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BOATING-BOAT-LOWERING APPARATUS.

boats denominated gigs, of stouter and more capacious build; they are constructed either for four oars, a pair of oars, or single sculls. Boat-racing is a practice of some antiquity, but it has only culminated in our day. Many prizes have been given from time to time for competition, some of which have been made annual. Perhaps the most famous of all these is Dogget's coat and badge, which is rowed for yearly on the Thames by water

men's apprentices, on the 1st of August. But the events of most note in the rowing world are the Oxford and Cambridge 8-oared match, rowed annually upon the Thames, from Putney to Mortlake. This match has not been a regular yearly match, there having been occasional intervals at times of a year or two. In 1829, 1842, 1849, 1852, 1854, 1857, and 1859, and from 1861 to 1869 inclusive, the Oxford boat carried off the prize; Cambridge hav

Four-oared Racing-boat.

prime. So much is B. favoured at our universities and schools, that almost every college has its club.

ing wrested it from Oxford in the years 1836, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1845, 1846, 1849, 1856, 1858, 1860, 1870, 1871, 1872, and 1873. Thirty matches have come off in 45 years, the balance being on the BOAT-LOWERING APPARATUS is the name side of Oxford. It will be noticed that two matches given to certain ropes and pulleys for lowering boats were rowed in 1849. The best picked men from from ships quickly and safely, in case of emergency. each university are selected to contest this great Every passenger-ship is compelled by law to carry a event, and the hardest exercise and the severest certain number of boats, depending on the tonnage; training gone through by the crews, to improve and every ship of war necessarily carries boats (see their wind, strength, and endurance, for months BOAT) for minor services; but until recent years the before the day of rowing; their diet consisting apparatus was very inefficient for lowering these mainly of the plainest cooked lean meat and pota- boats from the davits or cranes by which they are toes, with malt liquors, spirituous drinks being pro- usually suspended. In shipwreck or other emerhibited, and the duties of temperance, soberness, gencies at sea, the boats were, until recent years, and chastity strictly enforced. It was at one time often so difficult to extricate that they could not be thought that light men stood the best chance in lowered in time to save the crew and passengers; these matches, but experience has shewn this to or in lowering they capsized, and plunged the be an error, and ten, eleven, and twelve stone men unhappy persons into the sea. Many inventors are now chiefly selected. The distance rowed upon have recently directed their ingenuity to this subthis course is 4 miles. The time chosen is usually ject, with a hope of devising a remedy. In Lacon's at slack-tide, and the time taken in rowing varies apparatus, the principal feature is the employment according as there is little or no tide or wind, or of a friction-brake, by which one man can regulate the reverse, from 18 to 26 minutes. The introduc- the rate of descent to varying degrees of speed. tion of sliding-seats has added very greatly to the Captain Kynaston's disengaging hooks are intended power of the rower by lengthening the stroke. The not only to lower boats quickly and safely when sliding-seat is a small piece of board on which the suspended over the side of the ship, but also to hoist rower sits, and which works on rollers, and slides them out quickly when they happen to be stowed backwards and forwards as the rower makes his in-board. Wood and Rogers's apparatus resembles stroke. From 36 to 44 strokes of the oar per minute Kynaston's in this: that the actual lowering from is held to be fair racing-pace; and a long steady even the ship is effected by the crew on shipboard, leaving stroke the blade of the oar not being dipped too to the person or persons in the boat only the duty of deeply in the water, or thrown too high above disengaging it from the tackle. But the apparatus the surface when withdrawn, the arms being well which now engages most attention is Clifford's, the extended in taking the stroke, and the elbows leading principle of which is, that the lowering and brought well home to the sides at the conclusion- the disengaging are both effected by one man seated is the kind of stroke now preferred by connoisseurs. in the boat. Two ropes or lowering pendants, c and The other great events of the boat-racing world ared (see fig.), descend from two davits; pass through the regattas of Henley and Putney. At the former, the Oxford and Cambridge crews usually fight their battle over again in conjunction with others for the challenge-cup; and at these also many scullers' matches are rowed, though single scullers' races for the championship of the Thames, &c., are usually events of themselves. Campbell was one of the first sculling champions, beating Williams in 1831. He was beaten by Robert Coombes in 1846, who held the championship for about six years. He at length succumbed to the prowess of Cole in 1852. Cole, in 1854, was beaten by Messenger; Messenger yielded the palm to Kelly in 1856; and Kelly was, in 1859, beaten by Robert Chambers, the champion of the Tyne. In 1865, Kelly recovered his laurels, and beat Chambers. In 1867, he beat him also on the Tyne; and in 1868 he had in turn to yield to Renforth, having been champion off and on for twelve years, a long while for a rowing-man to remain in his

