BELL-BELL, BOOK, AND CANDLE.

BELL OF A CAPITAL-BELL, SIR C.

God, and their bodies committed into the hands of Satan, we have rung these bells, erected this cross with the figure of Christ; and as ye see this candle's light taken from the cross and the light quenched, so be the said cursed murderers excluded from the light of heaven, the fellowship of angels, and all Christian people, and sent to the low darkness of fiends and damned creatures, among whom everlasting pains do endure.'

BELL OF A CAPITAL is the capital of a pillar denuded of the foliage, in which case it

resembles the form of a bell reversed.

Section of Bell Rock

Light-house.

published a tractate on education, recommending the monitorial system, as it was now called, and admitting B. to be the original inventor of it, an admission which he afterwards discreditably retracted. Lancasterian schools now began to spread over the country. The church grew alarmed at the successful results of the efforts made by dissenters to educate the poor, and resolved to be philanthropical ere it was too late. B. was put up against Lancaster. Money was collected, and the bosoms of churchmen. Fortunately, however, this rivalry produced only beneficial effects, and the motives which induced it may therefore be forgotten. Later in life, B. was made a prebendary of Westminster, and Master of Sherborn Hospital, Durham. He was also a member of various learned societies. He died at Cheltenham, January 28, 1832. He left (besides a valuable estate) £120,000 of three per-cent. stocks for the purpose of founding various educational institutions in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leith, Aberdeen, Inverness, Cupar, and St Andrews.

an immense amount of emulation was excited in

BELL ROCK, or INCH CAPE, a reef of old red sandstone rocks in the German Ocean, 12 miles south east of Arbroath, and nearly opposite the mouth of the Tay. The reef is 2000 feet long; at spring-tides, part of it is uncovered to the height of four feet; and for 100 yards around, the sea is only three fathoms deep. It was formerly BELL, SIR CHARLES, an eminent surgeon, whose a fruitful cause of shipwreck, discoveries in the nervous system have given him a and, according to tradition, European fame, was born at Edinburgh in 1778, the abbot of Aberbrothwick and while a mere youth, assisted his brother John (Arbroath) placed a bell on it, (afterwards noticed) in his anatomical lectures fixed upon a tree or timber, and demonstrations. In 1797, he was admitted which rang continually, being a member of the Edinburgh College of Surgeons, moved by the sea, giving and soon after appointed one of the surgeons of notice to the saylers of the the Royal Infirmary. In 1806, he proceeded to danger.' This tradition has London, and for some years lectured with great been embodied by Southey in success on anatomy and surgery at the academy his well-known ballad of The in Great Windmill Street. Admitted, in 1812, a Inchcape Rock. A light-house, member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, designed by Robert Stevenson, he was elected one of the surgeons of the Middlesex engineer to the Commissioners Hospital, in which institution he delivered clinical of Northern Light-houses, was lectures, and raised it to the highest repute. To commenced in 1807, and com- obtain a knowledge of gunshot wounds, he twice pleted on the reef in 1811, and a revolving red and relinquished his London engagements-the first time white light exhibited. The structure is 115 feet high, after the battle of Corunna in 1809, when he visited is 42 feet in diameter at base, and 15 at top, is solid the wounded landed on the southern coasts of Engfor the first 30 feet upwards, 15 feet of which is under land; the other, after the battle of Waterloo, when water at high tide, and cost upwards of £60,000. he repaired to Brussels, and was put in charge of a BELL, ANDREW, D.D., author of the 'Madras hospital with 300 men. In 1824, he was appointed System of Education,' was born at St Andrews in senior Professor of Anatomy and Surgery to the Royal 1753, and educated at the university of that place. College of Surgeons, London, and subsequently a Subsequently, he took orders in the Church of Eng- member of the council. On the establishment of the land; and after residing for some time in British London University, now University College, in 1826, America, was appointed one of the chaplains at Fort B. was placed at the head of their new medical St George, Madras. While here, he was intrusted school. He delivered the general opening lecture by the directors of the East India Company with in his own section, and followed it by a regular the management of an institution for the education course of characteristic lectures on physiology; but of the orphan children of the European military. soon resigned, and confined himself to his extensive The arduous character of his new duties compelled practice, which was chiefly in nervous affections. him to reflect seriously on the best means of fulfilling In 1831, he was one of the five eminent men in them. As he found it impossible to obtain the science knighted on the accession of William IV., services of properly qualified ushers, he at length the others being Sir John Herschel, Sir David resorted to the expedient of conducting the school Brewster, Sir John Leslie, and Sir James Ivory. In by the aid of the scholars themselves. Hence origi- 1836, he was elected Professor of Surgery in the nated the far-famed system of Mutual Instruction' university of Edinburgh. He was a fellow of the (q. v.). After superintending the institution for Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, and a seven years, the state of his health forced him to member of some other learned bodies. Author of return to Europe. On his departure, he received various works on surgery and the nervous system, a most flattering testimonial from the directors and editor, jointly with Lord Brougham, of Paley's of the school. In 1797, after his arrival in Eng- Evidences of Natural Religion, B. was one of the eight land, B. published a pamphlet entitled An Experi- distinguished men selected to write the celebrated ment in Education, made at the Male Asylum of Bridgewater Treatises, his contribution being on Madras; suggesting a System by which a School The Hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments, or Family may teach itself under the Superintend- as evincing Design (1834). He died suddenly, ence of the Master or Parent. This pamphlet April 30, 1842. Among his principal works are: attracted little attention, until Joseph Lancaster, The Anatomy of the Brain Explained, in a Series a dissenter, commenced to work upon the system, of Engravings, 12 plates (Lond. 1802, 4to); A and succeeded in obtaining for it a large measure Series of Engravings, explaining the Course of the of public recognition. In 1803, Lancaster also Nerves (Lond. 1804, 4to); Essays on the Anatomy

