BONI-BONIFACE. French Exhibition, 'Two Rabbits,' and 'Goats and Sheep,' which indicated the department in which she was to attain such eminence. During the ten years which followed, she was a constant contributor, almost all her pictures being devoted to animal or rural life. In 1853, her famous 'Horse Market' was the principal attraction of the Parisian exhibition; and in 1865 she sent to the Universal exhibition at Paris, a new landscape of large dimensions, The Haymaking Season in Auvergne.' Since 1849, Mademoiselle B. has directed the gratuitous School of Design for young girls. During the siege of Paris, 1870-1871, her studio and residence at Fontainebleau were spared and respected by special order of the Crown Prince of Prussia. A beautiful portrait of her was executed by Paul Delaroche. BO'NI, or BO'NY, a powerful state of the southwest peninsula of the island of Celebes, in the South Pacific Ocean, between lat. 4° 20′-5° 20′ S., and long. 119° 35'-120° 30′ E. In the north part, the scenery is fine, and the soil fertile-rice, sago, and cassia being produced. In addition to agriculture, the industry of the inhabitants consists in the manufacture of cotton, and articles of gold and iron, in which they have a large trade. Their institutions, which are said to be very ancient, partake of the character of a constitutional monarchy. The British have twice attacked the Bonese for injuring their commerce, and selling the crews of British ships into slavery. In the second attack, in 1814, the Bonese king was killed. Pop. 200,000.-B., GULF OF, separates the south-east and south-west peninsulas of Celebes. It has a length of about 200 miles, with a breadth narrowing from 80 to 40 miles. Numerous shoals render its navigation difficult. BONIFACE, ST, 'the Apostle of Germany,' whose original name was Winfried, was born in Devonshire, England, about 680. He first entered a monastery in Exeter, at the age of 13, and afterwards removed to that of Nutcell, where he taught rhetoric, history, and theology, and became a priest at the age of 30. At that time, a movement, proceeding from England and Ireland, was going on for the conversion of the still heathen peoples of Europe; in 614, Gallus and Emmeran had been sent to Alemannia, Kilian (murdered 689) to Bavaria, Willibrord (died 696) to the country of the Franks, Swidvert to Friesland, and Siegfried to Sweden. Winfried also took the resolution (715) of preaching Christianity to the Frisians, among whom it had as yet found no entrance. But a war broke out between Charles Martel and the king of the Frisians, and Winfried returned from Utrecht to his convent, of which he became abbot. Still bent upon his design, he repaired to Rome in 718, and received the authorisation of Pope Gregory II. to preach the gospel to all the tribes of Germany. He went first to Thuringia and Bavaria, then laboured three years in Friesland, and travelled through Hesse and Saxony, everywhere baptising multitudes, and consecrating their idolatrous groves as churches. In 723, Gregory II. called him to Rome; made him bishop, with the name of Bonifacius; furnished him with new instructions or canons, and with letters to Charles Martel and all princes and bishops, requesting their aid in his pious work. Returning to Hesse (724), he destroyed the objects of heathen worship (among which are mentioned an oak near Geismar, sacred to Thor, and an idol named Stuffo, on a summit of the Harz, still called Stuffenberg), founded churches and convents, and called to his aid priests, monks, and nuns from England, whom he distributed through the various countries. In recognition of his eminent services, Gregory III. sent him (732) the pallium, and named him archbishop and primate of all Germany, with power to establish bishoprics wherever he saw fit. B. now made a third journey to Rome (738), and was appointed papal legate for Germany. The bishoprics of Regensburg, Erfurt, Paderborn, Würzburg, Eichstädt, Salzburg,_and several others, owe their establishment to St Boniface. The famous Abbey of Fulda is also one of his foundations. He was named Archbishop of Mainz by Pipin, whom he consecrated as king of the Franks at Soissons (752), and he presided in the council held at that place. In 754 he resumed anew his apostolical labours among the Frisians; and at Dokkum, about 18 miles north-east of Leeu. warden, in West Friesland, this venerable Christian hero was fallen upon by a mob of armed heathens, and killed, along with the congregation of converts that were with him (755). His remains were taken first to Utrecht, then to Mainz, and finally to Fulda. In the abbey, there are still shewn a copy of the gospels written