BENGAL.

men.

BENGAL.

Jellinghee, in forming the Hoogly of Calcutta. abandoned by every tide, where the singularly powerBesides these two grand arteries, the province is ful evaporation-said to be sometimes an inch a watered by many less considerable rivers, chiefly day on the depth of the adjacent bay-impairs the northerly tributaries of the Ganges; so that even health of the labourer in proportion as it facilitates in the driest season there is scarcely any spot his labour. Of all these commodities, indigo (q. v.) 20 miles distant from a navigable stream. During is, in one important view, the most valuable, as the rainy months, almost every water-course in being more likely than any other to attract English the more level regions inundates the adjacent agriculturists to India. From the earliest times the plains; while, down in the delta, the separate dye appears to have been cultivated on the Lower Hoods sometimes mingle themselves into a breadth Ganges, which for ages enjoyed, in this respect, the of 100 miles. To say nothing of temporary incon- monopoly of the European trade. But when once the venience and loss, these visitations often inflict cultivation of the plant was introduced into America, permanent damage such as is wholly irreparable. it gradually engrossed the market-the greater care The soil, in most parts of the province, is so in the preparation making up for a natural inferiority decidedly alluvial, that hardly a rock or a stone in the article itself; and it was only when British meets the ascending voyager within a distance of capital and skill undertook the manufacture, that 400 miles from the sea-a soil offering but a feeble B. began to resume her original supremacy in this barrier to torrents which, besides gathering, as branch of agriculture. The annual rainfall at Calthey rise, velocity and momentum, are liable to cutta varies from 50 inches to 85, diminishing change their direction with each increase of depth gradually towards the interior. At Calcutta also, and width. A twofold evil is the result. The in the year 1871, the mean temperature for May Ganges and the Brahmaputra, resuming, as it were, was 84° 12′; for July it was 83° 12'; and for Decemtheir gifts of a former age, cut for themselves new ber, 69° 48'. The prevailing winds were, from passages, to the injury of private individuals, while January to May of the same year, north-west to their old ones become so many seething swamps, south; from June to September, southerly; from to the prejudice of the public health. To a October to December, north-west. Iron and coal partial extent, such calamities have been averted are understood to abound, though by no means conby embankments. In these circumstances, the tinuously, in a tract as large as England, running to intercourse is ordinarily carried on by water: the the west from Rajmahal-a tract, however, not Bengalee, in fact, may be viewed as almost amphi- wholly situated in Bengal Proper. In 1757, a bious; and on the Lower Ganges alone, there are single battle, gained against odds of twenty to said to be-unless in so far as steam may have one, transferred B. from the Mogul's viceroy to the reduced the number-about 30,000 professional boat- English East India Company-the Mogul's own Speaking generally, the communications by grant of 1765 ratifying the decision of Plassy. B. land are merely beaten paths. The only exception has 9 colleges belonging entirely to the government, of note-and that certainly a noble one-is the which were attended in 1871 by 930 students; 5 Grand Trunk Road, which traverses the province private colleges receiving grants-in-aid, attended, from Calcutta upwards on its way to Delhi, Lahore, the same year, by 394 students; and 2 unaided and the Indus. Much of the country is covered colleges. The number of government high-schools by thick woods and impenetrable jungles, which abound in wild animals, such as the jackal, the leopard, the tiger, and the elephant. The last is often tamed for domestic use, the more common beasts of burden being the camel and the horse, the latter of an altogether inferior variety. Lying, as B. Proper does, between the 21st parallel and the 27th, its climate and productions, so far as the latitude alone is concerned, may be expected to be tolerably uniform over the entire province. But other causes intervene to affect the result. Thus, the nearer any place is to the sea, the heavier are the rains, and the broader is the overflow; the difference of moisture, however, being, in the remoter localities, often made up by irrigation. Moreover, in an inverse proportion to the latitude, the alternate monsoons of the Bay of Bengal (see next article), with their respective influences on the thermometer and barometer, are more sensibly felt in the maritime tracts. Lastly, to these special causes must be added a cause of more general character-the difference of elevation. Hence, wheat and barley, for instance, grow only on the higher grounds, while rice cannot thrive unless within the range of the inundations, yielding, too, an endless diversity of varieties, according to the infinitely fluctuating conditions under which it may be cultivated. Besides grains and vegetables in great variety and abundance, B. Proper gives to commerce opium, indigo, silk, sugar, tobacco, coffee, and cotton. See CALCUTTA. Cotton manufactures, once extensively carried on, particularly in the district of Dacca, have latterly given way to British competition. The article of salt, to come up under another head in connection with revenue, claims separate notice. Most of what is consumed in B. Proper is made in deserts on the coast, alternately covered and

was 52, with 10,282 pupils; of aided high-schools, 78, with 8112 pupils. There are 1658 middleschools, attended by 80,000; and about 13,500 indigenous rural schools. See INDIA.

