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W. Allen, Esq., F.R. and R.A.S.

Capt. P. Beaufort, R.N., F. R. and R.A.S.,

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G. Burrows, M.D.

Peter Stafford Carey, Esq., A.M.
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R. D. Craig, Esq.

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H. T. Dela Beche, Esq., F.R.S.

The Right Hon. Lord Denman.

Samuel Duckworth, Esq.

The Right Rev. the Bishop of Durham, D.D. The Right Hon. Viscount Fbrington, M.P.

Sir Henry Ellis, Prin, Lib. Brit. Mas.

T. F. Ellis, Esq., A.M., F.R.A,S
John Elliotson, M.D., F.R.S.

Thomas Falconer, Esq.

I. L. Goldsmid, Esq., F.R. and R.A.S.

Dr. Roget, Sec. R.S., F.R.A.S.

Edward Romilly, Esq., A.M.

The Right Hon. Lord John Russell, M.J.

Sir M. A. Shee, P. R. A., F.R.S.

John Abel Smith, Esq., M.P.
The Right Hon. Earl Spencer
John Taylor, Esq. F.R.S.
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Thomas Wyse, Esq., M.P.

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Barnstaple.-

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Belfast-Dr. Drummond."
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J. Reynolds, Esq., Treasurer.

J. B. Estlin, Esq., F.L.S., Secretary.

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Rev. Geo. Peacock, M.A., F.R.S. & G.S.
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Professor Smyth, M.A.

Rev. C. Thirlwall, M. A.

Canterbury-John Brent, Esq., Alderman,
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Robert Inglis, Esq., Treasurer.

Rev. C. Bridgman,

Rev. C. Gutzlaff,

J. R. Morrison, Esq.,

Secretaries.

Cardigan-Rev. J. Blackwell, M.A.

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William Roberts, Esq.

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LOCAL COMMITTEES.

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Thomas Evans, Esq.
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Edward Strutt, Esq., M.P.

Devonport and Stonehouse-John Cole, Esq.'
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Lt. Col. C. Hamilton Smith, F.R.S.
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John Milford, Esq. (Coaver.)
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Professor Mylne.

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W. Williams, Esq., Aberpergwm.
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Keighley, Yorkshire-Rev. T. Dury, M.A.
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John Case, Esq.

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Manchester Loc. As.-G. W. Wood, Esq., Ch.
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Sir G. Philips, Bart., M.P.
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R. G. Kirkpatrick, Esq. Newport Pagnell-J. Millar, Esq. Newtown, Montgomeryshire-W. Pugh, Esq. Norwich-Richard Bacon, Esq.

Orsett, Esser-Dr. Corbett, M.D.

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Rev. John Jordan, B.A.

E. W. Head, Esq., M.A.

Penang-Sir B. H. Malkin.

Pesth, Hungary-Count Szechenyi.

Plymouth-H. Woolcombe, Esq., F.A.S., Ch.

Snow Harris, Esq., F.R.S.

E. Moore, M.D., F.L.S., Secretary.

G. Wightwick, Esq.

Presteign-Dr. A. W. Davies, M.D
Ripon-

-Rev. H. P. Hamilton, M.A., F.R.S. and G.S.

Rev. P. Ewart, M.A.

Ruthen-Rev. the Warden of

Humphreys Jones, Esq.

Ryde, I. of Wight-Sir Rd. Simeon, B., M.P. Salisbury-Rev. J. Barfit.

Sheffield. 1. Abraham, Esq.

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Henry Coppock, Esq., Secretary.
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John Rumile, Esq.
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Henry Sewell Stokes, Esq.
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The Rev. Williani Field, (Leamington.) Waterford-Sir John Newport, Bt. Wolverhampton-J. Pearson, Esq. Worcester-Dr. Hastings, M.D. C. H. Hebb, Esq.

Wrexham-Thomas Edgworth, Esq

J. E. Bowman, Esq., F.L.S., Treasurer.
Major William Lloyd.
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Dawson Turner, Esq.
York-Rev. J. Kenrick, M.A.