BELL.

of Expression in Painting, plates (Lond. 1806, 4to); posthumous edition, much enlarged, entitled The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression as connected with the Fine Arts (Lond. 1844, Svo); A System of Operative Surgery, 2 vols. (Lond. 1807 -1809; 2d ed. 1814); Dissertation on Gunshot Wounds (Lond. 1814, 2 vols. 8vo); Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body, 3 vols. (1816); various papers on the nervous system, which originally appeared in the Philosophical Transactions; Exposition of the Natural System of the Nerves of the Human Body (1824); Institutes of Surgery (Edin. 2 vols. 1838, 12mo); Animal Mechanics, contributed to the Library for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1828); Nervous System of the Human Body, 1830, 4to complete edition (Edin. 1836, 8vo),

BELL, JOHN, of Antermony, a celebrated Asiatic traveller, born in the west of Scotland in 1691, studied for the medical profession. In 1714, he went to St Petersburg, and soon after was appointed physician to an embassy from Russia to Persia. In 1719, he was sent upon another to China, through Siberia. In 1737, he was sent on an embassy to Constantinople, and afterwards settled for some years in the Turkish capital as a merchant. 1747, he returned to Scotland, and died at Antermony, July 1, 1780. His Travels from St Petersburg to various Parts in Asia, in 2 vols. 4to, were published by subscription at Glasgow in 1763. From its simplicity of style, the work has been described as the best model, perhaps, for travel-writing in the English language."

