BOROVSK-BORROW.

powers of county justices. As to boroughs not within the Municipal Corporations Act, the levying and application of borough rates in them is regulated by the 17 and 18 Vict. c. 71, by the first section of which it is enacted that the justices of the peace may make a B. R. in the nature of a county rate, for all the purposes for which a B. R. may be levied, such borough justices also having the same powers as county justices. The council of a borough cannot make a retrospective rate; and the provision of the 7 Will. IV. and 1 Vict. c. 81, s. 2, which declared lawful all such retrospective rates as might be made within six calendar months after the passing of the act, was merely for a temporary purpose. The Municipal Corporations Act directs that all sums levied in pursuance of a B. R. shall be paid over to account of the borough fund; and there is a provision as to Watch Rates (q. v.).

Where parties consider themselves aggrieved by a B. R., they may appeal to the recorder at the next quarter-sessions for the borough in which such rate has been made; or if there be no recorder, to the next county quarter-sessions.

BOROVSK, or BOROFSK, a town of Russia, in the government of Kalouga, and 49 miles northnorth-east of the town of that name. Conjointly with Kalouga it gives title to a bishop. It has extensive manufactures of sail-cloth, and a trade in leather, flax, and hemp. Its onions and garlic are celebrated. In its vicinity is a convent, founded in 1444, one of the richest in the empire. Pop. (1867) 8826.

BORROME'AN ISLANDS, a group of small islands in the Lago Maggiore, Northern Italy. They are situated in the western arm of the lake, called the Bay of Tosa, and are named after the family of Borromeo, which for centuries has been in possession of the richest estates in the neighbourhood. They are sometimes also called Isole dei Conigli, on account of the number of rabbits found on them. They were little more than naked rocks, till Vitaliano, Count Borromeo, master-general of ordnance to the king of Spain, about 1671, caused soil to be carried to them, built terraces, and converted them into gardens, the beauty of which and of their situation has won for them the name of the Enchanted Islands. The two most celebrated are Isola Bella

and Isola Madre. On the west side of Isola Bella

as legate, and in discharging the duties of offices connected with ecclesiastical administration at Rome. Surrounded as he was with magnificence and luxury, he was always grave, pious, and rigid in his life, studious, and a patron of letters. His uncle, the pope, made him his grand penitentiary, and did nothing considerable without his co-operation. It was in a great measure by his influence that the re-opening of the Council of Trent was accomplished, and that its deliberations were brought to a conclusion so favourable to the papal throne. He committed its decrees to memory, had the principal part in drawing up the Catechismus Romanus for exposition of them, and proceeded to give all possible effect to them in his archiepiscopal province. B.'s exertions, not only for the improvement of ecclesiastical discipline, but also for the reformation of morals in the archbishopric of Milan, drew upon him the hostility of the monastic orders, and also to some extent that of the Spanish authorities in Milan, who were jealous of the extension of his jurisdiction. An attempt was even made upon his life in 1569. He spent great part of his income in beautifying the cathedral and other churches. With a view to provide well-qualified priests, he founded, in 1570, the Helvetic College at Milan. He brought about an alliance of the seven Catholic cantons, known as the Golden Borromean League, for the united defence of their faith. In the famine of 1570, and during the plague in Milan in 1576, he displayed equal energy, benevolence, and devotedness, saving the lives of multitudes by the prompt arrangements which he made for necessary relief. Exhausted by his labours and his austerities, he died on 3d November 1584. Many supposed miracles at his tomb led to his being canonised in 1616. His theological works were published at Milan in 1747, in 5 vols. folio. On the western bank of the Lago Maggiore, in the neighbourhood of his birthplace, is a colossal brazen statue of him.-His brother's son, Count Frederico Borromeo, born 1563, was also a cardinal, and from 1595 to 1631 archbishop of Milan, and was the founder of the Ambrosian Library (q. v.).

manners, and customs.