by him, and a leaf and the canons he promulgated for the discipline stained with his blood. A collection of his letters, of the newly established churches, have been preserved, and are instructive as to the state of Germany at the time. The completest edition of the Letters (Epistolæ) is that of Würdtwein (Mainz, 1789). In 1811, a monument was erected to St B. Gotha, where, according to tradition, he had erected on a hill near Altenberga, in the principality of (724) the first Christian church in North Germany. A statue by Henschel of Cassel was also erected to him in Fulda in 1842. Rittberg, Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands (vols. i. and ii., Gott. 1845). whom are of no historic note.-B. I. (418-422) was BONIFACE, the name of nine popes, most of appointed, contrary to canonical rule, by the Emperor Theodosius II., upon account of prevailing party divisions. He was the first who assumed as Bishop of Rome the title of First Bishop of Christendom.Boniface III., who was pope only for ten months in the year 607, was the first to whom the title of Universal Bishop of Christendom was conceded by the Greek Emperor (Phocas).-B. VIII., previously Benedict Cajetan, a native of Anagni, was elected | pope on December 24, 1294. His inauguration was distinguished by great pomp: the kings of Hungary and Sicily held the reins of his horse as he proceeded to the Lateran, and with their crowns upon their heads, served him at table. He failed, however, in his attempts to assert a feudal superiority over Sicily, and to exercise his papal authority in the disputes between France and England. Philip the Fair of France, supported by his states and clergy, maintained the independence of the kingdom, disregarding many bulls and briefs, and even the sentence of excommunication to which the pope proceeded. Philip at last, with the aid of Italian enemies of B., made him prisoner at Anagni, to which he had fled; and although he was liberated by the people of Anagni after two days' imprisonment, he died within about a month (1303 A. D.), in consequence of having refused food during these two days, through fear of poison. He instituted the Roman jubilee in the year 1300. If the charges, however, which Philip the Fair brought against B. in self-defence-viz., heresy, simony, licentiousness, &c.-were well founded, and regarding the second there can be no doubt, Dante was quite justified in giving him a place in hell. Apart from the question of his personal character, B. was undoubtedly one of those dangerous ecclesiastics in whose downfall civilisation exults.-B. IX. (Peter Tomacelli), a native of Naples, succeeded Urban VI. as pope at Rome in 1389, whilst Clement VII. was pope at Avignon. He exceeded all his predecessors in the shameless sale of ecclesiastical offices and benefices, and of BONIFACIO-BONNER. dispensations and indulgences. He acquired, after a struggle, a most despotic power in Rome, which he kept in awe by fortresses; but to secure himself against external enemies, particularly Louis of Anjou, whose claim to the crown of Naples he had opposed, he was obliged to give away part of his territory in fiefs, as Ferrara to the House of Este. He died in 1404. BONIFA'CIO, STRAIT OF, the modern name of the strait between Corsica and Sardinia, the Fretum Gallicum of the Romans. At the narrowest part, it is only 7 miles wide. The navigation is difficult, owing to the great number of rocks, which, however, are favourable to the production of coral, and the coral and tunny fisheries are actively prosecuted. At the eastern entrance of the strait lie the Bucinaric or Magdalen Islands, the Insula Canicularia of the ancients, principally inhabited by Corsicans, but mostly belonging to Sardinia. The strait receives its name from the small town of Bonifacio in Corsica, strongly situated upon a rocky promontory, with an excellent harbour and 3300 inhabitants. It was a place of much consequence to the Genoese for the security of their trade in these seas, and a number of very fine churches still attest its former greatness. and whitish below. Four dark lines extend along each side of the belly. The general form resembles that of the mackerel, but is less compressed.