BENGAL, BAY OF, a portion of the Indian Ocean, of the figure of a triangle, or rather of a quadrangle, for the northern extremity, instead of running to a point, measures about 250 miles from Balasore to Chittagong. Its southern side, drawn from Coromandel to Malacca, so as merely to leave on the right both Ceylon and Sumatra, may be stated at 1200 miles. The Bay of B. receives many large rivers-the Ganges and the Brahmaputra on the north, the Irrawaddy on the east, and on the west the Mahanuddy, the Godavery, the Kistna or Krishna, and the Cauvery. On the west coast, there is hardly anything worthy of the name of harbour; while on the east there are many good ports-such as Aracan, Cheduba, Negrais, Syriam, Martaban, Tavay River, King's Island, besides several more in the islands between Pegu and Sumatra. The evaporation, as stated in the previous article, sometimes amounts, in the hottest season, to about an inch a day. The monsoons prevail over the whole of the north part of the Indian Ocean, of which the Bay of B. is a part, and also over the maritime tracts of B. itself. The north-east monsoon is clearly the ordinary trade-wind of the northern hemisphere; while that from the south-west is shewn by Maury, in his Physical Geography of the Sea, to be a deflection of the ordinary trade-wind of the southern hemisphere. Generally speaking, the north-east and south-west monsoons prevail respectively in summer and winter. Maury, however, shews that, on different parallels, there are different seasons for the alternate changes.

BENGAL ARMY-BENI-HASSAN.

BENGAL ARMY. A succinct account of the military forces in India, European and native, will be found under EAST INDIA ARMY; including a notice of the changes made consequent on the transfer of the Company's powers to the crown, in 1858.

BENGA'L LIGHT, BLUE LIGHT, or BENGAL FIRE, is a brilliant signal-light used at sea during shipwreck, and in ordinary pyrotechny for illuminating a district of country. It is prepared from nitre, sulphur, and the tersulphuret of antimony. The materials are reduced to fine powder, thoroughly dried, and intimately mixed in the following proportions by weight: nitre, 6; sulphur, 2; tersulphuret of antimony, 1. The mixture constitutes the B. L., and when kindled by a red-hot coal, red-hot iron, or flame, immediately bursts into rapid and vivid combustion, evolving a brilliant, penetrating, but mellow light, which, during the darkness of night, readily overcomes the gloom for a considerable space. As the fumes evolved during the combustion of the B. L. contain an oxide of antimony, and are poisonous, the light cannot be used with safety in rooms or enclosed spaces.

BENGALI' LANGUAGE. See HINDUSTAN.

BENGAʼZI, a seaport town of Barca, North Africa, finely situated on the east coast of the Gulf of Sidra, in lat. 32° 6' N., and long. 20° 2′ E. It has a population of about 2500, who carry on a trade with Malta and Barbary in oxen, sheep, wool, and corn. It has a castle, the residence of a bey, who governs it for the pasha of Tripoli. Its harbour is rapidly filling up with sand. B. is chiefly interesting to the traveller, as having been the site of the ancient city of Hesperis, in the neighbourhood of which were several singularly luxuriant dells of large extent, enclosed within steep rocks rising to the height of 60 or 70 feet. These were supposed to answer well the description of the fabled Gardens of the Hesperides. It first rose to importance under Ptolemy III., who called it Berenice, in honour of his wife. It had then a large population, chiefly of Jews. Justinian afterwards fortified it, and adorned it with baths.

supposed to be laid down in the Apocalypse, that the world would endure for the space of 7777 years; and that the breaking loose and the binding of Satan' would take place in the summer of 1836.

