240, 241. Hough and Digby. "Dr. John Hough, Bishop of Worcester, and the Lord Digby. The one an assertor of the Church of England in opposition to the false measures of King James II. The other as firmly attached to the cause of the King. Both acting out of principle, and equally men of honour and virtue."-Pope.

255. "This was the last poem of the kind printed by our author, with a resolution to publish no more; but to enter thus, in the most plain and solemn manner he could, a sort of PROTEST against that insuperable corruption and depravity of manners, which he had been so unhappy as to live to see. Could he have hoped to have amended any, he had continued those attacks; but bad men were grown so shameless and so powerful, that Ridicule was become as unsafe as it was ineffectual. The Poem raised him, as he knew it would, some enemies; but he had reason to be satisfied with the approbation of good men, and the testimony of his own conscience."-Pope.

APPENDIX A

CHRONOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

There is no extensive bibliography of the literature about Pope. The present list may be supplemented by consulting the Cambridge History of English Literature, volume ix, Allibone's Dictionary of Authors, the Dictionary of National Biography, and the various indexes to periodical literature. All publications since 1920 are listed in the annual Bibliography of English Literature, prepared by the Modern Humanities Research Association, a series indispensable to any serious student of English literature. A definitive bibliography of Pope's own writings from 1709 to 1734 was published by R. H. Griffith in 1922, and future installments to complete the work are in preparation.

The list given here is designed primarily to assist the undergraduate student to some knowledge of the history of Pope's reputation, and thus to an intelligent evaluation of the more important essays on Pope as poet and artist.

1751. Works of Alexander Pope. Edited by Warburton.

9 volumes. An exact printing of the text as Pope finally left it. But the commentary is often more Warburton than Pope.

1755. Lessing, G. E. Pope ein Metaphysiker! A vigorous attack on Pope as a thinker, by the greatest German writer of that time.

1756. Warton, Joseph. An Essay on the Genius and Writings of Pope. Volume I. The second volume appeared in 1782. An attempt to deflate Pope's reputation, by one of the important early Romanticists.

1779-1781. Johnson, Samuel. to works of the English Poets. well as in Pope criticism.

Life of Pope, in his Prefaces
A classic in our literature as

1796. Wakefield, Gilbert. Observations on Pope. A valuable collection of minutiae, with a preface defending Pope as a poet.

1806. Bowles, William Lisle. Edition and Memoir of Pope. 10 volumes. Unsympathetic treatment throughout, by a Romanticist.

1818. Hazlitt, William. Dryden and Pope, in Lectures on the English Poets. Brilliant appreciation, even though Hazlitt was in general out of sympathy with the Eighteenth century.

1819. Campbell, Thomas. Specimens of the British Poets. 7 volumes. In volume i, pages 260-270, Campbell defended Pope against Bowles, and thus precipitated the Bowles-Byron controversy.

1820. Spence, Joseph. Anecdotes. Edited by S. W. Singer. Valuable notes, published from manuscript, of the conversation of Pope and his circle.

1821. Hazlitt, William. Pope, Lord Byron, and Mr. Bowles, in London Magazine. Reprinted in Hazlitt's Works, Ed. Waller and Glover, volume xi, pages 486-508. A bibliography of the Bowles-Byron controversy is found in the Cambridge History of English Literature, volume ix, page 500. See also an article on Bowles by T. E. Casson, in Eighteenth Century Literature, an Oxford Miscellany, Oxford, 1909.

1848. DeQuincey, Thomas. The Poetry of Pope. Reprinted in DeQuincey's Works, ed. Masson, volume xi, pages 51-97.

1851. DeQuincey, Thomas. Lord Carlisle on Pope. Reprinted in his Works, volume xi, pages 98-155. DeQuincey delivered a slashing attack on Pope.

1853. Thackeray, W. M. English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century.

1854. Hannay, James. Satire and Satirists.

1858. Conington, John. The Poetry of Pope, in Oxford Essays. Reprinted in his Miscellaneous Works, Volume i, 1872. An examination of Pope's poetry by an eminent student and translator of Augustan Latin literature. Helped to restore moderation after DeQuincey's violence.

1862. Anon. English Poetry from Dryden to Cowper, in Quarterly Review, July, 1862.

1863. Taine, H. Histoire de la littérature anglaise. Taine butchered Pope to provide a French holiday and to illustrate Taine's theory.

1864. Sainte-Beuve, C. A. Review of Taine, reprinted in Nouveaux Lundis, volume viii. Rebuke of Taine, and defence of Pope, by the master of French critics.

1869. Essay on Man, edited by Mark Pattison.

1869. Poetical Works, edited by A. W. Ward. Globe edition. A handy volume, with accurate text, and elaborate notes. 1871-1889. Pope's Works, edited by Elwin and Courthope. 10 volumes. There are four volumes of poetry, and five of letters, and a life. Elwin, who edited the first two volumes of poetry and the first three of correspondence, became more and more hostile towards the poet to whom he had devoted the leisure of a lifetime. Upon his death, Courthope continued the edition with much more sympathy and understanding. The volume of biography is by Courthope.

