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CHAPTER IV.-ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DISTINCTION OF
SYSTEMS OF CRYSTALLIZATION.-WEISS AND MOHS.... 326
CHAPTER V.—RECEPTION AND CONFIRMATION OF THe Dis-
TINCTION OF SYSTEMS OF CRYSTALLIZATION.
Diffusion of the Distinction of Systems....
Confirmation of the Distinction of Systems by the Optical Properties of
Minerals.—Brewster...
330
331
CHAPTER VI.-CORRECTION OF THE LAW OF THE SAME
ANGLE FOR THE SAME SUBSTANCE.
Discovery of Isomorphism.-Mitscherlich..
Dimorphism.....
CHAPTER VII-ATTEMPTS TO ESTABLISH THE FIXITY OF
OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.-WERNER......
SYSTEMATIC MINERALOGY.
CHAPTER VIII.-ATTEMPTS AT THE CLASSIFICATION OF
MINERALS.
Sect. 1. Proper Object of Classification...
Sect. 2. Mixed Systems of Classification
CHAPTER IX.-ATTEMPTS AT THE REFORM OF MINERALO-
GICAL SYSTEMS. SEPARATION OF THE CHEMICAL AND
NATURAL HISTORY METHODS.
334
336
339
340
Sect. 1. Natural History System of Mohs.....
344
Sect. 2. Chemical System of Berzelius and others.
347
Sect. 3. Failure of the Attempts at Systematic Reform.
349
Sect. 4. Return to Mixed Systems with Improvements..
CHAPTER I.-IMAGINARY KNOWLEDGE OF PLANTS...
PACE
358
CHAPTER II.—UNSYSTEMATIC KNOWLEDGE OF PLANTS.... 361
CHAPTER III.-FORMATION OF A SYSTEM OF ARRANGEMENT
OF PLANTS.
Sect. 1. Prelude to the Epoch of Casalpinus .....
369
Sect. 2. Epoch of Casalpinus.-Formation of a System of Arrangement.. 373
Sect. 3. Stationary Interval................
378
Sect. 4. Sequel to the Epoch of Casalpinus.-Further Formation and
Adoption of Systematic Arrangement.......
382
CHAPTER IV. THE REFORM OF Linnæus.
Sect. 1. Introduction of the Reform......
387
66
Sect. 2. Linnæan Reform of Botanical Terminology..
Sect. 3.
Sect. 4. Linnæus's Artificial System......
Sect. 5. Linnæus's Views on a Natural Method...
389
Nomenclature..
391
395
396
Sect. 6. Reception and Diffusion of the Linnæan Reform.......
400
CHAPTER V.-PROGRESS TOWARDS A NATURAL SYSTEM OF
BOTANY....
404
CHAPTER VI.-THE PROGRESS OF SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY.. 412
CHAPTER VII.—THE PROGRESS OF ICHTHYOLOGY
419
Period of Unsystematic Knowledge....
Period of Erudition.......
420
421
Period of Accumulation of Materials.-Exotic Collections..
422
Epoch of the Fixation of Characters.-Ray and Willoughby.
Improvement of the System.-Artedi....
423
Separation of the Artificial and Natural Methods in Ichthyology........
CHAPTER I.-DISCOVERY OF THE ORGANS OF VOLUNTARY
MOTION.
Sect. 1. Knowledge of Galen and his Predecessors.
Sect. 2. Recognition of Final Causes in Physiology.—Galen..
438
442
CHAPTER II.-DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD.
Sect. 1. Prelude to the Discovery....
Sect. 2. The Discovery of the Circulation made by Harvey
Sect. 3. Reception of the Discovery.....
Sect. 4. Bearing of the Discovery on the Progress of Physiology.............
444
447
448
449
CHAPTER III.-DISCOVERY OF THE MOTION OF THE CHYLE,
AND CONSEQUENT SPECULATIONS.
Sect. 1. The Discovery of the Motion of the Chyle.......
Sect. 2. The Consequent Speculations. Hypotheses of Digestion...