--The B. of the Mediterranean (Pelamys Sarda) is a fish very similar to this, but of an allied genus, distinguished by its comparatively large and strong teeth. It has dark transverse bars reaching from the ridge of the back to the lateral line. It is plentiful in the Black Sea-The Plain B. (Auxis vulgaris or A. Rocheanus) may be distinguished at once from both of these by its more uniform blue colour, without stripes or bands, and by the widely separated dorsal fins. It has only one row of minute teeth in each jaw. It is found in the Mediterranean, and in some places seems to bear, in common with the last-mentioned species, the name bonito. Its flesh is little esteemed when fresh; it is generally used either salted or pickled. Like mackerel, it putrefies rapidly, unless means are used for its preservation. This fish has been occasionally caught on the coast of England, and one was taken in summer 1859, in a herring-net, off the coast of Banffshire.-Another species of Auxis, a native of the West Indian seas, equals the tunny in size. BONN, a town of Rhenish Prussia, beautifully situated on the left bank of the Rhine, 15 miles BONI'N, or ARCHBI'SHOP I'SLANDS, in the above Cologne. Population (1871), inclusive of the Pacific, stretching in N. lat. between 26° 30-military, 26,020. B. is connected with the right 27° 44', and in E. long. between 142°-143°. They were discovered in 1827 by Captain Beechey of the Blossom, who took formal possession of them for England. They would appear to have been then uninhabited. In 1830, however, Peel Island, near the centre of the group, was settled, in connection with the whaling-business, by a motley colony-an Englishman, an Italian, a Dane, 2 Americans, and 15 Sandwich Islanders (5 men and 10 women)-under the auspices of a 'union-jack.' According to the latest accounts, the population had increased from 20 to 42. Besides pigs, goats, and fowls, Peel Island produces sweet potatoes, maize, onions, yams, pumpkins, melons, lemons, tobacco, and sugar-cane. Timber also is plentiful, though not of sufficient size for masts. BONITO, a name common to several fishes of the mackerel family, or Scomberida (q. v.). One of these, Thynnus pelamys, sometimes called the Stripebellied Tunny, and of the same genus with the Bonito, or Stripe-bellied Tunny. Tunny (q. v.), is well known to sailors as an inhabitant of tropical seas, and as one of the fishes most frequently seen pursuing the flying-fish. It is often taken by an imitation flying-fish made to skim along and touch the waves. Its flesh, although relished by those who have been previously confined to salt provisions, is dry. It is occasionally but rarely caught on the British coasts. It is a very beautiful fish, seldom exceeding thirty inches in length, of a beautiful steel-blue colour, darker on the back, bank of the Rhine only by a ferry, and with Cologne by the railway as well as the river. The Cathedral Church is a fine specimen of the last period of the Romanesque style, and exhibits the transition to the Gothic already begun. B. has considerable manufactures of cotton goods, earthenware, vitriol, and soap. The neighbourhood is very romantic. B. is the seat of a number of learned associations and institutions. The Leopoldine Academy of Physical Science, founded at Vienna in 1652, was transferred to B. in 1818. It obtained a university in 1786, which, however, was suppressed during the sway of France; and the present university was founded in 1818, receiving from government the former electoral palace and other buildings, with an annual revenue of nearly £15,000 sterling. There are two theological faculties, the one Protestant, and the other Roman Catholic. The and lecturers, and fully 1000 students, and among university has altogether more than 90 professors its professors have been numbered some men of high distinction, as Niebuhr and A. W. Schlegel. Albert, the late Prince Consort, was a student here. Its clinical establishments are of unusual extent, and admirably arranged. It has a library of above 200,000 volumes, archæological and other collections, a botanic-garden, an observatory, an agricultural school, a riding-school, &c. B. derives its origin from Bonna, one of the castles erected by the Romans in Germany. It was long the residence of the electors of Cologne; it was taken from the French in 1689, after a severe bombardment by the Elector Frederic III. of Brandenburg; and in 1703 it surrendered, after a siege, to the English and Dutch army under Marlborough. It returned again into the possession of the Elector of Cologne in 1715, and in 1717 its fortifications were razed. It was acquired by France in 1802, and assigned to Prussia in 1814. Beethoven was a native of Bonn. BONNER, EDMUND, Bishop of London, was born of obscure and doubtful parentage, about the end of the 15th century. The reputation he gained at Oxford by his knowledge of the canon law, recommended him to the notice of Wolsey, who promoted him to several offices in the church. After the fall of Wolsey, B. took an active share in the work of reformation, and received due promotion from Henry VIII. BONNET-BONNET-PIECE. In 1533, he was deputed to appear before the pope his native city. He died on 20th May 1793. In the at Marseille, to appeal for the excommunicated latter part of his life, he superintended a collective monarch to a general council. The violence of his edition of his own works (8 vols. and 18 vols., threats on this occasion suggested to his holiness the Neuch. 