formerly, trees were a great rarity in B.; but within the last twelve years they have been planted both in and around the town, and are now to be seen of considerable size in the North Steyne Enclosures, the Level, and the Queen's Park. Pop. in 1801, 7339; in 1821, 24,429; in 1851, 65,569; in 1871, 90,011. B. returns two members to parliament. The population is greatly increased during the fashionable season by the influx of visitors. The town was incorporated in 1854. Living and house-rent are about a third higher than in London.

course.

BRIGHT'S DISEASE-BRINDISI.

It

salubrious place, has manufactures of broad-cloth,
silk twist, soap, leather, pottery, &c.; and a trade in
BRIHUEGA, a town of New Castile, Spain, 20
wines, brandy, olives, and prunes. Pop. (1872) 4626.
miles east-north-east of Guadalajara, is situated on
the Tajuña, and was formerly surrounded by walls,
of which traces still exist. The remains of an old
Moorish fortress now serve as a cemetery. B. has
manufactures of woollens, linen, glass, and leather.
Pop. 4500. Here, in 1710, during the War of the
Succession, the English general Stanhope, owing to
the dilatoriness of his allies in affording him support,
was defeated by the Duke de Vendôme, and com-
pelled to surrender, with all his force, amounting to
about 5500 men.

a

Near the centre of the town is the Pavilion or
Marine Palace, a fantastic Oriental or Chinese
structure, with domes, minarets, and pinnacles, and
Moorish stables, begun for the Prince of Wales in
1784, and finished in 1827. It is now the property
of the corporation of B., and with its fine pleasure-
grounds of above seven acres, it is devoted to the
recreation of the inhabitants. It stands in the
Steyne, an open space between the east and west
The Marine Parade, a fine
parts of the town.
terrace, extends about a mile along the margin of
the cliff, between the Steyne and Kemp Town, a
handsome district on the east. Westward, there is
a similar parade or promenade, extending a great
BRIL, the name of two Dutch painters.-
length in front of the more modern part of the town,
and here there is daily a large and fashionable con-
There are two piers-a Chain Pier on the MATTHEUS B., born at Antwerp, 1550, went during
east, opposite the Marine Parade, and a broad wooden his youth to Italy, and, under the patronage of
He was also distinguished as
pier on piles on the west; both are used for prome- Pope Gregory XIII., painted several frescoes in
nading. A magnificent aquarium, 715 feet in length, the Vatican.
historical and landscape painter. He died in 1584.
was opened in 1872. B. has no maritime trade.
is reputedly a town for recreation and sea-bathing. His more celebrated younger brother, PAUL B.,
Its only defect is a want of trees to shade born 1554 or 1556, received instruction under
the promenades; the sea-breeze being adverse to Matthæus in Rome, and soon excelled his master.
B. possesses several large
style which then prevailed; but gradually his style
the growth of trees.
public hotels, and is more particularly noted for His pieces were at first conceived in the fantastic
its excellent private hotels or boarding houses, increased in power and beauty, until it exerted
a striking influence over landscape-painting. The
locally known as 'Mansions.' B. is connected with
London, and also with the towns along the coast, by works of his riper age exhibit high poetical qualities,
railways. From its salubrity, the town abounds in and a fine appreciation of the effects of light in the
sky, which have been described as but little inferior
boarding-schools.
to those of his great successor, Claude Lorraine.
They have a character of solemn rest and calmness,
and at times even an elegiac tone of melancholy,
which well accords with representations of the
glories of fallen Rome. A collection of excellent
landscapes by B. is found in the palace Rospigliosi
in Rome, and two beautiful landscapes enrich the
scapes, B. painted scenes from biblical history;
gallery of the Pitti Palace, Florence. Besides land-
among them, the Tower of Babel,' now in the
Berlin Museum. Other pictures by B. are found
in the galleries of Munich, Vienna, and the Louvre.
He died at Rome in 1626.