J. Phillips, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S.

OF

CHA

CHARLESTON, the largest city in the state of South Carolina, is situated in the county of Charleston, upon a narrow tongue of land formed by the confluence of the rivers Ashley and Cooper, in 32° 47' N. lat. and 79° 48′ W. long. The harbour, which is spacious and convenient, is formed by the æstuary of the two rivers, and protected from the Atlantic by Sullivan's Island on the N. and Folly Island on the S. The entrance, which is between these islands, is obstructed by a range of sand-banks, which make three channels by which vessels of considerable burthen may enter the port, but the passage is rendered so difficult and uncertain by the tides and the shifting of the sands, that it is customary for all vessels, including even constant traders to the port, to be taken in by licensed pilots.

Charleston was founded in 1680, seventeen years after the granting of the colony by Charles II. to the Earl of Clarendon. For rather more than a century it was the capital of the province, Columbia, now the seat of government, not having been founded until 1787. The town is regularly laid out in parallel streets extending between the two rivers and crossed by other streets at right angles. The houses are for the most part spacious and lofty, and furnished with balconies and verandahs, in order to protect the interior from the sun. The streets are generally narrow and unpaved, and the soil being sandy, considerable annoyance is experienced in windy weather from dust and sand. To shelter the passengers from the sun, rows of a tree called the 'pride of India' are planted on each side of the streets; this tree does not grow to any considerable height, but its branches are spreading and its foliage thick, and it possesses the further advantage of not harbouring insects.

The town contains a city-hall, exchange, custom-house, guard-houses, theatre, orphan-house, hospital, alms-house, two arsenals, two markets, a college, and nineteen places of public worship. The yellow fever has made frequent ravages in Charleston, but its effects have been chiefly confined to strangers, and especially those from more northern climates. The place is not considered unhealthy by natives. The population of the city, in 1790, was 16,359, of whom 7684 were slaves. In the next forty years the number of inhabitants has nearly doubled, as appears from the following statement:

Free Whites. Free Persons
Males. Females, of Colour. Slaves.

1800
1810. 5863 . 5705 1472 11,671

Total. 18,712

24,711

25,356

1820 5809 5330 1475. 12,652 1830. 6326. 6502. 2107. 15,354 30,289 These numbers do not include the population of the suburbs, which in 1830 amounted to 10,054.

Charleston is a place of very considerable trade. A great part of the cotton and nearly all the rice exported from the state are shipped from this port. The amount of registered and licensed tonnage belonging to the port in 1835 was 13,759 tons, of which 7559 tons were employed in the coasting trade. The tonnage of steam-vessels in the same year No. 403.

Sea Island.

Exports.

Stocks on hand.

Cotton.

Cotton.

Sea Island.

Sea

Upland. Rice.

Island. Upland.

Rice.

Upland. Rice. Bales. Bales. Tierces. Bales, Bales. Tierces. Bales. Bales. Tierces. 1829-30 11,538 149,250 89,356 6,651 119,209 76,503 6,784 32,47311,280 1830-31 11,420118,054 81,333 9,042 89,415 63,509 7,08 30,84313,888 1831-32 14,922 139,020 98,583 11,548 115,3-9 82,805 4,277 31,279 11,751 1832-33 17,914 133,327 99,689 16, 280 119, 430 85,102 2,124 16,424 12,94% 1833-34 12,500 138,392 88,605 8,639 121,31475,422 4,329 20,964 11.776 1834-35 11,373 135,482 89,328 7,925 121.899 82,571 4,663 16,174 5,400 1835-36 10,958 163,639 94,000 8,144 156,83783,013 3,098 11,284 9,603

The exports of the two shipping seasons ending April 1, 1835, and 1836, were distributed as follows:

The Charleston college was chartered in 1785, but until 1824 it could be considered only as a grammar-school. In that year some alterations were made in its plans and government by means of which it was placed on a respectable footing as a college. At that time its funds had become very low, but it has since received 22,500 dollars by gift from two individuals, and its income from students has also since 1824 amounted to 10.000 dollars annually. The number of students in 1833 was 177, of whom 46 attended the scientific department, 76 the classical department, and 55 the English department. The college building is commodious: it possesses a good philosophical apparatus, and a library of 3000 volumes, besides several hundred volumes belonging to the students. The medical college, which was established in 1824, is empowered to confer medical degrees. The locality is a handsome building, for which the city council of Charleston appropriated 15,000 dollars, and the establishment has been further assisted by the states' legislature, which has granted to its funds the sum of 17,000 dollars. Printing was introduced into South Carolina at Charleston in 1730, and the first newspaper was published in January, 1732; there were in 1834 three daily and three weekly papers published in the city. There are five banks established in Charleston with capitals amounting in the aggregate to 4,600,000 dollars; and two insurance companies, with capitals of 300,000 and 450,000 dollars respectively. CHARLESTOWN, the principal town in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, is situated on a peninsula, formed by the river Mystic on the East, and Charles river on the West, by which latter it is separated from Boston, of which it may be said to form a suburb. The settlement at Charlestown somewhat preceded the founding of Boston. In the year 1628, Mr. Endicot, one of the patentees to whom King James the First had eight years before granted an extensive territory in America, went to New England, with about a hundred followers, and settled at the spot now called Salem. In the following year this small colony was joined by about two hundred other persons from England; but, in the course of the year, about 100 of the colonists removed, and with the consent of Mr. Endicot, settled themselves at Charlestown, then called by its Indian name of Mishawum. In the early part of the American Revolutionary war Charlestown was destroyed by the English troops; previously to that time it was a thriving place, in which many branches of manufacture were carried on. It was speedily rebuilt, and became much more considerable than before the war. The population in 1830 amounted to 8787 souls. Besides the Charles-river bridge, by which the town is connected with Boston, there is a bridge across the river Mystic, which connects Charlestown with the town of Malden, in the same county. [BOSTON.]

CHARLEVILLE, a town in the department of Ardennes in France, in the immediate vicinity of Mézières, the capital of the department, and on the left bank of the Meuse, about 145 miles from Paris through Soissons, Reims, and Rethel. This town is of modern origin, having been built in 1609 by Charles de Gonzague, Duke of Nevers, afterwards Duke of Mantua. It is very regularly laid out, and the streets are very straight; there are four principal ones, into which the others run. The houses are of uniform height, covered with slate. There is a handsome square, surrounded by a piazza, and with a fountain in the middle. The town possesses a theatre, a considerable public library, and a museum of natural history and antiquities. Charleville was originally fortified, and had a citadel called Mont Olympe; but these fortifications were destroyed about 1687, by order of Louis XIV. of France, into whose hands the town had come. A stone bridge unites this town with the neighbouring town of Mézières.

The population of Charleville, in 1832, was 7400 for the town itself, or 7773 for the whole commune. The inhabitants manufacture iron wares, especially nails and fire-arms, of which last there is a government manufacture. Brass founding and the manufacture of soap are also carried on. There is a commodious port on the Meuse, and considerable business is transacted.

CHARLEVOIX, PIERRE FRANÇOIS XAVIER DE, born at St. Quentin in 1682, was educated by the Jesuits, and was admitted into their order in early life. In 1720 he was appointed to one of the Jesuit missions in

His

He was a laborious compiler, and the documents and accounts of foreign countries (furnished by Jesuit missionaries, who were scattered in almost every corner of the world) upon which he principally worked, were numerous and occasionally valuable; but both he and his authorities were partial, prejudiced, credulous, and superstitious, and too much given to tedious details of the proceedings and ceremonies of their own order. To this we must add that Charlevoix's style is somewhat heavy and diffuse. separate works are, 1. History and Description of Japan,' which is taken almost entirely from Kämpfer; 2. History of St. Domingo,' which is derived from a MS. sent him by Father Le Pers, who lived twenty-five years in that island, and from some documents which existed in the bureaux of the French ministry of Marine; 3. History of New France,' which contains a good account of all the French establishments in Canada and North America, together with a tedious confused journal of his own travels in that part of the world; (the latter portion was translated into English in 1760, under the title of Journal of a Voyage to North America;) 4.' History of Paraguay,' which was translated into English in 1769.