BENGUE'LA, a country of Western Africa, the limits of which are not very definitely fixed. It is usually represented as lying between lat. 9° and 16° S., and long. 12° and 17° E. The river Coanza separates it from Angola on the N., the mountains behind Cape Negro bound it on the S., and the Atlantic Ocean on the W. Its surface is generally mountainous, rising from the coast-line inland, in a series of terraces; several important rivers flow through it in a north-west direction to the Atlantic. These rivers have numerous affluents, and water is everywhere so plentiful, that it may be found by digging two feet beneath the surface. Vegetation of the most luxuriant and varied description is the consequence of this humidity. The fruit-trees, both of tropical and subtropical climates, succeed extremely well. The inhabitants, however, are too ignorant or indolent to take advantage of the productiveness of the soil. Animals of all kinds common to Western Africa abound in B., both on land and in water. Peacocks are said to be accounted sacred in B., and kept tame about the graves of the great chiefs. Sulphur, copper, and petroleum are found in the mountains, and also gold and silver in small quantities. The coast is unusually unhealthy, but the interior is more salubrious. B. is inhabited by a variety of petty tribes, some of which barism of Africa. As might be anticipated, religion are cannibals, and barbarous beyond even the barexists only in the form of Fetichism. The Portuguese claim B., but they exercise no real power in the

interior.

BENGUE'LA, ST PHILIP DE, the Portuguese capital of the above region, on the Atlantic, near the mouth of the river Catumbella. Lat. 12° 33′ S., long. 13° 25′ E. It is very unhealthy; so inimical to European life, indeed, that the Portuguese affirm their countrywomen could not live three months in it. It has a miserable appearance, being built of half-baked bricks, and made ruinous-like by a practice that prevails of never repairing the houses, which, whenever they exhibit symptoms of decay, Pop. 1500, chiefly free blacks or slaves. It was a are abandoned for new ones erected in the vicinity. great slave-station at one time, exporting annually 20,000 slaves. The trade has fallen off greatly of late years. The town was, some time ago, invaded by a herd of thirsty elephants in quest of water, and almost entirely destroyed.

BENI', a river of South America, in the state of Bolivia, formed by the junction of all the streams that rush down from the Eastern Andes between 14° and 18° S. lat. Flowing through the province of Moxos, it joins the Mamore to form the Madeira, one of the largest affluents of the Amazon.

BENGEL, JOHANN ALBRECHT, a distinguished German theologian and commentator, whose writings have exercised considerable influence in England, was born at Winnenden, in Würtemberg, June 24, 1687. His early life was chequered by many vicissitudes. After completing his theological curriculum in 1707, he became curate of Metzingen; a year after, he was appointed theological tutor at Tübingen. Later in life, he held several high offices; among others, that of Consistorial councillor and prelate of Alpirsbach, in Würtemberg, where he died 2d December 1752. He was the first Protestant author who treated the exegesis of the New Testament in a thoroughly critical and judicious style. He did good service also in the rectification of the text of the Bible, and in paving the way for classifying the sacred manuscripts into families. The short notes in his Gnomon Novi Testamenti (Tübingen, 1742) have been generally regarded as valuable, and translated into various languages. They were especially made use of by John Wesley, in his Notes on the New Testament, which forms one of the standards of Wesleyan Methodism. Indeed Wesley's work may be regarded as little more than an BE'NI-HA'SSAN, a village of Upper Egypt, on abridged translation from Bengel. An Exposition of the east bank of the Nile, in lat. 27° 53′ N., and the Revelation of St John (Stuttgard, 1740), and a long. 30° 55′ E. The place is remarkable for the chronological work-the Ordo Temporum a Principio numerous grottos in its vicinity, which are among per Periodos Economic Divine Historicus atque the most interesting in Egypt. These catacombs are Propheticus (Tübingen, 1741), gained for B., in his excavated in the calcareous bank-apparently, at one time, a great reputation; some regarding him as time, washed by the Nile, now flowing further west an inspired prophet, but the majority as a visionary.-in which the low hills that rise in this part of the In these works he calculated, on the basis he valley terminate. The catacombs are about thirty

BENICA'RLO, a poor, dirty, walled town of Spain, in the province of Valencia. Pop. 6000, who manufacture full-bodied' wines for export to Bordeaux, where they are used in cooking clarets for the English market. Bad brandy is also manufactured here; and the town being situated on the Mediterranean, a little fishing is carried on.