BRIGHT'S DISEASE (of the kidneys), so
called after the English physician, Dr Bright, who
first investigated its character, consists of a degen-
eration of the tissues of the kidney into fat, and
will be better understood after the anatomy of
Suffice it to say
the organ has been studied.
now, that this degenerated condition impairs the
The
excreting powers of the organ, so that the urea is
not sufficiently separated from the blood.
flow of the latter, when charged with this urea,
is retarded through the minute vessels, congestion
ensues, and exudation of albumen and fibrin is the
result. When we apply heat to the urine from a
kidney so affected, it becomes opaque, shewing that
it contained albumen (q. v.); and on examining a
drop of it under the microscope, we observe the
exuded lymph mixed with epithelium in the form
of casts of the small ducts of the diseased organ.
The patient presents a flabby, bloodless look, is
drowsy, and easily fatigued. The disease may suc-
ceed any of the eruptive fevers, and is frequently
associated with enlargement of the heart.

The causes of this terrible malady are any which
cause congestion of the kidneys-indulgence in strong
drinks, long-continued suppuration, exposure to wet
and cold, the exanthematous fevers, and pregnancy.
The indications for treatment are, to remove any of
those causes which may be present, rectify the other
secretions, relieve any temporary congestion of the
kidneys, at the same time endeavouring to increase
the number of red blood globules by the admin-
And in
istration of iron and vegetable bitters.
the advanced stages, when the blood is poisoning
the nervous centres, attempts should be made to
restore the secretion of urine by administering
diuretics (q.v.), by giving hydrochloric and vege-
table acids, sponging the patient with vinegar, and
relieving the congestion of the brain by purgatives
and local bleeding.

BRIGNOLES, a town in the department of
Var, France, beautifully situated in a fertile valley,
surrounded by forest-clad hills, and watered by a
stream called the Calami, about 22 miles west-
B., which is a very
south-west of Draguignan.

BRILL (Rhombus vulgaris), a fish of the same genus with the turbot (q. v.), found in considerable abundance on some parts of the British coasts, and common in the markets of the larger towns. It resembles the turbot more than any other British species of this genus, but is at once distinguished by its inferior breadth, which (excluding the fins) is tubercles on the upper surface; by a few of the only equal to half its entire length; by the want of most anterior rays of the dorsal fin being elongated beyond the membrane; and by the colouring, which is reddish sandy-brown on the upper side, varied with darker brown and sprinkled with white pearly spots, the under side being (as in the turbot) white. The B. is taken both in sandy bays and in deep water. Although considered very inferior to the turbot, it is yet much esteemed for the table. It seldom or never attains so great a size as the turbot, rarely exceeding 8 lbs. in weight.

BRILLIANT is a popular name given to the diamond when it is cut in a particular way. See DIAMOND.

BRIMSTONE (Saxon, Brenne-stone, a stone that burns) is the vulgar name for sulphur (q. v.).

BRINDISI (the ancient Brundisium or Brundusium), a seaport town of Southern Italy, in the province of Lecce, is situated on a small promontory in a bay of the Adriatic Sea, about 45 miles east-north-east of Taranto. B. is a city of very great antiquity. It was taken from the Sallentines by the Romans 267 B. C., who some twenty years

349

1

BRINDLEY-BRINVILLIERS.

later established a colony here. The town, partly by exposure to sun and air for about a fortnight, it owing to the fertility of the country, but chiefly destroys the life of almost all other marine animals. on account of its excellent port-consisting of