In

BELL, JOHN, an eminent surgeon, second son of BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH, an eminent lawyer, the Rev. William Bell, an Episcopal minister in brother of the above, was born at Edinburgh 26th Edinburgh, was born in that city, May 12, 1763. March 1770, and passed advocate in 1791. Acknow- He studied under the celebrated Black, Cullen, and ledged one of the greatest masters of commercial Monro secundus; and while attending the anatomy jurisprudence of his time, and in particular of that classes of Dr Monro, first conceived the idea of department of it which relates to the laws of bank-teaching the application of the science of anatomy to ruptcy, he was, in 1822, appointed Professor of Scots practical surgery. He commenced, in 1786, lecturLaw in Edinburgh University; and in 1823, a mem- ing at Edinburgh on surgery and anatomy, and in ber of the commission for inquiring into Scottish 1793 published the first volume of his Anatomy judicial proceedings. Subsequently, he was member of the Human Body; in 1797, appeared the second of a commission to examine into and simplify the volume; and in 1802, the third. A volume of anamode of procedure in the Court of Session. On tomical drawings by himself, illustrative of the structhe report, drawn up by B., was founded the ture of the bones, muscles, and joints, was published Scottish Judicature Act, prepared by him, which in 1794; and another volume, illustrative of the effected many important changes in the forms of arteries, with drawings by his brother, afterwards process in the superior courts of Scotland; the jury Sir Charles Bell, appeared in 1801. In 1798, B. court being abolished as a separate judicature, and passed some weeks at Yarmouth among the seamen conjoined with the Court of Session. Appointed in of Lord Duncan's fleet wounded at Camperdown; 1831 one of the clerks of the Court of Session, he and in 1800 he published a Memorial concerning the was, in 1833, chairman of the Royal Commission to Present State of Military Surgery. His System of examine into the state of the law in general. He the Anatomy of the Human Body, and his Dis also prepared a bill for the establishment of a Court courses on the Nature and Cure of Wounds (Edin. of Bankruptcy in Scotland. His principal works 1793 1795), were translated into German. A good are-Commentaries on the Laws of Scotland, and on classical scholar, he was distinguished alike for the Principles of Mercantile Jurisprudence (Edin. his great conversational powers and general infor1810, 4to; 5th ed. 1826, 2 vols. 4to); Principles of mation. Early in 1816, he was thrown from his the Law of Scotland (Edin. 1829, 8vo; 4th ed. 1839, horse, and, his health declining, he went to Paris, 8vo); and Commentaries on the Recent Statutes Rela- and thence proceeded to Italy. He died at Rome, tive to Diligence or Execution against the Movable of dropsy, April 15, 1820. Besides the works Estate, Imprisonment, Cessio Bonorum, and Seques- mentioned, he was the author of The Principles of tration in Mercantile Bankruptcy (Edin. 1840, 4to). Surgery, 3 vols. 4to, 1801-1807; new edition, Died 23d September 1843. edited by his brother, Sir Charles Bell, 1826. A edited by Bishop Sandford of Edinburgh, was posthumous work, entitled Observations on Italy, published by his widow.

BELL, HENRY, the successful introducer of steamnavigation into Europe, fifth son of Patrick Bell, a mechanic, was born at Torphichen, Linlithgowshire, Scotland, April 7, 1767. After working three years as a stone-mason, he was, in 1783, apprenticed to his uncle, a mill-wright. He was instructed in shipmodelling at Borrowstounness, and completed his knowledge of mechanics with an engineer at Bell's Hill. Repairing to London, he was employed by the celebrated Mr Rennie. About 1790 he returned to Glasgow, and in 1808 removed to Helensburgh, where he kept the principal inn, and devoted himself to mechanical experiments. How far B. was anticipated by Fulton and others, in his application of steam to navigation, will be considered under the head of STEAM NAVIGATION. In January 1812, a small vessel, 40 feet in length, called the Comet, built under his directions, and with an engine constructed by himself, was launched on the Clyde with success the first on European waters. Five years previously, on October 3, 1807, Mr Fulton, a Scottish engineer in America, had placed the first steam-boat on the Hudson. B. died at Helensburgh, November 14, 1830. A monument was erected to his memory at Dunglass Point on the Clyde.