Norfolk in 1803. He displayed from his earliest BORROW, GEORGE, an English author, born at years an extraordinary talent for languages, and a lived for some time among gipsies, by this means strong inclination for adventure. In his youth he stands a palace of the Borromeo family, containing acquiring an exact knowledge of their language, His travels, as agent for many admirable paintings and other works of art. the British and Foreign Bible Society, through The Salle terrene, a series of grottos, inlaid with almost all countries of Europe and a part of Africa, stones of various colours and adorned with fountains, made him familiar with many modern languages, connect the palace with the gardens, the terraced style of which gives to the whole island the appear- little known had peculiar charms for him, and he even to their dialectic peculiarities. Whatever was ance of a truncated pyramid; a colossal winged shrunk neither from toil nor danger. True to his unicorn, the armorial device of the Borromeo family, crowning the whole. Isola Madre is laid out in the youthful predilection, he made the gipsies scattered same terraced style, and is crowned by a castle. over every part of Europe one of the principal subThe odours of flowers from the islands, upon which jects of his study. His first work, The Zincali, or grow many plants of tropical climates, are wafted an Account of the Gipsies in Spain (2 vols., Lond. far over the lake. The Isola de' Pescatori now and dramatic style. It was followed by The Bible 1841), made a favourable impression by its lively contains a village of about 400 inhabitants, who in Spain (2 vols., Lond. 1843), a book to which its derive their subsistence from fishing and smuggling. author is chiefly indebted for his celebrity, and BORROME'O, CARLO, COUNT, a saint of the which consists of a narrative of personal adventures Church of Rome, was born on the 2d October 1538, as various as it is interesting. The graphic power at the Castle of Arona, on the Lago Maggiore, the of the style amply compensates for the rather family seat of his ancestors. He studied law at unmethodical arrangement of the book. After a Pavia, and took the degree of doctor in 1559. His long interval, B. published a work long before uncle, Pope Pius IV., on being raised to the pontifi-announced, Lavengro, the Scholar, the Gipsy, and cate in 1560, appointed him, notwithstanding his the Priest (3 vols., Lond. 1851), which was generally youth, to a number of high offices, and made him a cardinal and archbishop of Milan. B. displayed great faithfulness and ability in governing Ancona, Bologna, and other parts of the States of the Church

regarded as an autobiography, with a spice of fancy mingling with fact. The principal character is depicted with extravagant exaggeration; and the somewhat bizarre originality which gave a peculiar zest

BORROWING-BORY DE SAINT VINCENT.

to the author's earlier works here appears as mannerism. The book left the hero in the midst of his adventures, which were not continued until 1857, when B. published The Romany Rye, a sequel to Lavengro,which was a more unsatisfactory work than any of its predecessors. He published Wild Wales in 1862.

March are so called in Scotland and some parts of
England. The popular notion is, that these days
are borrowed or taken from April, and may be
expected to consist of cold or stormy weather.
Although this notion dates from a period before
the change of the style, a few days of broken and
unpleasant weather about the end of March still
afford a sanction for old notions concerning the
borrowing days. The origin of the term B. D.
is lost in the mists of antiquity, though we are
inclined to hazard the conjecture that it has no
higher source than the popular rhyme in which it
is introduced as a poetic fiction. The most dramatic
form of this rhyme in Scotland is as follows:
March said to April:

'I see three hoggs on yonder hill;
And if you'll lend me days three,
I'll find a way to gar [make] them die !'
The first o' them was wind and weet,
The second o' them was snaw and sleet,
The third o' them was sic a freeze,
It froze the birds' feet to the trees.
But when the borrowed days were gane,
The three silly hoggs came hirplin [limping] hame.