an inner and outer harbour, the former perfectly landlocked, and capable of containing the largest fleets and of easy defence on account of its narrow entrance, and the latter also very well shelteredrapidly increased in wealth and importance. It soon became the principal naval station of the Romans in the Adriatic. In 230 B. C., B. was the starting-place of the Roman troops that took part in the first Illyrian War; and from this point the Romans nearly always directed subsequent wars with Macedonia, Greece, and Asia. And when the Roman power had been firmly established beyond the Adriatic, B. became a city second to none of South Italy in commercial importance. Horace, who accompanied Antony in a hostile movement on B., in 41 B. C., has made the journey the subject of one of his satires (Sat. i. 5). Virgil died here, in 19 B.C., on his return from Greece. The city appears to have retained its importance until the fall of the empire, but it suffered greatly in the The full-grown B. is about half an inch long. The wars which followed. When the Normans became little animal is almost transparent, and is extremely possessed of it in the 11th c., the Crusaders made active and graceful in its movements. The workmen it their chief port for embarkation to the Holy at salt-pans so confidently ascribe to it the rapid Land; but with the decline of the crusades, B. sank clearing of the brine in which it occurs, that when into comparative insignificance as a naval station. it does not appear in their salterns, they transport The city subsequently suffered greatly from wars and a few from other salterns. They multiply with earthquakes. The principal buildings are the extraordinary rapidity. cathedral, where the Emperor Frederick II. was BRINJAREE DOG, a rough-haired or longmarried to Yolanda in 1225; and the castle, com-haired variety of greyhound (q. v.), used in the menced by Frederick II., and finished by Charles V. The district around B. is still remarkable for its fertility, olive oil being produced in large quantities. Some years ago, B. was constituted an entrepôt for foreign goods. Since the establishment of the overland route to India, B. bids fair to become of BRINVILLIERS, MARIE MARGUERITE, MARgreat importance, being the most convenient point QUISE DE, notorious as a poisoner in the time of of departure for the east from Northern and Central Louis XIV., was the daughter of Dreux d'Aubray, Europe. The extensive and well-sheltered harbour Lieutenant of Paris, and received a careful educais undergoing great improvement, and a substantial tion. In 1651 she was married, while still young, bulwark has been built across the north arm to to the Marquis de Brinvilliers. This nobleman prevent it from being filled with sand. Pop. 9105. seems to have been a gay and careless spendBRINDLEY, JAMES, an eminent English me- thrift, who allowed his wife to do very much as she chanic and engineer, born in Thornsett, near Chapel- pleased. He even introduced to her a young officer en-le-Frith, Derbyshire, in 1716. Apprenticed at 17 named Jean Baptiste de Gaudin, Seigneur de St to a millwright, he afterwards became an engineer, Croix, who was exceedingly handsome, and who and in 1752 shewed great ingenuity in contriving inspired her with a violent passion. Her easy husa water-engine for draining a coal-mine. A silk-band, however, was wholly indifferent to his wife's mill on a new plan, and several others of his works, recommended him to the Duke of Bridgewater (q. v.), who employed him to execute the canal between Worsley and Manchester. Thenceforth he devoted his great skill and genius to the construction of navigable canals; commenced the Grand Trunk, and completed the Birmingham, Chesterfield, and others. Once, when under examination before a committee of the House of Commons, being jocularly asked for what purpose he supposed rivers to have been created, he is said to have replied: Undoubtedly to feed navigable canals.' He died in 1772.

BRINE is the term applied to water highly impregnated with common salt, and BRINE SPRINGS are those natural waters containing much salt, which in many parts of the world gush out from fissures in the ground. See SALT.

BRINE-SHRIMP (Artemia salina), a small crustacean, of the order Branchiopoda (q. v.), which, unlike the greater number of animals of that order, is an inhabitant not of fresh but of salt water, and is indeed remarkable, because it is to be found in myriads swimming about in the brine of salt-pans previous to boiling, when, having been concentrated

Deccan, and said to be the best of the hunting-dogs of India. It is said to be superior in size and strength to the Persian greyhound, but not to be equal to the British greyhound in swiftness. It is generally of a yellowish or tan colour.

conduct; but her father, who seems to have had a stricter sense of duty, caused St Croix to be arrested and imprisoned in the Bastile. It was here the latter learned the art of preparing poisons, from an Italian, and on his release he imparted his fatal knowledge to his mistress, who, during his incarceration, had affected the greatest piety, spending most of her time in visiting the hospitals and in attending the sick. The marchioness now resolved to destroy her father. St Croix eagerly abetted her, in the hope of obtaining a portion of the paternal inheritance; but in order to test the efficacy of the poison, she tried its effects upon the invalids commenced operations on her parent, kissing and of the Hôtel Dieu. Having satisfied herself, she poisoning him continually for eight months, until her diabolical patience was exhausted, and she was at last induced to administer a very, violent dose. He died, and no one suspected the marchioness. With St Croix's assistance, and that of a domestic servant, Jean Amelin, alias Chaussée, she next poisoned, with the same fearful indifference to crime, her two brothers and her sisters; her object being to find means of supporting her extravagant style of living with her paramour. Several times she attempted to poison the marquis, her

BRIOUDE-BRISSOT.