BELL, JOHN, an eminent sculptor, remarkable for rejecting the classical antique model, and following nature only in his works, born in Norfolk in 1811, first exhibited at the Royal Academy, London, in 1832, a religious group. His works are numerous, and of high and original merit. B.'s statues of Lord Falkland, exhibited in model at Westminster Hall, 1847, and Sir Robert Walpole, 1854, were commissioned for the new Houses of Parliament. One of his latest designs is a monument to the Guards who fell in the Crimea, executed in 1858. decorative art, he has also distinguished himself. He was one of the sculptors of the Prince Consort Memorial in Hyde Park, London, which was unveiled in 1873. B. is the author of a Free Hand Drawing-book for the Use of Artisans.

In

BELL, ROBERT, an industrious and versatile literary writer, the son of a magistrate, was born at Cork, 10th January 1800, and when very young, obtained an appointment in a government depart ment in Dublin. He was for a time editor of the government journal, The Patriot. In 1828, he removed to London, and was appointed editor

BELL-BELLADONNA.

of The Atlas newspaper. In 1839, in conjunc- bell-shaped flowers of a lurid purple colour, which tion with Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton and Dr are fully larger than those of the common harebell, Lardner, he started The Monthly Chronicle, a stalked and solitary in the axils of the leaves. It literary periodical, published by Longman & Co.; produces berries, of the size of a middle-sized cherry, and latterly was editor of it. In 1841, he retired from The Atlas. For Lardner's Cyclopædia, B. wrote The History of Russia, 3 vols., and The Lives of the English Poets, 2 vols. The last volume

BELLADONNA LILY-BELL-BIRD.

needle-shaped crystals, which are sparingly soluble in water, but readily dissolve in alcohol and ether. Atropine is a very active poison, and its effects on the animal system resemble in an intensified degree the manner in which B. acts. It has recently been introduced into medicine, along with its nitrate, its sulphate, and its hydrochlorate.

de Controversiis Fidei adversus hujus Temporis Hereticos (3 vols., Rome, 1581; 4 vols., Prague, 1721; 4 vols., Mayence, 1842). These disputations are regarded by Catholics as the best arguments for their tenets. There can be no question of their merits with regard to erudition and adroitness in controversy; but as Gerhard, in his Bellarminus Orthodoxias Testis (Jena, 1631-1633), and Dallæus BELLADO'NNA LILY (Amaryllis Belladonna), have shewn, many of the conclusions are far from a very beautiful species of Amaryllis (q. v.), with being sound or logical. Industry, clearness, and rose-coloured drooping flowers clustered at the sum-acuteness are the chief merits of B.'s great work; mit of the leafless flowering stem. It is a native of but it is seriously lessened in value by subtilty, the Cape of Good Hope and of the West Indies, forced conclusions, and a very defective exegesishas become naturalised in Madeira, and is a not faults which have long been evident to enlightened unfrequent ornament of gardens in England. The Catholic writers themselves. Among his other flowering stem is about 18 inches high. writings, the most able is the Christiana Doctrina Applicatio, originally written in Italian, and now translated into all the European languages. Pope Urban VIII., at the instigation of the Jesuits, declared B. to be a 'faithful servant of God;' but his canonisation as a saint has hitherto been opposed. Complete editions of his works have been published at Venice, 5 vols., 1721; and Cologne, 7 vols., 1619. His life was written in Italian by the Jesuit Fuligatti (Rome, 1624); and translated into Latin by Petra Sancta (Liege, 1626).

BELLAMY, JACOBUS, a distinguished Dutch poet, was born at Vliessingen (Flushing), November 12, 1757, and died March 11, 1786. His parents were very poor, and he was indebted for his education to the patronage of a clergyman, and other persons, who had seen and admired the patriotic effusions of his boyish muse, and who subscribed to send him to the university of Utrecht. Here the talents already remarked in B. were devoted chiefly to poetry, though his benefactors had hoped that he would devote himself to theology. His first sentimental and anacreontic poems, published at Amsterdam in 1782, were followed by a series of earnest patriotic poems (Vaderlandsche Gezangen), and in the same year, a third volume full of merit (1785). A collected edition of his works appeared at Haarlem (1826), but it does not contain his most popular poem, Roosje. B. was possessed of a glowing spirit and fancy, as well as a fine taste and ease in composition. He deservedly ranks as one of the chief

restorers of national literature in Holland.