1779—1788). fitness of having him burned alive, or thrown into a caldron of melted lead, so that B. judged it prudent to leave Marseille without notice. In 1540, he was made Bishop of London. The death of Henry cooled He to a certain extent a national characteristic. From BO'NNET, a covering for the head, of which there are many varieties. The French, from whom we have the word, apply it as we do to male as well as female head-dress. A kind of night-cap is called by them a B.; as, for example, the bonnet rouge, or leaders. The English B. of former times was made infamous cap 6 of liberty' of the revolutionary of cloth, silk, or velvet, less or more ornamented, according to the means or taste of the wearer. This species of headgear was generally superseded by the hat, in the early part of the 16th c.; but in Scotland, bonnets were universally worn for a century to two centuries later, and they still remain the frequent notice of the blue B. in historical records and in song, it would seem that the Scotch The genuine old B. of the Lowland Scottish peaswere long identified with this kind of head-covering. antry was of a broad, round, and flat shape, overshadowing the face and neck, and of a dark-blue colour, excepting a red tuft like a cherry on the top. The fabric was of thick milled woollen, without seam or lining, and so exceedingly durable that, would have served a man his whole life. No headwith reasonable care, a single B. worth about 28. dress ever invented could stand so much rough usage. It might be folded up and put in the pocket, or laid flat and sat upon, with equal impunity; it might be exposed to a heavy drenching rain without the head being wetted, and when dried, it was as good as ever. Besides, it could be worn on the top of the head, or slouched in front, behind, or sidewise, as a protective against a cold blast; and from its softness and elasticity, it very fairly saved the head from the effects of a blow. In short, there was no end to the adaptability of the old braid bannet,' as the Scotch termed it; and one almost feels a BONNET, CHARLES, an eminent naturalist and philosopher, born at Geneva, 13th March 1720. He degree of regret that, in the progress of fashion, was educated for the profession of the law, but having been worn, till comparatively late times, by it should have gone so much out of use. devoted himself at a very early age to the study small rural proprietors-such as owners of a cottage of natural history. A dissertation on aphides and an acre or two of land-it gave to these local obtained for him, in 1740, the honour of being notabilities the distinctive appellation of Bonnet made a corresponding member of the Academy of Lairds. A lesser and not so broad a variety of the Sciences in Paris. He was soon afterwards occupied B. was worn by boys. The Highlanders have long in researches concerning polypi, the respiration of insects, the structure of the tapeworm, &c. He worn bonnets of the same fabric, but these rise to a published his Traité d'Insectologie (2 vols., Par.) in point in front, and are without any rim. Such is the 1745. His Recherches sur l'Usage des Feuilles des cap now known as the Glengarry Bonnet. From time Plantes, published in 1754, contained the result of have been manufactured at Stewarton, a small town immemorial, these various kinds of Scots bonnets much observation on important points of vegetable in Ayrshire. Formerly, the Stewarton B.-makers physiology. A severe inflammation of the eyes, formed a corporation, which, like other old guilds, putting a stop for two years to his researches in natural history, gave another direction to his studies, and often amusingly absurd spirit; one of the rules was governed by regulations conceived in a narrow and he published several works on psychology, in of the fraternity, however, can be spoken of only which materialistic views decidedly prevail: the with commendation, for it enforced a certain weight body is represented as the original source of all the of material in each B., as well as durability in the inclinations of the soul, and all ideas are referred to colour. An account of this ancient corporation will movements of the nervous fibres; but his religious be found in Chambers's Journal, first series, vol. v., convictions remained always strong and