1871. Lowell, J. R. Pope. Reprinted in Literary Essays, volume iv. Some hesitancy as to whether Pope should be called a poet.

1872. Satires and Epistles, edited by Mark Pattison.

1872. Pattison, Mark. Pope and his Editors, in British Quarterly Review. Reprinted in his Essays, volume ii. Scholarly and valuable.

1873. Stephen, Sir Leslie. Pope as a Moralist, in Cornhill Magazine. Reprinted in Hours in a Library, volume i.

1875. Dilke, Charles Wentworth. The Papers of a Critic, volume i. Contains important study of Pope's methods in the publication of his letters.

1875. Abbott, Edwin. A Concordance to the Works of Alexander Pope.

1880, Stephen, Sir Leslie. Alexander Pope. English Men

of Letters Series. Has remained the standard brief biography.

1881. Beljame, A. Le Public et les Hommes de Lettres en Angleterre au dix-huitième siècle. A study of the decay of patronage and the rise of the reading public. A classic in scholarship.

1883. Dennis, J. Studies in English Literature.

1886. Lang, Andrew. Epistle to Mr. Alexander Pope, in Letters to Dead Authors.

1886. Montégut, Emile. Pope. In Revue des Deux Mondes. Reprinted in Heures de Lecture d'un Critique, 1891. Sympathetic study, especially of the early work of Pope, emphasizing the existence of Romantic elements in it.

1897. Dobson, Austin. Dialogue to the Memory of Mr. Alexander Pope, in Collected Poems.

1901. Courthope, W. J. Life in Poetry: Law in Taste. Chapter viii. An excellent discussion of Pope's literary creed. 1902. Chesterton, G. K. Pope and the Art of Satire, in Twelve Types, later reprinted as Varied Types. Brief and erratic, but brilliant and stimulating.

1903. Pope's Complete Poetical Works. Edited by H. W. Boynton. Cambridge Edition.

1905. Courthope, W. J. History of English Poetry, volume v. Courthope was especially interested in tracing the relation of poetry to the changes in the national life, and his history is comprehensive and philosophical, at times somewhat too hasty in generalization. He is at his best dealing with the Eighteenth century, which he understood as few have done. 1909. Paston, George (pseud.). Mr. Pope, his Life and Times. 2 volumes. Readable biography, containing considerable new material.

1918. More, Paul Elmer. Pope, in With the Wits. Eloquent and penetrating defence of Pope as the poet of satire. 1918. Palmer, George Herbert. Pope, in Formative Types in English Poetry.

1919. Mackail, J. W. Pope. The Leslie Stephen lecture at the University of Cambridge. Both Palmer and Mackail are judicious, but sympathetic, in their discussion of Pope as a poet.

1923. Sherburn, George. Notes on the Canon of Pope's Works, 1714-1720. In The Manly Anniversary Studies. Important biographical study, tending to show that early attacks on Pope drove him into satire on the dunces.

1923. Ker, William Paton. Pope, in The Art of Poetry. Acute and illuminating comments on Pope's style.

1924. Strachey, Lytton. Pope. A lecture by a man with an Eighteenth century personality.

APPENDIX B

POPE'S VERSIFICATION

For further discussion of the versification of Pope, the following works may be consulted:

Abbott, Edwin A., Introduction to Abbott's Concordance. McLean, L. Mary. The Riming System of Alexander Pope. In Publications of the Modern Language Association, 1891. Mead, W. E. The Versification of Pope in its Relation to the 17th Century. 1889.

Saintsbury, George. A History of English Prosody. Volume ii, 1908.

The main principles of Pope's versification were formulated by him in a letter written to Cromwell, November 25, 1710. When Pope, in 1735, published some of his letters, he recast this letter, addressed it to Walsh, and dated it back to October 22, 1706, obviously to prove his own precocity. From this revised form of the letter, the following is quoted:

"After the thoughts I have already sent you on the subject of English Versification, you may desire my opinion as to some further particulars. There are indeed certain Niceties, which, tho' not much observed even by correct versifiers, I cannot but think deserve to be better regarded.

"I. It is not enough that nothing offends the ear, but a good Poet will adapt the very Sounds, as well as Words, to the things he treats of. So that there is (if one may express it so) a Style of Sound. As in describing a gliding stream, the numbers should run easy and flowing; in describing a rough torrent or deluge, sonorous and swelling; and so of the rest. This is evident everywhere in Homer and Virgil, and nowhere else, that I know of, to any observable degree. .. We have one excellent example of it in our language, Mr. Dryden's Ode on St. Cecilia's Day, entitled Alexander's Feast.