husband; but he escaped, and, as was said, by means of antidotes given by St Croix, who dreaded that he should be compelled to marry the widow. St Croix died suddenly in 1672-his glass mask having fallen off while he was engaged in preparing a poisonleaving documents inculpating the marchioness. She was also accused about the same time by her accomplice Chaussée, who being arrested, confessed all, and was condemned to be broken alive. The marchioness escaped to England; afterwards she travelled into Germany, and next went to Liege, where she took refuge in a convent. From this, however, she was craftily decoyed by an officer of justice disguised as an abbé, and conveyed to Paris. Among her papers was found a general confession of her crimes, including the above-mentioned murders, and many others. One strange confession stated that, out of pity for a virtuous young lady who had been imprisoned in a convent, the marchioness had poisoned a whole family! It is a singular fact, that this infamous woman was a bigot in her religious tenets, and was quite exemplary in her attendance at church. At her trial in Paris, she at first denied all charges brought against her, and pretended that the general confession had been written during the insanity caused by a fever; but after being put to the torture, she made a full confession, and was beheaded, July 16, 1676. Her career had excited such terror in France, that Louis XIV. instituted a distinct tribunal, the Chambre Ardente (q. v.), to investigate cases of poisoning by the 'succession powder' used by the marchioness.

6

BRIOUDE, a town of France, in the department of Haute-Loire, situated near the left bank of the river Allier, about 29 miles north-west of Le Puy. It occupies the site of Brivas, a town of the ancient Averni. Its principal buildings are the college and the church of St Julien, founded in the 9th c., on the site of a still more ancient edifice erected on the spot where the saint was martyred. B. has manufactures of linen and woollen, and a trade in the agricultural produce of the district. Lafayette was born here. Pop. (1872) 4484.

BRISBANE, a name applied to various localities in Australia in honour of Governor Brisbane (q. v.).-1. B., an inland county, about 120 miles to the north-north-west of Sydney.-2. B., a seaport, the capital of Queensland, about 640 miles to the north of Sydney. It stands near the mouth of a river of its own name, which falls into Moreton Bay. By various routes from it, the neighbouring interior is most easily entered. Steamers run twice a week to Sidney. The pop. is now computed to be upwards of 20,000; in 1868, it was 14,265.-3. B., It rises in the main the river just mentioned. ridge which divides the rivers of the interior from

those of the coast.

BRISBANE, GENERAL SIR THOMAS MAKDOUGAL,
a distinguished soldier and astronomer, was born
at Brisbane, the hereditary seat of his family,
near Largs, Ayrshire, July 23, 1773. At the early
age of 16 he entered the army as an ensign, and in
the following year, when quartered in Ireland, he
formed an intimate acquaintance with Arthur
Wellesley, afterwards Duke of Wellington. With
a company he had raised in Glasgow in 1793, B.
took part in all the engagements of the campaign
in Flanders; and in the West Indies, to which he
was sent in 1796, he greatly distinguished himself
under Sir Ralph Abercromby. He afterwards served
in the West Indies as colonel of the 69th; and in
1812 obtained command of a brigade under the Duke
of Wellington in Spain. For his conspicuous bravery
at the battle of the Nive he received the thanks of
parliament. When Napoleon abdicated, B. was sent

in command of a brigade to North America, from
whence he was recalled in 1815, but too late to
admit of his being present at Waterloo. In 1821,
B., on the recommendation of his friend the Duke,
was appointed governor of New South Wales, a
position he held for four years, during which time
he introduced many wise reforms, especially in penal
treatment; secured at his own expense good breeds
of horses for the colony; promoted the cultivation
of the sugar-cane, vine, tobacco, and cotton; and
left at the close of his administration-which was
marked by perfect tolerance and protection of all
classes of Christians 50,000 acres of cleared land
where he had found only 25,000. But high as B.
ranks as a soldier and administrator, as a man of
'the Brisbane
science he holds a still higher place. While in
Australia, he catalogued no less than 7385 stars,
for which great work-known as
Catalogue of Stars'-he received the Copley medal
from the Royal Society. On his return to Scotland,
he had an astronomical observatory established at
his residence at Makerstoun, and devoted himself
entirely to scientific pursuits. He entered warmly
into the plans of the British Association for ascer
taining the laws of the earth's magnetism, and in
1841 had a splendid magnetic observatory erected
at Makerstoun, the observations made there filling
three large volumes, published in the Transactions
of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, of which he was
president, having been elected on the death of Sir
scientific merit-one in the award of the Royal
Walter Scott. He founded two gold medals for
Society, the other in that of the Society of Arts.
He died January 27, 1860.