blocks or sheaves, f; then through other blocks, h, within and near the keel of the boat; and finally, round a roller, a, placed horizontally beneath the seat on which the manager of the boat takes his place. By means of a winding-rope, b, held in one hand, he can regulate the speed with which the other two ropes uncoil themselves from the roller, thus graduating the boat's descent to the water's level. When lowered, the two ropes can be thrown off and the boat set free. The slings or lifts, g, are intended to prevent the canting or upsetting of the boat. The lanyard, m, belongs to the lashings, i, which hold the boat to the side of the ship; but by the thimbles, k, slipping off the prongs, o, the boat is liberated. The efficiency of the apparatus is most remarkable. In 1856, by order of the Admiralty, experiments were made with the starboard-cutter of H.M.S. Princess Royal. Twelve men got into the boat while it was hanging

BOATSWAIN-BOBBINS.

from the davits; it weighed, with the crew and the gear, nearly three tons; nevertheless, this cutter, thus laden, was successfully and quickly lowered by one of the twelve men, to a depth of 40 feet from

the davits to the water. Many other experiments of similar kind were made. Clifford's apparatus is now supplied to many ships of war and merchantvessels; and many lives have been saved by its CLIFFORD'S BOAT-LOWERING APPARATUS.

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means, under circumstances which would almost certainly have proved fatal under the old mode of lowering boats from the davits.

Other systems have since been partially adopted; but none has yet been found which is wholly satisfactory to naval men.

BOATSWAIN is a warrant-officer on board her Majesty's ships, who has charge of the boats, sails, rigging, cables, anchors, flags, and cordage. He is immediately under the master in some of these duties; he frequently examines the masts and yards, sails and ropes, to report on their condition and efficiency. He also keeps account of all the spare rigging, &c., and superintends the replacement of old by new. The B. has certain duties in connection with the crew: he assists in the necessary business of the ship, and in relieving the watch. In bad weather, he looks well to the boats and anchors, especially when night is coming on. A B. should be a good sailor, a good rigger, and a vigilant, sober, firm man.

The boatswain's mate assists in all the abovenamed duties; and to him is assigned the repulsive, though now, happily, very rare, office of inflicting the flogging awarded to very serious offences.

BO'BBIN-NET is the name of a kind of netfabric, usually made of cotton-thread. It is of the nature of lace, but is made in the lace-frame instead of by hand. The texture is peculiar: it consists in the interlacing of a set of long threads, representing the warp in common weaving, with a set of cross ones (the weft), in such a manner as to form a meshtexture. B. is one of the most elegant of textile fabrics, and forms an extensive branch of business, the chief seat of the manufacture in this country being Nottingham. See LACE MANU

Bobbin-net texture.

FACTURE

BO'BBINS are small wooden rollers, flanged at

Transverse section of Boat.

the ends, and bored through the centre lengthwise, so that they can be placed on a spindle or skewer. The bobbin on which ordinary sewing-thread is wound, although generally of small size, is a good example of their prevailing shape. One or two kinds are, however, of a different type; thus the bobbin, called in Scotland pirn, for delivering the weft from the shuttle, is simply a tapered pin, bored, it may be, throughout, with but the rudiments of a flange at the thick end; and the bobbin used for a similar purpose in lace-weaving, is merely a thin metal pulley, about the size of a halfpenny. For the machines used in the various spinning processes of the textile industries-namely, the slubbing, the roving, the drawing, and spinning frames, bobbins of various sizes, and in enormous numbers, are required. Some of these are 15 inches long by 5 inches in diameter, and diminish in size for each succeeding, process, those for the spun-yarn being scarcely larger than a good-sized threadbobbin. There are also winding and warping bobbins for the weaving processes. For some purposes paper tubes have of late years superseded bobbins.