CHAPTER IV.-EXAMINATION OF THE PROCESS OF REPRO-
DUCTION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS, AND CONSEQUENT
SPECULATIONS.
Sect. 1. The Examination of the Process of Reproduction in Animals..... 455
Sect. 2.
in Vegetables.. 457
Sect. 3. The Consequent Speculations.-Hypotheses of Generation....... 459
CHAPTER V.-EXAMINATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, AND
CONSEQUENT SPECULATIONS.
Sect. 1. The Examination of the Nervous System.....
Sect. 2. The Consequent Speculations. Hypotheses respecting Life, Sen-
sation, and Volition...
461
464
CHAPTER VI.-INTRODUCTION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF DEVEL-
OPED AND METAMORPHOSED SYMMETRY.
Sect. 1. Vegetable Morphology.-Göthe. De Candolle
Sect. 2. Application of Vegetable Morphology.....
468
474
CHAPTER VII.-PROGRESS OF ANIMAL MORPHOLOGY.
Sect. 1. Rise of Comparative Anatomy
475
Sect. 2. Distinction of the General Types of the Forms of Animals.—
Cuvier......
478
Sect. 3. Attempts to establish the Identity of the Types of Animal Forms. 480
CHAPTER VIII.—THE DOCTRINE OF FINAL CAUSES IN
PHYSIOLOGY.
Sect. 1. Assertion of the Principle of Unity of Plan...
482
Sect. 2. Estimate of the Doctrine of Unity of Plan..
487
Sect. 3. Establishment and Application of the Principle of the Conditions
of Existence of Animals.-Cuvier .
492
Sect. 2. Early Descriptions and Collections of Fossils..
Sect. 3. First Construction of Geological Maps..
499
505
506
509
CHAPTER II.-FORMATION OF SYSTEMATIC DEscriptive
GEOLOGY.
Sect. 1. Discovery of the Order and Stratification of the Materials of the
Earth....
Sect. 2. Systematic Form given to Descriptive Geology.-Werner...
Sect. 3. Application of Organic Remains as a Geological Character. Smith.
Sect. 4. Advances in Palæontology.-Cuvier......
Sect. 5. Intellectual Characters of the Founders of Systematic Descriptive
Geology.....
CHAPTER III-SEQUEL TO THE FORMATION OF SYSTEMATIC
DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY.
511
513
515
517
520
Sect. 1. Reception and Diffusion of Systematic Geology
Sect. 2. Application of Systematic Geology.-Geological Surveys and Maps. 526
Sect. 3. Geological Nomenclature......
523
527
Sect. 4. Geological Synonymy, or Determination of Geological Equiva-
lents.....
531
VOL. II.-2
CHAPTER IV.-ATTEMPTS TO DISCOVER GENERAL LAWS IN
Sect. 1. Necessity and Object of a Science of Geological Dynamics......
Sect. 2. Aqueous Causes of Change ...
542
545
Sect. 3. Igneous Causes of Change.-Motions of the Earth's Surface....
Sect. 4. The Doctrine of Central Heat.....
549
554
Sect. 5. Problems respecting Elevations and Crystalline Forces.
Sect. 6. Theories of Changes of Climate ..
556
559
CHAPTER VI-PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGICAL DYNAMICS
OF ORGANIZED Beings.
Sect. 1. Objects of this Science ...
Sect. 2. Geography of Plants and Animals.
Sect. 3. Questions of the Transmutation of Species..
Sect. 4. Hypothesis of Progressive Tendencies...
Sect. 5. Question of Creation as related to Science...
561
562
563
565
568
Sect. 6. The Hypothesis of the Regular Creation and Extinction of Species. 573
Sect. 1. Object and Distinctions of Physical Geology.
Sect. 2. Of Fanciful Geological Opinions...
Sect. 3. Of Premature Geological Theories.
CHAPTER VIII.-THE TWO ANTAGONIST DOCTRINES OF
Sect. 1. Of the Doctrine of Geological Catastrophes.
579
580
584
586
588