unshaken, and in his Idées sur l'Etat Futur des Etres Vivants, ou P. 142. The bonnets used in the Highland regiments Palingénésie Philosophique (2 vols., Gen. 1769), he endeavoured to demonstrate the reasonableness of the Christian revelation. In this work he also BO'NNET, in Fortification, is a small defencework constructed at the salient angles of the glacis or larger works. It consists of two faces only, with a parapet 3 feet high by 10 or 12 broad. There is no ditch. A larger kind, with three salient angles, is called a priest's B., or bonnet à prêtre. The use of the B. is to check the besiegers when they are attempting to make a lodgment. From are made at Stewarton and Kilmarnock; they are usually distinguished by a chequered fillet, being the fess-cheque of the House of Stuart. Latterly, although hats and caps have, to a great extent, superseded bonnets of the old varieties, the bonnet and are still increasing. Of the many and evermanufactories of Stewarton have much increased, shifting varieties of ladies' bonnets of straw, silk, and other materials, we need not attempt any maintained the future life of all living creatures, and the perfection of their faculties in a future state. Lavater translated the last part of it, and it helped to effect a change in the religious tendencies of Mendelssohn. His Considérations sur les Corps Organisés (2 vols., Gen. 1762) is very much devoted to an examination of the theories of generation. B. was for some years a member of the Great Council of BO'NNET-PIECE, a gold coin of James V. of account. 1 6 BONNEVAL-BONUS. born at Whitchurch, Buckinghamshire, and died at Woolwich in 1821. His Elements of Algebra (2 vols. 8vo, 1813) is selected by a capable critic, from among his other works, as specially deserving of commendation. Scotland, so called on account of the king's head TORVISS כס சீக்கு OBVS-S-DE Bonnet-piece. BO'NNY RIVER, a river of Guinea, West Africa, forming the eastern debouchure of the Niger, and falling into the Bight of Biafra, in about lat. 4° 30′ N., and long. 7° 10' E. It is accessible at all times of the tide to vessels drawing as much as 18 feet of water, and safe anchorage at all seasons of the year is found within its bar. Its banks are low, swampy, and uncultivated. On the east side, near its mouth, is the town of B., long notorious as the rendezvous of slave-trading ships. It exports considerable quantities of palm-oil. ished the size of the gold coins by increasing their thickness. The most remarkable are those commonly called the bonnet-pieces, which were struck of native gold; in beauty and elegance of workmanship, they approach the nearest to the Roman coins, and very much surpass all the coinage at that period, or ever since.' These bonnet-pieces are among the most valued curiosities of the antiquary. BONPLAND, AIMÉ, an eminent botanist, was born at La Rochelle, France, August 22, 1773. Having studied medicine and botany at Paris, he accompanied Alexander von Humboldt in 1799 to America, where they travelled nearly five years, mostly in Mexico and the Andes, during which time B. collected 6000 new species of plants. After his return, he was appointed, in 1804, director of the gardens at Navarre and Malmaison, and published several splendid and valuable botanical &c. (2 vols., Par. 1808-1816, with 140 copper-plates); works, Plantes Equinoxiales Recueillies au Mexique, Monographie des Mélastomées, &c. (2 vols., Par. 1809-1816, with 120 copper-plates); and Description des Plantes rares de Navarre et de la Malmaison (11 numbers, Par. 1813-1817, with 64 copperplates). He went to Buenos Ayres in 1816, with a collection of European plants and fruit-trees, was favourably received by the government, and named Professor of Natural History. After remaining at Buenos Ayres about five years, B. undertook an expedition of scientific discovery up the Paraña, with the view of prosecuting his investigations to the Andes, across the Gran Chaco Desert; but Dr Francia, then dictator of Paraguay, instead of giving him permission to cross the country, arrested him, after killing some of his men, and kept him prisoner for about nine years, notwithstanding the efforts of the British government, at the instigation of Humboldt, to obtain his release. While detained by Dr Francia, he acted as physician of a garrison. On the 2d of February 1831, he obtained his liberty, and travelling southward, settled on the southern boundary of Brazil, near the eastern bank of the river Uruguay, and in the vicinity of the small town of San Borja. Here he resided until 1853, taking great interest in cultivating and promoting the cultivation of Paraguay tea, and with no desire to