We are so familiar with the neat and convenient thread-bobbin, now seen in every house, that we are apt to think it a very old invention. Yet people are still living who can remember when all the sewing-thread used for domestic purposes was wound in the form of balls.

In the making of thread-bobbins, ingenious automatic machinery is now employed. Transverse slices of common birch, the wood chiefly used for these, are first cut to the length of the bobbins. From each of these a number of circular bobbin blanks are next cut out by an annular saw, a hole being drilled through the centre of each at the same time. These blanks are then fed into a self-acting turning-machine, operating with a compound cutting tool, whose form is the reverse of the profile of the bobbin. One of these machines produces from 80 to 100 gross of bobbins per day, while an expert handturner could not produce more than eight gross in the same time. As most of the bobbins required for spinning purposes are larger than those required for thread, they are made by turning the barrels and

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BOBBIO-BOCCACCIO.

ends separately, and then gluing them together, in order to save wood.

Bobbins are made of various kinds of wood, but principally of birch, beech, ash, and plane tree. Sometimes two kinds are used in the same bobbin; and for some special purposes, bobbins are made entirely of metal, such as iron or tinplate. Of late years, some bobbin manufactories have been erected in the Highlands of Scotland, in neighbourhoods where birch is plentiful. When we consider that there are now about 40 millions of spindles in the spinning-mills of Great Britain, we get some idea of the prodigious number of bobbins constantly wanted to supply the tear and wear of those used in the spinning processes. One or two of the larger bobbin manufacturers in England employ about 300 | hands.

BO'BBIO, a town in Northern Italy, in the province of Turin, is situated near the left bank of the Trebia, about 37 miles north-east of Genoa. B. is an ancient place, having originated from a church and convent erected here in the end of the 6th, or beginning of the 7th c., in the crypt of which St Columbanus and some of his disciples lie buried. B. has a cathedral, an episcopal palace, and a palace belonging to the Malaspina family. It is guarded from the inundations of the Pellice by a long embankment, built by a money-grant from Oliver Cromwell, during whose protectorate the town was nearly destroyed by an inundation. Pop.

about 4000.

BO'BIA, or PIRATE ISLE, a singular island in the Bay of Amboise, off the coast of Guinea, Africa. Originally of considerable size, it has been greatly reduced by the action of the waves, and the same agency is still gradually lessening it. It is difficult of access, on account of the precipitous character of its shores, but is said to be densely peopled.

BO'B-O-LINK, or BO'BLINK, REED BIRD, or RICE BIRD (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), a bird nearly allied to buntings and sparrows, but of a genus characterised by stiff-pointed tail-feathers. It is rather larger than a yellow-hammer; and the male in his summer or nuptial plumage exhibits a fine contrast of colours, black, yellow, and white. The female differs greatly from the male in colours of plumage, yellowish-brown chiefly prevailing; and in the latter part of summer, the males assume the comparatively dull hues of the females. The B. is a bird of passage, spending the winter in the West Indies. In summer it is found as far north as the banks of the Saskatchewan, in lat. 54°, but is most plentiful in the Atlantic states and other eastern parts of America, where it is to be seen in every meadow and cornfield. It renders good service by the destruction of insects and their larvæ; but the immense flocks which congregate on their return southwards in autumn, commit great ravages in the rice-plantations of Carolina. At this season, these birds become extremely fat, and are killed in great numbers for the table. Their flesh is delicate, and resembles that of the ortolan.