BRISSOT, JEAN PIERRE, one of the first movers
in the outbreak of the French Revolution, and
afterwards numbered among its victims, was born
at Chartres in 1754, and educated for the bar.
After completing his studies at Paris, he went
From his earliest years he
into the office of a procurator, but quickly aban-
doned the legal profession for the more congenial
had devoted himself with passionate eagerness to
one of authorship.
literary studies, especially history, economy, and
politics, and, among other lingual accomplishments,
acquired a thorough mastery of English. His first
work, Théorie des Lois Criminelles (1780), gained
the approbation of Voltaire and D'Alembert, and
was followed by his Bibliothèque des Lois Criminelles,
which established his reputation as a jurist. Having
removed to London, he there started a learned
journal, under the title Lyceum, for which, how-
ever, he found no adequate support. He therefore
returned to Paris, and soon afterwards was im-
prisoned in the Bastile, on a charge of having
written against the queen a brochure, which, in fact,
was penned by the Marquis de Pelleport. After four
months in the Bastile, he was liberated through
the intervention of Madame de Genlis and the Duke
of Orleans. B. continued to write tracts on finance,
&c., but his love of freedom and vehement hatred
He afterwards
of despotism again involved him in danger, and, to
escape from a lettre-de-cachet, he was once more
On his return to
compelled to retire to England.
visited North America, as representative of the
Société des Amis des Noirs.
France, he zealously assisted in the outbreak of
the Revolution, and was in consequence elected by
the citizens of Paris their representative in the
Constituent Assembly, where he exercised a pre-
dominant influence over all the early movements
of the Revolution. He also established a journal,
called Le Patriote Français, which became the
recognised organ of the earliest republicans; and,
through his superior knowledge of politics, and the
usages of constitutional countries, he gathered

851

BRISTLES-BRISTOL.

round him all the young men of talent and spirit who were opposed to the court-theory of absolute Sovereignty. It thus happened that, without his being formally considered the head of a party, all the movements of the early revolutionists were profoundly influenced by him, and he incurred the bitter hatred of the court reactionists, who affixed the nickname of Brissotins to all the advocates of reform. Afterwards, the Brissotins_formed the Girondist party. In the Convention, B. was representative of the department of Eure-et-Loir. Here his moderation made him suspected as a friend of royalty, as he opposed the 'men of September' and the trial and condemnation of the king. When Louis XVI. heard his doom pronounced, he exclaimed: 'I believed that Brissot would have saved me!' But B. was weak enough to imagine that the best way to save the king would be to vote first for his death, and then appeal to the nation. B. and his party, which was perhaps the purest in principle and the weakest in action, ultimately fell before the fierce accusations of the Mountain, or Jacobin party, which believed, or at least pretended to believe, that the virtuous B. had received money from the court to employ against the Revolution. With 20 other Girondists, B. suffered death under the guillotine, October 30, 1793.