BELLARMINE, ROBERT, one of the most celebrated Catholic theologians, was born at Monte Pulciano in Tuscany, October 4, 1542. He entered the order of Jesuits in 1560, and was distinguished among his confrères by the zeal with which he studied theology, the church-councils, the Fathers, Hebrew, history, and the canon law. In 1563, he gave lessons in polite literature and astronomy at Florence; and in rhetoric, at Mondovi, 1564-1567. In his twentyseventh year, when he went to Louvain as professor of theology, he began that long controversy with 'heretics which formed the main business of his life. In 1599, when he was made a cardinal against his own inclination, he used his influence over Pope Clement VIII. to prevent the introduction of the Platonic philosophy into the university of Rome, on the ground of its being pernicious; but though himself a Jesuit, he honourably opposed the Dominicans with regard to the Pelagian writings of Molina. He seems, however, to have participated to some extent in that writer's suicidal ethics, for in his Disputationes he argues that, as the pope is the supreme authority in doctrine and morals, if he should call virtue vice, and vice virtue we are bound to believe him, and to act accordingly. In 1602, he was appointed Archbishop of Capua. After the death of Clement VIII., he contrived to escape promotion to the papal chair, but was induced by Pius V. (1605) to hold an important place in the Vatican, where he remained until the time of his death, which took place in the Novitiate-house of the Jesuits, September 17, 1621. In his work, De Potestate Pontificis in Temporalibus (On the Pope's Power in Secular Matters), he introduced the doctrine that the pope must be held as supreme over all kings. On this account, the book was condemned as treasonable in Paris, Venice, and Mentz. His chief work contains the disputations held in the Jesuits' College at Rome, 1576–1581, Disputationes

BELLARY, a district of British India in the presidency of Madras, bounded on the N. by the Nizam's territories, on the E. by Cuddapah, on the S. by Mysore, and on the W. by Dharwar. With an area of 11,496 square miles, it extends in N. lat. 75° 44′ and 78° 19'. Pop. (1872) 1,653,154. The between 13° 40′ and 15° 58′; and in E. long. between peculiarities of the district are connected with its situation. Elevated on the east slope of the West Ghauts, B. enjoys so healthy a climate that it has been officially recommended as the site of a sanatorium for the neighbouring provinces. Screened by the Ghauts from the south-west monsoon, and protected against the north-east one by its distance from the Bay of Bengal, B. receives, on an average, less rain than any other portion of Southern India-the annual fall ranging between about 12 inches and about 26 inches. Hence all its subordinate streams become, in the dry season, mere expanses of sand, which, excepting when bound together by the growth of the nuth-grass, is apt to encroach from year to year, like a glacier, over the bordering grounds. B., in fact, may in a great measure be said to be habitable through artificial means. Irrigation, though rude, is yet ingenious; dug wells amount to 22,000; of tanks there are 1400; and weirs or dams of huge stones, to the number of 331, cross the various watercourses, so as to form, after the rains, so many reservoirs.

BELLA'RY, the chief town of the above district, is situated about 380 miles south-east of Bombay, and 270 north-west of Madras. Lat. 15° 8′ N., and long. 76° 59′ E. As one of the principal military stations in the presidency of Madras, it is connected by good roads with Belgaum, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Madras itself. The fort stands on a rock two water from tanks excavated in the solid granite. miles round, and 450 feet high; and is supplied with Besides the fort and adjacent cantonments, B. contains a native town, which numbers about 35,000 inhabitants.

BE'LL-BIRD (Casmarynchus carunculata), a bird found in some of the warm parts of South America, remarkable for the metallic resonance of its cry, which resembles the tolling of a bell, with pauses varying from a minute to several minutes. This bird belongs to a genus nearly allied to the Cotingas (q. v.) and Wax-wings (q. v.), but characterised by a very broad and much depressed bill, soft and flexible