BENI-ISGUEN-BENJAMIN.

in number, and are supposed to have been used as sepulchres by the principal inhabitants of Hermopolis, a city that stood on the opposite side of the river. Some of the grottos consist of three apartments, the largest of which is 60 by 40 feet; and pillars are cut out of the rock in imitation of the columns that support the roofs of buildings. These shafts are polygons of sixteen sides, fluted except on the inner side, which is left smooth for a line of hieroglyphics. They are usually about 16 feet high, and from 3 to 5 feet in diameter at the base. The sides of the caverns are covered with paintings representing the industrial pursuits, sports, pastimes, &c., of the ancient Egyptians. The paintings, though not so artistic as those in the Theban catacombs, are of earlier date, and throw much curious light on the manners and customs of the people.

BE'NI-ISGUE'N, a large town in the interior of Algeria, surrounded by a rampart, flanked with towers, and said to be nearly as populous as Algiers. It has some trade in grain.

BEʼNI-I'SRAEL (Sons of Israel), a remarkable race in the west of India, who preserve a tradition of Jewish descent, and have from time immemorial acknowledged the law of Moses, although in many respects conforming to the idolatry of the Hindus by whom they are surrounded. Dr Wilson estimates their whole number at not much more than 5000. Their original settlement was at Navagaum, about 30 miles from Bombay, where they were protected by the native princes; they have spread through the maritime parts of the Konkan, and some of them are now to be found in Bombay itself. Their features exhibit a resemblance to those of the Arabian Jews. Until recently, they were ignorant even of the names of many of the books of the Old Testament; and it was not without hesitation that they consented to receive those of the later prophets. Dr Wilson supposes them to be a remnant of the ten tribes, and to have settled in India long before the Jews of Cochin. See COCHIN (HINDUSTAN). They reject the name of Jews, and deem its application to them a reproach. They have no MS. of the law in their synagogues. Their communities are governed by a mukadam, or head-man of their own number; and their religious assemblies are presided over by a kazi, who also performs circumcision and other rites.

BENI'N, a state in Guinea, Africa, above the mouth of the river Niger, situated in 4°-9° N. lat., and 4°—8° E. long. It takes its name from the western arm of the Niger-formerly supposed to be a main river, and styled Benin or Formosawhich leaves the Niger at Kirii, and, after a course of about 115 miles, forms an embouchure two miles wide. The country of B. is bounded on the N.E. and the E. by the Niger; on the S. by the Bay of Benin, into which Cape Formosa is projected; on the W. by Dahomey; and on the N.W. by Yariba. The coast is indented by numerous estuaries, and is generally level; but the land gradually rises towards the north, until it reaches an elevation of 2500 feet in the Kong Mountains. The soil is very fertile, producing rice, yams, palms, sugar, &c. The animals are the same as those in other states of Guinea, but the hippopotamus is more common. The population is so dense that the king-who is worshipped as a great fetish-can bring into the field an army of 100,000 men. The government, customs, and superstitions of B. are similar to those prevailing in Ashantee. The capital, Benin, which is situated in lat. 6° 20′ N., long. 5° 50' E., with about 15,000 inhabitants, has a considerable trade. Messrs Smith and Moffat, who visited it in 1838, describe its

market-place as very offensive, from the effluvia rising from a heap of human skulls; while in the outskirts of the town they were still more revolted by the sight of turkey-buzzards feeding on bodies of men recently decapitated. At Gato, a harbour lower down the river, where the traveller Belzoni died, European merchants formerly had factories. Warree is another principal place. The export trade of B. consists of palm-oil, salt, blue coral, jasper, wild-beast skins, slaves, &c. B. was discovered by the Portuguese Alfonso de Aveiro, 1486. In 1786, the French founded settlements at the mouth of the river, which were destroyed by the British in 1792.

BENI'N, BIGHT OF, that portion of the Gulf of Guinea (q. v.) extending from Cape Formosa on the east to Cape St Paul's on the west, a distance of about 390 miles, with a coast-line of 460 miles. Several rivers empty themselves into the B. of B., the three principal of which, Benin, Escardos, and Forcados, are accessible to shipping. The coast along the Bight was blockaded in 1851 by the British fleet engaged in the suppression of the slave-trade. Palm-oil and ivory are the principal articles of trade at the towns on the coast.