The B. generally makes its nest in a grassy meadow, an artless structure of a few dry stalks and leaves, with a lining of finer grass. It displays the same instinct with many other birds, of seeking to lead intruders away from its nest, by pretending great anxiety about some other part of the field. During the breeding-season, the males are very musical, singing mostly in the air, in which they seem to rise and fall in successive jerks. Their song is very pleasing, and is emitted with a volubility bordering on the burlesque.' On account of their beauty and powers of song, many are caught, caged, and sold in the New York and other markets.

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BOBRUÏ'SK, a fortified town of Russia, in the government of Minsk, and 88 miles south-east of the city of that name. It is situated on the right bank of the Beresina, and is a station for the steampackets navigating the Dnieper and Beresina. It was besieged ineffectually by the French in 1812. Pop. (1867) 24,681.

BO'B-STAY, in the rigging of a ship, is a rope used to confine the bowsprit down to the stem or cut-water; its purpose is to keep the bowsprit steady, by counteracting the force of the stays of the foremast, which draw it upwards.

BO'CA (Span. meaning Mouth), a term applied to the entrance of various straits and rivers, chiefly in America.-1. B. Chica, the channel of 28 miles in length, which leads to Cartagena in New Granada. -2. B. de Navios, the largest and most southerly outlet of the Orinoco.-3. B. Grande, a bay of the Caribbean Sea, at the mouth of the Zucar, in Costa Rica.-4. B. del Toro, on the Caribbean Sea, in Costa Rica, in lat. 9° 20′ N., and long. 82° W.

BO'CCA TIGRIS, or BOGUE, the name given to that portion of the estuary of the Canton River (q. v.) extending north from lat. 22° 45′ N.; south of this point, the estuary is designated the Outer Waters.' In the centre of the B. T. are the rocky islands of North and South Wantung, while on the east the B. T. has the islands of Anunghoy and Chuenpee, and on the west the Ty-cock-tow island. On these islands are situated the Bogue forts, which have been more than once captured by the British. The last time they were taken was in November 1856, the occasion of quarrel being the refusal of the Chinese to make proper reparation for the capture of a vessel under British protection, but alleged, on the other hand, to be nothing but a smuggling craft, contriving to hide its real character by hoisting the British flag.

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BOCCA'CCIO, GIOVANNI, the celebrated author of the Decamerone, was born in Paris, 1313. He styled himself Da Certaldo, and was sometimes named П Certaldese by others, because his family sprang from_Certaldo, a village in the Florentine territory. From an early period he displayed an invincible attachment to poetry, which his father attempted in various ways to thwart; but as soon as B. had attained his majority, he commenced to follow vigorously his own inclinations, poetising both in the Italian and Latin tongues, but not with any fine issues.' In prose he succeeded far better, developing quickly that airy grace of style which suits so admirably his light and lively tales, and which soon placed him in the highest rank of Italian prose-writers. He studied Dante closely, but did not confine himself to literature properly so called. In 1350, B. formed an intimate friendship with Petrarch, and, following his friend's example, collected many books and copied rare MSS., which he could not afford to buy. It is said that he was the first Italian who ever procured from Greece a copy of the Iliad and the Odyssey. He also wrote a Genealogy of the Gods, in 15 books, which was unquestionably the most comprehensive mythological work that Europe had as yet seen. But not only was B. one of the most learned men of his time, he was also one of the most enlightened in his scholarship. He helped to give a freer direction and a greater expansiveness to knowledge, stimulated his contemporaries to the study of Greek, and wished to substitute the wisdom of antiquity for the unprofitable scholasticism that prevailed.

While in Naples (1341), B. fell passionately in love with a young lady who was generally supposed to

BOCCAGE-BOCKH.