BORROWING has, in the case of money, several legal applications of a general nature, in which the law with regard to bonds, mortgages, and other similar securities, has to be considered. See the articles on these subjects. More strictly, borrowing may be described as a contract under the law of bailments (see CONTRACT), and may be briefly and simply defined as asking or taking a loan. The essentials of this contract are, that there must be a certain specific thing lent, such as a book, an article of furniture, a horse, or it may be a house, land, or even an incorporeal right. But in the law of England the contract is confined to goods and chattels or personal property, and does not extend to real estate. Lord Chief-Justice Holt's definition described it as a borrowing of a thing lent, in contradistinction to a thing deposited, or sold, or intrusted to another for the sole benefit The superstition, if we may so call it, respecting or purposes of the owner. Again, the borrowing the B. D., though now little else than a jocular must be gratuitous and for the borrower's use, fancy, was so strong in Scotland in the 17th c., that which use must be the principal object, and not when the Covenanting army, under Montrose, a mere accessory. Such use, too, may be for marched into Aberdeen on the 30th March 1639, a limited time or for an indefinite period. The and was favoured by good weather, a minister contract must also be of a legal nature, for if it is pointed it out in his sermon as a miraculous immoral, or against law, it is utterly void; this, dispensation of Providence in behalf of the good cause. however, is a necessary qualification of all contracts. See Gordon of Rothiemay's History of Scots Affairs Lastly, the property which is the subject of the from 1637 to 1641. For further notice of the B. D. contract must be borrowed or lent to be specifically we refer to Brand's Popular Antiquities. returned to the lender at the determination of the BORROWSTOUNNE'SS, or BONE'SS, a sea

agreement, in which respect it differs from a loan port in Linlithgowshire, on a low peninsula on the for consumption. Firth of Forth, 17 miles west-north-west of Edinburgh. The persons who may borrow and lend are all It has coal-mines extending under the bed of the those who can legally make a contract; a capacity, Firth; and manufactures of salt, soap, malt, vitriol, therefore, which excludes married women, unless and earthenware, and a trade in grain. Ironstone, they act with the consent of their husbands, when limestone, and freestone also exist in the parish. Graham's Dike, a part of the Roman wall of

it binds the latter and not the wives.

It is not necessary that the lender should be Antoninus, traverses the parish. Dugald Stewart absolute proprietor of the thing lent or borrowed; lived near Borrowstounness. Pop. (1871) 4986. In it is sufficient if he have either a qualified or a 1871, the tonnage inwards was 21,899; and outspecial property therein, or a lawful possession wards, 41,168. The coasting trade was, inwards, thereof. As to the borrower, he has the right to 3462; and outwards, 12,409-the total tonnage for use the thing during the time and for the purpose that year being thus 78,938. intended, whether such intention is expressed or

implied; but beyond this he cannot go. The BORY DE SAINT VINCENT, JEAN BAPTISTE following quotation from Mr Justice Story's cele- GEORGE MARIE, a French traveller and naturalist, brated work on bailments (to which reference is was born in 1780 at Agen, now in the department generally made), is useful for popular information: of Lot-et-Garonne. In 1798, he proceeded, along A gratuitous loan is to be considered as strictly with Captain Baudin, in a scientific mission to New personal, unless, from other circumstances, a differ- Holland, but separated from him before they reached ent intention may fairly be presumed. Thus, if A their destination. Among the fruits of his travels lends B her jewels to wear, this will not authorise were his Essai sur les Iles Fortunées de l'antique B to lend them to C to wear. So, if C lends D his Atlantide, ou Précis de l'Histoire Générale de horse to ride to Boston, this will not authorise D to l'Archipel des Canaries (Par. 1803), and his Voyage allow E to ride the horse to Boston. But if a man dans les quatre principales Iles des Mers d'Afrique lends his horses and carriage for a month to a friend (3 vols., Par. 1804). Having returned to his native for his use, there, a use by any of his family, or for country, he became a captain in the army, served at family purposes, may be fairly presumed; although Ulm and Austerlitz, went to Spain, and became not a use for the benefit of mere strangers.' During military intendant in the staff of Marshal Soult. In the period of the loan, the borrower has no property 1815, he served as a colonel, and after the battle of in the thing, but a mere right of possession and use Waterloo made an eloquent but fruitless appeal to of it. But, notwithstanding, if the thing lent and his colleagues in the Chamber against submitting borrowed be injured by a stranger, it would appear to the Bourbons, and was compelled to go into that the borrower may maintain an action for the exile. At Brussels he edited, along with Van Mons, recovery of damages; the mere possession of the Annales des Sciences Physiques (8 vols.). He property without title being sufficient against a also produced an admirable work on the subterwrong-doer. See CONTRACT, LOAN, HIRE, besides ranean quarries in the limestone hills near Maestricht the subjects above referred to. (Par. 1821). He returned to France in 1820, wrote for liberal journals, and for Courtin's Encyclopédie, &c. BORROWING DAYS. The last three days of In 1827, appeared his L'Homme, Essai Zoologique