BENI-SOUE'F, a town of Central Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, about 70 miles south-southwest of Cairo, one of the stations where travellers, making the tour of Egypt, usually stay. It is the entrepôt of all the produce of the fertile valley of Fayoum, and has cotton-mills and quarries of alabaster. Pop. 5000.

BENITIER, or BENATURA, the name of the vase or vessel in which consecrated or 'holy water' is held in Roman Catholic churches. In England, the B. was known by the names of the 'holy-water font,' the 'holy-water vat,' the 'holy-water pot,' the 'holy-water stone,' the 'holy-water stock,' and the 'holy-water stoup.' Benitiers were either movable or fixed. Portable ones, commonly of silver, were used in processions. Fixed benitiers were placed near the doors of churches, so that the people might dip their fingers in the water, and cross themselves with it as they entered or left the church. The learned French ecclesiologist, M. Viollet-le-Duc, is disposed to think that, before the 12th c., there were no fixed benitiers, their place being served by vases of metal set down near the entrance of the church when the doors were opened. The fixed B. is usually placed either against a pillar, or upon a pedestal. It is of all shapes, and is of the most different materials, but oftenest of stone. The benitiers belonging to the church of St Sulpice, in Paris, are remarkable for their beauty. They are formed of magnificent shells, and bordered with gilt copper. In Great Britain, benitiers are found of every style, from Romanesque to late Third Pointed. On the continent, they range from Romanesque to Renaissance, those of the latter style being generally of marble, richly sculptured, and supported by figures.

BENJAMIN (a Hebrew proper name, signifying 'Son of my Right Hand,' or 'Son of Good Fortune'), the youngest and most beloved of the sons of Jacob. His mother, Rachel, who died soon after he was born, called him Benoni (Son of my Pain), but his father changed it to Benjamin. He was the head of one of the twelve tribes of Israel. The tribe in the desert reckoned 35,400 warriors above twenty years of age; and on the entrance into Canaan, 45,600. Its territory, which was small but fertile, lay on the west side of the Jordan, between the tribes of Ephraim and Judah. The chief places were Jericho, Bethel, Gibeon, Gilgal, and Jerusalem, the last of which was on the confines of Judah. In the time of 'the Judges,' the tribe of B. became involved in

35

BENJAMIN OF TUDELA-BEN-RHYDDING.

war with the eleven other tribes of Israel, on while some of the beautiful Perthshire lochs are account of refusing to deliver up to justice the seen. Gibeonitish ruffians who had brutally abused the concubine of an Ephraimite. The result was dread-shire, belonging to the Grampian range, at one time BEN MACDHU'I, a lofty mountain of Aberdeenful. All the male descendants of B. were put to regarded as the highest in Great Britain, but now the sword (Judges xx. and xxi.), excepting 600, ascertained to be the second-its elevation being towards whom the hearts of their brethren finally 4296 feet. relented. Saul, the first king of Israel, was of the tribe of B., which remained loyal to his son, Ishbosheth. After the death of Solomon, B., along with Judah, formed the kingdom of Judah; and on the return from the Captivity, these two constituted the principal element of the new Jewish nation.

BENJAMIN OF TUDELA, a Jewish rabbi, was born in Navarre, Spain. He was the first European traveller who gave information respecting the distant East. Partly with commercial views, and partly to trace the remnants of the lost tribes,' he made a journey, in the years 1159-1173, from Saragossa, through Italy and Greece, to Palestine, Persia, and the borders of China, returning by way of Egypt and Sicily. He died in 1173, the last year of his travels. His notes of foreign lands originally written in Hebrew, and frequently republished in Latin, English, Dutch, and French-are occasionally concise and valuable; but on the whole must be accepted with qualifications. Like all the early travellers, B. had a greedy ear for the marvellous. His errors are also numerous. The latest edition by Asher (London, 1841) contains the original text, with an English translation and learned annotations.

BENJAMIN TREE. See BENZOIN.

BEN LAW'ERS, a mountain in Perthshire, Scotland, about 32 miles west-north-west of Perth, on the west side of Loch Tay. This mountain, which is easy of ascent, is rich in specimens of Alpine plants, and a magnificent view is commanded from its summit, which has an elevation of 3984

feet. Ore of titanium is found in the mountain.

BEN LE'DI, a mountain also of Perthshire, 4 miles west-north-west of Callander, with an elevation of 2882 feet. It received its name from the Druids, who are supposed to have had a place of worship on its summit the Gaelic words Beinnle-Dia, signifying 'Hill of God.' This mountain is celebrated in Scott's Lady of the Lake.