be an illegitimate daughter of King Robert. His passion was returned, and to gratify his mistress, B. wrote Il Filocopo, a prose-romance, and after wards La Teseide, the first attempt at romantic epic poetry, and written in ottava rima, of which B. may be considered the inventor. In 1342, he returned to Florence, but in 1344, went back to Naples, where he wrote his Amorosa Fiammetta, Il Filostrato, and L'Amorosa Visione. Here also he composed his famous Decamerone, to please Joanna, the daughter and successor of King Robert. It consists of 100 stories, ten of which are told each day by seven ladies and three gentlemen, who had fled from Florence during the frightful plague of 1348, to a country villa, and who try to banish fear by abandoning every moment to delicious gaiety. It is impossible to exaggerate the literary merits of the book. In abundance of incident especially, it is almost inexhaustible, though many of the stories are taken from older collections of Contes et Fabliaux. It is, however, unfortunately steeped in impurity. B. once more returned to Florence about 1350. He was now honoured with several diplomatic appointments by his fellow-citizens, and subsequently even thought of entering into holy orders as a penance for the immoral life he had previously led. From this artificial course of repentance he was wisely dissuaded by Petrarch, who advised him to be content with changing his conduct. In 1373, B. was appointed Dantean professor at Florence; that is to say, he was to deliver elucidatory lectures on the Divina Commedia of the great poet, and zealously devoted himself to the difficult task thus imposed on him; but his health failing, he resigned the office, and retired to his little property at Certaldo, where he died, December 21, 1375, 16 months after his friend Petrarch. Besides those works we have already mentioned, B. wrote Origine, Vita e Costumi di Dante Alighieri, and Commento sopra la Commedia di Dante. This commentary on the Divine Comedy extends only to the 17th canto of the Inferno. In Latin, B. wrote, beside the Genealogia Deorum, a work arranged in alphabetical order, De Montibus, Silvis, Fontibus, Lacubus, Fluminibus, &c.; De Casibus Virorum et Fœminarum Illustrium; De Claris Mulieribus, &c.

BOCCAGE, MARIE Anne FIQUET DU, a French poetess, was born at Rouen, 22d October 1710, and received her education in the monastery of the Assumption at Paris, where her poetic tendencies early developed themselves, though only furtively. She first appeared as an authoress in a small volume of poems, published in 1746; next as an imitator of Milton in her Paradis Terrestre (1748); and in 1756, issued her most important work, La Colombiade. The letters which she addressed to her sister, Madame Duperron, while travelling through England, Holland, and Italy, are the most interesting things which have fallen from her pen. During her life, she was excessively admired and bepraised, especially by Voltaire, Fontenelle, and Clairaut. She used to be described as Forma Venus, arte Minerva! The complimentary poems addressed to her would, if collected, fill many volumes. She was elected member of the academies of Rome, Bologna, Padua, Lyon, and Rouen. She died 8th August 1802. Her poems fail now to explain the reputation she once enjoyed, and dispose us to believe that her personal attractions must have given a charm to her verses.

BOCHART, SAMUEL, a learned Protestant divine, was born of an ancient family at Rouen, in 1599. He very early exhibited remarkable talent, chiefly philological. After studying at Paris, Sedan, and Saumur, visiting England in 1621, and finishing his

education at Leyden, he was chosen pastor of the Protestant church at Caen, where he became very popular. In 1629, he gained great reputation by his victory, in a public discussion of several days' duration, over the famous Jesuit, Doctor Verin. The meetings gained additional éclat from the occasional presence of the Viceroy of Normandy, the Duke of Longueville. In 1646, appeared his Sacred Geography, bearing the title of Phaleg and Canaan. His Hierozoicon, or Scripture Zoology, to which he devoted many years of his life, appeared posthumously in 1675. In 1652, B. was invited to Stockholm by Queen Christina, and went thither accompanied by his friend Huet. The court-life, however, did not suit him, and his visit was short. He died suddenly, in 1667, while speaking at a meeting of the Caen Academy of Antiquaries. A complete edition of his works, with a life by Morin, was published at Leyden in 1712; and a new improved edition of the Hierozoicon, his most valuable work, at Leipsic, in 3 vols. 4to (17931796), by Rosenmüller.

BO'CHNIA, a town of Austrian Galicia, capital of a circle of the same name, and about 25 miles eastsouth-east of Cracow. The houses are built chiefly of wood. There are extensive mines of rock-salt in its vicinity, which employ upwards of 500 miners, and yield annually about 13,000 tons of salt. Pop. (1869) 8040.