254

BOS-BOSCOBEL.

sur le Genre humain. He wrote what relates to cryptogamic plants in Duperrey's Voyage autour du Monde (Par. 1828). He rendered an important service to science by editing the Dictionnaire Classique de l'Histoire Naturelle. When, in 1829, the French government sent a scientific expedition to the Morea and the Cyclades, the first place in it was assigned to B. de S. V.; and the results of his researches were given to the world in the Expédition Scientifique de Morée (Par. and Strasb. 1832, &c.), and in the Nouvelle Flore du Péloponnèse et des Cyclades (Par. 1838). In 1839, he undertook the principal charge of the scientific commission which the French government sent to Algeria. He died 22d December 1846.

BOS. See ВOVIDE and Ox.

BOS, LAMBERT, a Dutch philologist, was born at Workum, in Friesland, 23d November 1670, and studied at the university of Franeker, where, by the advice of Vitringa, he devoted himself especially to the Greek language. In 1704, he was appointed Greek professor in that university. He died 6th January 1717. All his works are characterised by thorough scholarship and remarkable acuteness, and notwithstanding the advances of classical criticism since his day, some of them are still consulted, such as his Vetus Testamentum ex Versione Septuaginta Interpretum (Franeker, 1709; new edit., Oxford, 1805), his Ellipses Græca (Franeker, 1702), and more particularly his Antiquitatum Græcarum præcipue Atticarum Descriptio Brevis (Franeker, 1714).

BOSA, a town of the island of Sardinia, in the province of Cagliari, near the mouth of the Termo. Lat. 40° 17′ N., long. 8° 27′ E. Notwithstanding its fine situation, partly on the side of a hill, and partly on a plain, it is an unhealthy place. It is surrounded by decaying walls; has an old castle, a cathedral, several monasteries and churches; and a trade in wine, oil, grain, and cheese. Its port admits only vessels of small size. Pop. 6500.

BOSCAN-ALMOGA'VER, JUAN, a Spanish poet, born in the year 1500 at Barcelona, of an ancient noble family. He received from his parents a careful education, and came to Granada, to the court of Charles V. The education of the celebrated Duke of Alva was afterwards intrusted to him. He spent the latter part of his life at Barcelona, and was employed in editing his own works and those of his friend Garcilasso de la Vega, when he died some time prior to 1544. He was the first to make use of Italian measures in Spanish verse, and thus became the creator of the Spanish sonnet. By the introduction of various Italian forms, he made an epoch in Spanish poetry. His poems are still esteemed, but his other literary productions are forgotten. The best edition is that of Leon, 1549.

BOSCAW'EN, EDWARD, an eminent English admiral, second son of Viscount Falmouth, was born in 1711, and highly distinguished himself at the taking of Puerto-Bello, and at the siege of Carthagena in 1740. In April 1744, he captured the French ship Medée, with 800 prisoners. He had an important share in the victory off Cape Finisterre (May 3, 1747), and six months after received the command of the East Indian expedition; he displayed high military skill in conducting the retreat from Pondicherry. He returned in 1750, and in the following year became a lord of the Admiralty. In 1755, he was again afloat, and intercepted the French fleet off Newfoundland, capturing two 64-gun ships and 1500 men, including the French commander, Hoquart, whom he had twice before

taken prisoner. Next year, now admiral of the blue, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the powerful expedition against Cape Breton, as the fruit of which that island and St John's were taken after some hard fighting. B. crowned his career by his signal victory over the French Toulon fleet, in the Bay of Lagos, August 18, 1759. On his return home, he received the thanks of parliament, a pension of £3000 a year, a seat in the privy council, and the command of the marines. In the following summer, while his fleet lay idle in the Bay of Quiberon, ravaged by scurvy, B. and some of his men employed themselves in cultivating a garden on a small island, in order to supply the sick with vegetables. He died in the following year. Lord Chatham is said to have testified that when he proposed expeditions to other commanders he heard only of difficulties, but when he applied to B., he found him ready with suggestions and expedients.