BEN-LO'MOND, a celebrated Scottish mountain in the north-west of Stirlingshire, on the east side of Loch Lomond, and about 27 miles west-northwest of Stirling. This mountain, forming the south extremity of the Grampians or Central Scottish Highlands, is 3192 feet high, and consists of mica slate, with veins of quartz, greenstone, and felspar porphyry. The summit is precipitous on the north side, with a gentle declivity on the south-east; it is covered with vegetation to the top. Though considerably surpassed in height by several other Scottish mountains, none are more imposing. Seen from Loch Lomond, it appears a truncated cone, and from between Stirling and Aberfoyle, a regular pyramid. It has perhaps been ascended by a greater number of tourists than any other of the Highland mountains. The magnificent view from the top, in clear weather, includes the whole length (30 miles) of Loch Lomond, with its diversified isles, and wooded and cultivated shores, the rich plains of Stirlingshire and the Lothians, the windings of the Forth, the castles of Stirling and Edinburgh, the heights of Lanarkshire, the vales of Renfrewshire, Ayrshire, Firth of Clyde, Isles of Arran and Bute, the Irish coast, Kintyre, and the Atlantic. The north semicircle of the horizon is bounded by Bens Lawers, Voirlich, Ledi, Cruachan, and Nevis;

BEN NEVIS, the highest mountain in Great Britain, is situated in the county of Inverness, Scotland. It has a height of 4406 feet, is exceedingly difficult of ascent, with a tremendous precipice of 1500 feet in depth on the north-east side. snow remains throughout the year. Granite and gneiss form the base of the mountain, which in its upper part is composed of porphyry.

Here

BENNETT, SIR WILLIAM STERNDALE, Mus.D., D.C.L., English pianist and composer, was born at Sheffield, April 13, 1816. After studying under Crotch, Holmes, and Potter, in the Royal Academy, London, he attracted the notice of Mendelssohn at the Düsseldorf Musical Festival, appeared with success at Leipsic in the winter of 1837-1838, and was received with great applause when he returned to London. In 1838, he was elected member of the Royal Society of Music. In 1856, he succeeded Mr Walmsley as Professor of Music at Cambridge. At the opening of the International Exhibition, 1862, Tennyson's ode, Uplift a Thousand Voices, set to music by B., was fervidly sung. In 1868, he was appointed principal of the Royal Academy of Music; and was knighted in 1871. He died in 1875.

BENNIGSEN, LEVIN AUG. THEOPHILUS, COUNT, at Brunswick, February 10, 1745. His father was one of the most famous Russian generals, was born an officer in the Brunswick Guards; and B. himself entered the Hanoverian service for a time; but hav ing squandered the property left him, he joined the Russian army in 1773, and in the Turkish war soon attracted the notice of the empress, Catherine, who employed him to carry out her designs against Poland. He was one of the leaders of the conspiracy against the Emperor Paul (1801); though he is said not to have been present at the catas trophe, but to have prevented the Empress Maria from rushing to her husband when she heard his cries. He fought with considerable success in the battle of Pultusk (1806), and held the chief command in the obstinate and murderous struggle at Eylau (1807). When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, B. commanded the Russian centre on the bloody field of Borodino, and gave his voice for fighting a second battle before the walls of Moscow. Before the French began their retreat, he gained a brilliant victory over Murat at Woronowa (18th October). Differences with Kutusov, who would not adopt B.'s plan to prevent the French from crossing the Beresina, made him retire from the army; but after Kutusov's death, he took the command of the Russian army of reserve, which entered Saxony in July 1813, fought victoriously at the battle of Leipsic, and was created Count by the When Leipsic Emperor Alexander on the field. was taken, it was he that was commissioned by the allies to announce to the king of Saxony that he was a prisoner. Failing health made him retire from the Russian service in 1818 to his paternal estate in Hanover, where he died October 3, 1826.-His son, ALEX. LEVIN B., became a leading Hanoverian

statesman.

BEN-RHY'DDING, a celebrated hydropathic establishment in the West Riding of Yorkshire, in a beautiful situation on the right bank of the river Wharf, 16 miles north-west of Leeds. The building, erected 28 years ago at the cost of nearly £30,000, is