return to Europe. In 1853, he removed to a larger estate at Santa Anna, where he busied himself in cultivating orange-trees of his own planting. In 1857 he wrote to Humboldt that he was about to carry his collections and manuscripts to Paris, to deposit them in the Museum there, and that after a short stay in France, he intended to return to Santa Anna. That voyage, his death in 1858 prevented him from accomplishing. His remarks on the herbarium collected in his travels with Humboldt, have been given to the world by Kunth in his Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (12 vols., Par. 18151825, with 700 plates). BO'NNEVAL, CLAUDE ALEXANDRE, COUNT DE, also called Achmed Pasha, a French_adventurer, whose history is very extraordinary. He was born of a noble family at Coussac, in Limousin, in 1675; proved unmanageable at the Jesuit College; and was placed in the Royal Marine Corps in his 13th year. He was transferred to the Guards; served with great distinction in Italy and the Netherlands; but having been refused promotion, upon account of some excesses of which he had been guilty, he behaved with great insolence to the minister at war, and was therefore condemned to death by a court-martial. Foreseeing this result, he fled to Germany, where, upon the recommendation of Prince Eugene, he obtained employment in the Austrian service. He now fought against his native country, distinguished himself by many daring exploits, was raised to the rank of lieutenant field-marshal, and bore a principal part under Prince Eugene in the war between Turkey and Austria. But when residing at Vienna, after the peace of Passarowitz, he made himself very disagreeable to the prince, and was therefore sent, in 1723, as master-general of ordnance, to the Netherlands, where he soon got into a scandalous quarrel with the governor, and was brought to trial, and condemned to death by a court-martial. The emperor commuted the sentence to one year's imprisonment; and upon condition of never again setting foot upon German soil, he was conveyed across the Tyrolese frontier. He went to Constantinople, was cordially welcomed, became a Mohammedan, took the name of Achmed, was made a pasha of three tails, was employed in organising the Turkish artillery after the European manner, achieved successes as general of a division of 20,000 men, in the war of the Porte with Russia, and arrested the victorious career of the Persian usurper, Thamasp Kuli Khan. For this service, the sultan appointed him governor of Chios; but his own imprudence, and the envy of others, caused his removal from this office. He now thought of leaving Turkey, but died at Constantinople on 27th March 1747. The memoirs published as his are spurious. BO'NUS, a special allowance, or extra dividend, to the shareholders of a company. If the previous dividend has been 4 per cent. on the capital, and if the profits of the current year admit of 5 per BONNYCASTLE, JOHN, long Professor of cent., a formal dividend of that amount would comMathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Wool-mit the company to a like dividend in future; and to wich, is well known as the author of many excellent prevent such a precedent, 4 per cent. is declared, elementary works, chiefly mathematical. He was and a B. of 1 per cent. BONY PIKE-BOOK. BONY PIKE (Lepidosteus), an interesting genus of fishes, being one of the few existing genera belonging to an order, Ganoid Fishes (q. v.), of which the fossil forms are extremely numerous, and the only existing genus, which, upon account of the number and arrangement of the bones of the head and other peculiarities of the skeleton exhibiting a resemblance to reptiles, is reckoned among Sauroid Fishes (q. v.). The body is covered with a case of dense bony square scales, so fitted together as to form a complete coat of mail. The vertebræ are articulated by ball and socket, and the head is capable of a degree of motion upon the trunk very remarkable among fishes, and compensating for the general stiffness of the mailed body, the skeleton of which is also bony, and not cartilaginous. The snout is elongated, and the edges of the jaws are furnished with long teeth, the breadth of the snout in some of the species giving it a resemblance to that of the pike. The tail is heterocercal, or unsymmetrical, the caudal rays being inserted not equally above and beneath the termination of the vertical column, but only at and beneath it, a character much more common in fishes of the old red sandstone than in those of the present period.