BOSCH, HIERONYMUS DE, born at Amsterdam 23d March 1740, died there 1st June 1811, was unquestionably the most distinguished Latin poet of recent times, and a philologist of varied acquirements. His Poemata first appeared at Leyden in 1803 (2d ed., Utr. 1808). He rendered an important service to classical literature by his edition of the Anthologia Græca, with a metrical translation by Hugo Grotius never before published (4 vols., Utr. 1795-1810, to which Van Lennep added a fifth volume, Utr. 1822). His Discourses and Treatises on subjects of literature, which are mostly composed in the Dutch language, display profound learning, excellent judgment, and refined taste.

BO'SCOBEL, an extra-parochial liberty of England, in the county of Shropshire, about 6 miles eastnorth-east of Shiffnal. The population of B. is only about 20, but the place is interesting in connection with the escape of Charles II. after his defeat at Worcester in 1651. After the battle, Boscobel House being proposed as a secure retreat, thitherwards Charles turned his steps. At White-Ladies, a seat of the Giffard family, which was reached in the early morning, the king had his long hair cut, his hands and face smeared with soot; and for his royal dress he substituted the green and greasy suit of a countryman, and a leathern doublet. Thus disguised, Charles passed through a secret door into a neighbouring wood, in the thickest part of which he sat shivering in the rain until dusk, when he stole out, and along with a guide endeavoured to reach Wales, where it was now thought he would be safer than at Boscobel.

Madeley, on the banks of the Severn, at midnight, They reached a royalist's house at and it was then found that they could not escape to Wales, on account of the vigilance of the Puritans; and once more, after a day's rest in a stable loft, the king started for Boscobel wood, where he arrived about five o'clock in the morning. He immediately, along with Major Carlis, who had led the forlornhope at Worcester, ascended a thick pollard oak, from which they could watch at intervals during the day the Roundheads in search of them passing by unaware of their near presence. In the evening, they descended from their elevated hiding-place, and made their way to the manor-house, where the king remained hidden for two days. After other adventures, Charles contrived to escape from England on the 17th October.-The title of BosCOBEL TRACTS has been given to certain contemporaneous writings, first published in 1662, giving a graphic description of this passage of the monarch's life. The authorship is generally attributed to Thomas Blount, a loyal gentleman of Worcestershire; but Nash, his grandson, in his history of Worcestershire, denies that they were his, on the authority of Blount

BOSCO TRE-CASE-BOSNIA.

himself. But the author, whoever he was, was BO'SJESMAN'S COUNTRY, a region in Africa manifestly a stanch royalist, and his narrative to the north of the Cape Colony. The inhabitants, a bears evidence that he had good opportunity for

ascertaining the truth of all the statements in it.

BO'SCO TRE-CA'SÉ, a town of Italy, situated at the southern base of Mount Vesuvius. It has several churches and convents, and a royal manufactory of arms and gunpowder. Wine and silk are raised in the district. Pop. 8500.

Bosjesman.

BO'SCOVICH, ROGER JOSEPH, a celebrated mathematician and astronomer, born at Ragusa 18th May 1711. He entered at an early age into the order of the Jesuits, and spent his life in scientific pursuits and important public labours. Before the completion of his course of studies in Rome, he was appointed teacher of mathematics and philosophy in the Collegium Romanum there. The pope gave him a commission to measure a degree of the meridian in the States of the Church, which he accomplished in the years 1750-1753. In 1764 he was appointed to a professorship in Pavia, but after some time retired from this office. He was subsequently appointed professor of astronomy and optics in the Palatine schools at Milan, and superintended the erection of the observatory in the Brera College, upon which he spent money of his own. After the dissolution of his order, he went to Paris in 1774, and received a pension from the variety of the Hottentot (q. v.) race, are remarkking. B. afterwards went to Bassano, to super-ably diminutive in stature, and thoroughly savage intend an edition of his works, on the completion in condition. of which he returned to Milan, but fell into a depression of spirits, which at last grew into complete insanity, and he died 12th February 1787. His works include dissertations on a great variety of important questions in mathematical and physical science, and were published collectively under the title Opera Pertinentia ad Opticam et Astronomiam (5 vols., Bassano, 1785). His name is connected with a theory of physics, first published in his Philosophia Naturalis Theoria, Redacta ad Unicam Legem Virium in Natura Existentium (Vienna, 1758). He was also a poet, and his Latin poem, De Solis ac Luna Defectibus (Lond. 1764), has been much admired.