BÖCKH, AUGUSTUS, the most erudite classical antiquary of Germany in recent times, was born 24th November 1785, at Carlsruhe, and entered the university of Halle in 1803. The prelections of Wolf determined him to the science of philology. His first publication was Commentatio in Platonis qui vulgo fertur Minoem (Halle, 1806). In 1808, appeared his Græcæ Tragœdiæ Principum, Eschyli, Sophoclis, Euripidis, num ea quæ supersunt et genuina omnia sint. In 1809, he became ordinary professor at the university of Heidelberg; and in 1811, he was translated to the chair of Rhetoric and Ancient Literature, at Berlin, where he taught for upwards of forty years, forming many excellent scholars, and extending his reputation through all the learned circles of Europe. His conception of philology as an organically constructed whole, which aims at nothing short of an intellectual reproduction of antiquity, excited for a long time great opposition among undoubtedly gave an impetus to a deeper study of his professional contemporaries, but it the old classical world. His lectures include not merely a grammatico-historical interpretation of the ancient authors, but also archæology proper, the history of ancient literature, philosophy, politics, religion, and social life. The four great works of B. which have, in fact, opened up new paths in the study of antiquity, are, 1st, his edition of Pindar (2 vols., Leip. 1811-1822), in which the metre and rhythm of the poet, as well as his artistic skill, are investigated and discussed with profound knowledge (2 vols., Berlin, 1817), a work which remains unsurof the subject. 2d, The Political Economy of Athens passed for subtle research, surprising results, and rate of workmen's wages, rent of houses and land, clear exposition. It treats of the prices of goods, and other points of commercial economy, as well as of the larger questions of the state income and expenditure. It has been translated into English by Sir George Cornewall Lewis, under the title of The Public Economy of Athens (Lond. 2d edit. revised, 1842). 3d, Investigations concerning the Weights, Coins, and Measures of Antiquity (Berl. 1838). 4th, Records of the Maritime Affairs of Attica (Berl. 1840). The most important of his lesser works are the Development of the Doctrines of Philolaus,

BOCKLAND-BODLEYAN.

BO'DKIN, an instrument used by women of anti

the Pythagorean, his edition of the Antigone of numbers, are found to subsist in the distances of Sophocles, and a Dissertation on the Silver Mines of the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn from their Laurion in Attica. B. has also the honour of having primaries. commenced, in 1824, the great work entitled Corpus Inscriptionum Græcarum, published at the expense of the Royal Academy of Berlin, which was after wards continued first by Franz, and then by Kirchhoff. In 1852, appeared his Researches on the Cosmical System of Plato; in 1855, The Lunar Cycles of the Greeks; and, in 1863, On the Four-year Solar Cycles of the Ancients. He died in 1867.

BO'CKLAND, BOCLAND, or BOOKLAND, one of the original modes of tenure of manor-land, also called charter-land or deed-land, which was held by a short and simple deed under certain rents and free services. It was land that had been severed by an act of government from the Folcland (q. v.), and converted into an estate of perpetual inheritance. It might belong to the church, to the king, or to a subject; it might be alienable and divisible at the will of the proprietor; it might be limited in its descent, without any power of alienation in the possessor. It was often granted for a single life or for more lives than one, with remainder in perpetuity to the church. It was forfeited for various delinquencies to the state.

The estate of the higher nobility consisted chiefly of bockland. Bishops and abbots might have B. of their own, in addition to what they held in right of the church. The Anglo-Saxon kings had private estates of B., and these estates did not merge in the crown, but were devisable by will, gift, or sale, and transmissible by inheritance, in the same manner as B. by a subject. (Kerr's Blackstone, vol. ii., p. 88; and see An Inquiry into the Rise and Growth of the Royal Prerogative in England, by John Allen, 1830, pp. 143-151; and Wharton's Law Dictionary, 2d ed., under Bockland.)