-The species of this genus are pretty numerous, attain a large size, and are found in the rivers and lakes of the warm parts of America. They are much esteemed for the table. BONZES, the Japanese priests of Fo or Buddha. The name is from the Japanese Busso. It was extended by the Portuguese to Buddhist priests in other countries, but particularly to the Chinese. See JAPAN and BUDDHISM. BOO'BY (Sula fusca), a species of Gannet (q. v.), which has received this name from its apparent stupidity in allowing itself to be knocked down with a stick or taken by the hand. Accounts differ very much, however, as to this character of the B., some representing it as singular in not taking alarm or becoming more wary even when it has had reason to apprehend danger from man; others, as Audubon, asserting in such a manner as apparently to place it beyond dispute, that it does learn to be upon its guard, and even becomes difficult to approach within reach of shot. The B. is not quite so large as its congener, the common gannet or solan-goose, and, like it, is a bird of powerful wing, and feeds on fish, which it takes by diving in the sea, observing its prey as it sweeps along in graceful and varying flight, sometimes at a fish fastened to a board, through which it drives its bill, as it dashes at the bait. The B. is of a blackish-brown colour, whitish beneath; its colours are subject to some variation, and in young birds a general brown colour prevails; the sexes differ very little, except that the female is not quite so large as the male. It is found on almost all tropical and sub-tropical shores, and sometimes even 200 miles from land. On the east coast of North America, it reaches about as far north as Cape Hatteras, but is much more abundant further south, great numbers breeding on the low islands off the coast of Florida. The nest is often placed upon a low bush, and is large and flat, formed of a few dry sticks, covered and matted with sea-weeds in great quantity.' It contains only one egg or young one at a time. The expansibility of the gullet enables the B. to swallow fishes of considerable size. The bill, which is straight, conical, and longer than the head, opens beyond the eyes, as in the rest of this genus. The B. is much persecuted by the Frigate Bird (q. v.) and Man-of-war Bird (q. v.), more powerful birds and of swifter flight than itself, which often compel it to disgorge for their use the prey which it has just swallowed. The flesh of the B., although sometimes eaten by sailors, is dark coloured, and not very agreeable. Bligh and his companions, in his long boat-voyage, found one or two which they captured a providential supply of food. BOO'BY I'SLAND, a level rock in Torres Strait, in lat. 10° 36' S., and long. 141° 53' E., 3 feet in height, and mile in diameter. Being, of course, resources of its own, it is said to be pretty regularly highly dangerous to navigators, and destitute of supplied with provisions and water by passing vessels, for the benefit of such as may be cast ashore on it. BOODROOM, BOUDROUM, or BODRUN, a seaport town of Asiatic Turkey, in the pashalic of Anatolia, finely situated on the north shore of the Gulf of Kos, about 96 miles south of Smyrna, in lat. 37° 2′ N., and long. 27° 25' E. It is an uninviting place, its streets being narrow and dirty, and its bazaars of the worst class; but as the site of the ancient Halicarnassus, the birthplace of Herodotus and Dionysius, it possesses great interest for the traveller. Many remains of the old city, which was the largest and strongest in all Caria,' bear witness to its former magnificence. A fortress, built by the Knights of Rhodes in 1402, occupies a projecting rock on the east side of the harbour, which is shallow but well sheltered, and resorted to by Turkish cruisers. Some ship-building is carried on. Pop. stated at about 11,000. BOOK, a distinct literary production in one or more volumes; but the term book is also applied to a treatise, or group of chapters, forming a part of a volume, and traditionally it signifies a narrative, or record of some kind in the form of a roll: 'Lo, a roll of a book was therein; and he spread it before me; and it was written within and without.'Ezek. ii. 9, 10. The term has a similar meaning in English law phraseology. In the Court of Exchequer, a roll was anciently denominated a book, and so continues in some instances till this day. An oath as old as the time of Edward I. runs in this form: "And you shall deliver into the Exchequer a book fairly written," &c., but the book delivered into the court in fulfilment of this oath has always been a roll of parchment.'-Godson and Burke On the Law of Patents and Copyrights (Lond. 1851, p. 323). The word book is from the Angl.-Sax. boc, and, with some modifications of spelling, is common to |