The

great Central Terminus is (1875) in course of erection for the various railways. The most remarkable modern structure, however, is the suspension bridge over the Avon, at Clifton, which is 702 feet in span, and 245 feet above high water. Among the ancient buildings are the Church of St Mary Redcliffe, the Cathedral, and Temple Church, remarkable for its leaning tower. Some remains still exist of the ancient castle and walls, traces of British encampments at Clifton and Leigh, and considerable Druidic vestiges at Stanton Drew. The modern portions of B., including Clifton, Cotham, Redland, &c., consist of handsome residences, in squares, terraces, crescents, and detached villas, and some creditable specimens of architecture in churches, chapels, assembly and club rooms. population of B. proper was, in 1871, 62,662, and of the suburban districts, 141,378-total, 204,040, steadily increasing; total included in the municipal boundary, 182,552. The floating harbour and quays extend for more than a mile through the city, and are formed by embanking and locking the old courses of the rivers, which now flow through a new channel cut at a cost of about £600,000. There were entered inwards with cargoes during the year 1872, 1091 vessels, with a tonnage of 386,357, engaged in the foreign, and 8012, of 639,907 tons, in the coasting BRISTLES, the strong hairs growing on the trade, making a total of 9103 vessels, and 1,025,264 tons. The clearances outwards with cargoes for back of the hog and wild-boar, and extensively used in the manufacture of brushes, and also by the same year shew 4618 vessels and 538,209 tons. shoemakers and saddlers. They form an important The customs duties on imports produced £1,026,516. article of British import, between 2 and 3 million The chief trade is with Canada and the United pounds being annually imported, chiefly from States, West Indies and South America, Portugal, Russia and Germany; but they are also obtained the Mediterranean, Russia, Mauritius, Turkey, from France and Belgium, and small quantities of France, and west coast of Africa. The principal inferior quality have recently been received from exports are iron, tin-plate, copper and brass, coal, China. From Russia, the average annual value of salt, and manufactured goods, to the annual value B. imported into Britain is £350,000, Siberia alone of about £400,000. The manufactures are chiefly supplying about £150,000. Russian B. vary in value cotton goods, glass, refined sugar, earthenware, lead, from £6 to £60 per cwt. From Germany, about chemicals, leather, and floor-cloths. The ship£100,000 worth per annum is received, varying from building yards have the reputation of turning out £6 per cwt. to £35 per cwt. From France and excellent sea-going vessels. The Great Western, the Belgium, about £20,000, varying in value from 28. to pioneer of steam-communication across the Atlantic, about 4s. 6d. per pound. The quality of B. depends the Great Britain, and the ill-fated Demerara, were on the length, stiffness, colour, and straightness-built here. The railways terminating in Bristol white being the most valuable. The best bristles are-the Great Western from the east; the Midland are produced by pigs that inhabit cold countries. from the north, with a branch to Bath; the Bristol The Russian hog is a long, spare animal, and the and Exeter from the west; the North Somerset, thinner the hog, the longer and stiffer the bristles. from the south; the Great Western line communiWhen the Russian hog is sent to the south and cating with South Wales, and short branches to fattened, the B. become soft, and of course depre- Avonmouth and Portishead. B. returns two memciated in value. In the summer, the hogs are driven bers to the House of Commons; the number of in herds through the forests, to feed on soft roots, electors is 22,124. The municipal government is &c., when they shed their B. by rubbing themselves vested in a mayor, 16 aldermen, and 48 town-counagainst the trees. The B. are then collected, sewed cillors, a lord-lieutenant, and lord high steward. The up in horse or ox hides, and sent to fairs, whence police arrangements are efficient, and the city has they find their way, through agents, to all countries. a large jail which is (1875) about to be reconstructed BRISTOL, an important maritime city in the on a new site. The benevolent institutions of B. west of England, long. 2° 35′ 28′′ W., lat. 51° 27' 6" N., are numerous and well supported. The most imupon the rivers Frome and Avon, and partly in the portant are the Infirmary, the General Hospital, counties of Gloucester and Somerset, joined with the the Blind Asylum, Orphan Asylum, Asylum for former for ecclesiastical and military purposes, but Deaf Mutes, alms-houses, reformatories, &c., and otherwise a city and county in itself. The rateable the extraordinary Ashley Hill Asylum, for 2050 value in 1872 was £851,048. The ancient portion vision for meeting expenses, except the unsolicited orphans, built and maintained without any proof B. consists almost entirely of shops, warehouses, contributions that happen to be sent to it. Among offices, manufactories, and other commercial build- charitable institutions must also be reckoned the ings. The streets are, with few exceptions, narrow well endowed Colston, City, and Red Maids Schools, and irregular; but great improvements have been and other free schools. effected in them recently at a cost of half a million the educational establishments are Clifton College For the better classes, sterling, and there are many handsome shops, and and the grammar school, and many proprietary other buildings of a superior character. Among the and private schools; there are also a medical latter may be especially mentioned the bankinghouse of the West of England Company, the Assize school, fine arts academy, and trade school. Of Court and Guild Hall, Bank of England, General places of worship in B., 57 belong to the Church Hospital, Colston Hall, and Victoria Rooms. of England, 29 to Wesleyan communities, 24 to Independents, and about 36 to other sects. The

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