BOSIO, FRANÇ. Jos., BARON, an eminent sculp was born 1769 at Monaco, in Sardinia; studied at Paris; and when only 19, returned to Italy, where he executed a multitude of commissions even at that early age. His reputation was greatly increased by the figures which, at the request of Napoleon, he executed for the column in the Place Vendôme. Louis XVIII. and Charles X. also patronised B., the former appointing him royal sculptor, the latter elevating him to the rank of baron. He also enjoyed several professional honours, being director of the Academy of Fine Arts in Paris, and member of the Berlin Academy of Arts. He died July 29, 1845. B.'s principal works are the 'Hercules' in the garden of the Tuileries; the incomparably beautiful 'Hyacinth' in the Luxembourg; the Nymph Salmacis,' a figure displaying wonderful grace and purity of outline; an allegorical figure of France, 7 feet high, surrounded by the Muse of History and a group of Genii; the statue in memory of the Duc d'Enghien; the equestrian statue in the Place des Victoires, and the monument of Count Demidov, 30 feet high, composed of six figures, with basreliefs, &c. Besides these, B. executed a great multitude of busts of distinguished persons, such as the Emperor Napoleon, the Empress, Queen Hortensia, the king and queen of Westphalia, Louis XVIII., Charles X., &c. B.'s works are all marked by grace of form, harmony of design, and elegance of finish. His style generally reminds one of Canova.

BOSNA-SERAI, SERA'IO, or SARAJEWO (Ital. Seraglio), capital of the province of Bosnia, European Turkey, is beautifully situated in the midst of gardens on both sides of the Migliazza, an affluent of the Bosna, about 122 miles southwest of Belgrade. Its population is estimated at from 40,000 to 60,000, two-thirds of whom are Turks, the rest Greeks and Jews. Four handsome stone bridges cross the river at different points of the city, which is adorned with 150 mosques and churches, whose gilded domes and whitened minarets and spires give it quite an oriental appearance. B. has a palace built by Mohammed II., and an old castle on a height, erected in 1263 by the Hungarian general Cotroman; its old walls are decayed, but it is defended by a citadel, well provided with cannon, and has manufactures of cutlery, jewellery, leather, and woollen goods. Its position makes it the entrepôt for the commerce of South Germany, Croatia, Dalmatia, and Turkey, and it is consequently a busy place. It has important iron mines and mineral baths in its vicinity.

BO'SNIA, the most north-westerly province of European Turkey, forming an eyalet, governed by a pasha, and including, besides Bosnia proper, the Turkish parts of Croatia and Dalmatia, and the district of Herzegovina (q. v.). It extends between lat. 42° 30′ and 45° 15' N., and long. 17° 40′ and 21° E. It is bounded N. by the Save and Unna; E. by the Vrina, the mountain-chain of Jublanik, and a branch of the Argentaric Alps; S. by the Scardagh Mountains; and on the W. by the mountains of Cosman, Timor, and Steriza. At a few points in the south it reaches to the Adriatic Sea. It has an extent estimated at 18,800 square miles, with a population of about a million. With the exception of the northern tract, extending along the Save, it is everywhere a mountainous country, and is traversed by more or less elevated ranges of the Dinaric Alps, whose highest peaks rise to a height of from 5000 to 7700 feet above the sea, and are covered with snow from September to June. The mountain slopes are for the most part thickly covered with forests of oak, beech, lime, chestnut, &c., of magnificent growth, and only here and there

BOSPORUS-BOSQUET.