BO'DEN-SEE. See CONSTANCE, Lake of. BODE'S LAW, an arithmetical relation subsisting between the distances of the planets from the sun. It may be thus stated: Write, in the first instance, a row of fours, and under these place a geometrical series beginning with 3, and increasing by the ratio 2, putting the 3 under the second 4; and by addition we have the series 4, 7, 10, &c., which gives nearly the relative distances of the planets

from the sun.

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quity to fasten up their hair behind. It was the method commonly adopted by the priests of Cybele, as well as by the female characters in Greek bodkins are still worn in a similar way by the peatragedy, the B. being highly ornamented. Silver sant girls of Naples. The term B. is also applied to a sharp-pointed instrument for piercing holes in cloth, and it was at one time a very common name for a dagger.

value the sixth of a penny sterling. According to BO'DLE, an ancient copper coin in Scotland, in Jamieson, the B. is said to have been so called from a mint-master of the name of Bothwell.

After

BODLEY, SIR THOMAS, the restorer of the library originally established at Oxford by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, was born at Exeter, March 2, 1544. His family being forced to flee from England during the persecutions of Mary, settled at Geneva, where B. studied languages and divinity under the most distinguished professors of that city. On the accession of Elizabeth, he returned to England, and completed his studies at Oxford, where he took the degree of M. A., and was afterwards elected a proctor. travelling some time abroad, he was employed by the queen in diplomatic missions to Denmark, France, and Holland, and returned to his favourite city, Oxford, in 1597, where he devoted himself to literature, especially to the extension of the university library, now called the BODLEYAN (q. v.), in B.'s honour. In collecting rare and valuable books from many parts of Europe, B. expended a very large sum, and also left an estate for salaries to officers, repair of the library, and purchase of books. He was knighted by King James, and died at Oxford, January 28, 1612. B.'s autobiography, extending to the year 1609, together with a collection of his letters, has been published under the title Reliquiæ Bodleianæ (Lond. 1703).

BODLEY'AN or BODLEI'AN LIBRARY, the

public library of Oxford university, restored by Sir Thomas Bodley (q. v.) in 1597, his first act being the presentation of a large collection of valuable books, purchased on the continent at an expense of £10,000. Through his influence and noble example, the library was speedily enriched by numerous other important contributions. Among the earliest subsequent benefactors of the B. L., which was opened in 1602, with a well-assorted collection of about 3000 volumes, were the Earl of Pembroke, who presented it with 250 volumes of valuable Greek MSS.; Sir Thomas Roe; Sir Kenelm Digby; and Archbishop Laud, who made it a mag

Thus, if 10 be taken as the distance of the earth from the sun, 4 will give that of Mercury, 7 that of Venus, and so forth. The actual relative distances are as follow, making 10 the distance of the earthMercury, Venus. Earth. Mars. Asteroids. Jupiter. Saturn. Uranus. Neptune.nificent donation of 1300 MSS. in more than twenty 3.9 7.2 10 15.2 27.4 52 95.4 192 300 different languages. Upwards of 8000 volumes of Close as is the correspondence between the law and the library of the famous John Selden (q. v.) went the actual distances, no physical reason has been to the Bodleyan Library. General Fairfax pregiven to account for it, although there is little sented the library with many MSS., among which room for doubt that such exists. B. L., therefore, in was Roger Dodsworth's collection of 160 volumes on the present state of science, is termed empirical. English history. During the present century, the Kepler was the first to perceive the law, and Bode most important bequests have been the collections argued from it that a planet might be found between of Richard Gough, on British Topography and Saxon Mars and Jupiter, to fill up the gap that existed and Northern Literature; of Edmund Malone, the at the time in the series. The discovery of the editor of Shakspeare; and of Francis Douce; also Asteroids has proved the correctness of this predic-a sum of £40,000, by the Rev. Robert Mason, the tion. The greatest deviation from the law is seen in the case of Neptune; but if we were acquainted with the principles from which the law proceeds, we might also be able to account for the discrepancy. Similar relations, though expressed in different

interest to be expended on books. By purchase, the library acquired some magnificent collections of Oriental, Greek, Latin, and Hebrew books and MSS. The B. L. is particularly rich in biblical codices, rabbinical literature, and materials for

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