His thick quartos are a compound of travels and history, not very skilfully mixed; but although Charlevoix had neither the order and philosophy necessary to an historian, nor the enterprise and vivacity of a traveller, he was a very industrious man, and collected many things which still render his books valuable for occasional reference.

CHARLOCK, the vulgar name of Sinapis nigra and alba, common annual weeds which infest corn-land. They are so easily destroyed by a little care, that their presence can only be looked upon as evidence of slovenly agriculture. CHARLOTTENBURG, a small town about a mile from Berlin, is built on the river Spree, and united to the capital by an excellent road, which is lighted by lamps. It contains a royal palace with a fine park, in which there is the sepulchral monument of Queen Luise, who died in 1810. There are also statues of the Great Elector and King Frederic I. Charlottenburg is a great place of resort for the people of Berlin, some of whom have fine country houses here. The population is about 6100. There are a few manufactures of cotton goods on a small scale.

CHARLOTTESVILLE, a post-town, and the countytown of the county of Albemarle, in the State of Virginia. on the bank of the Rivanna, a branch of the James river, It is situated in a beautiful and healthy country, about twenty miles from the Blue Ridge. Monticello, the former residence of Mr. Jefferson, is on the summit of a hill, about two miles from Charlottesville. Mr. Jefferson is buried in the grounds near the house. During the revolutionary war, Colonel Tarleton made an attempt, in which he nearly succeeded, to surprise the Virginia legislature, then sitting at Charlottesville. Mr. Jefferson, who was then governor of Virginia, narrowly escaped being taken in his own house.

The university of Virginia, which is about one mile from Charlottesville, was founded by the legislature of Virginia, under the superintendence of Mr. Jefferson, who was appointed the first rector and one of the visitors. The regulations for the government of this institution, and the general course of instruction, were formed by Mr. Jefferson. It is one of the few colleges in the United States which has not a clergyman for its president: no theological or religious instruction is given by the university.

The branches of instruction are the Greek, Latin, and Hebrew languages, the most important modern languages, mathematics, natural philosophy, moral philosophy and political economy, law, and chemistry. There is also a small medical school. The university possesses a well

selected library of about 10,000 volumes, a philosophical and chemical apparatus, an anatomical and general museum, a cabinet of minerals, and an observatory. CHAROLLES, a town in France, in the department of Saône and Loire. [SAÔNE et LOIRE.]

CHAROLLOIS, or CHAROLOIS, a district deriving its name from the above town, which was the capital of it. Charollois was a subdivision of the duchy of Bourgogne, and Philippe le Bon and Charles le Téméraire, the two last of the great feudal dukes, took, during their father's lifetime, their title from this district, being known as counts of Charollois. It is included in the department of Saône et Loire, except a small part west of the Loire, which is for the most part comprehended in the department of Allier. [ALLIER, SAÔNE ET LOIRE.[

CHAROLLOIS, CANAL DU, otherwise called the CANAL DU CENTRE, one of the most important canals in France. It was commenced A.D. 1783 and finished A.D. 1792, and runs through the district from which it takes its name, connecting the navigation of the Loire at Digoin with that of the Saône at Châlons. From its junction with the Loire it follows the valley of the Arroux, a feeder of the Loire, for a very short distance, and then that of the Bourbince, a feeder of the Arroux. The only town of any importance near the canal, in this part of its course, is Paray (population, 2722, town; 3400, whole commune). The canal then passes through the étang or pool of Long Pendu, and follows the valley of the Dheune, a feeder of the Saône, to near the town of Chagny (population 2989), and then, turning off to the right, opens into the Saône at Châlons. Its whole length is given in the table subjoined to Malte Brun's Géog. Universelle, at 116,812 mètres, or about 72 English miles. It is the seventh of the French canals in respect of length. Its length, as measured on the maps of France by A. H. Brué, and by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, is, as near as can be, 70 miles. CHARON, a native of Lampsacus, on the Hellespont, one of those numerous Greek historical writers now only known by their names and a few fragments. Charon lived before Herodotus, who was born B.C. 484, and he was younger than Hecatæus, who was probably in the vigour of his life about B.C. 500. Charon wrote a history of his native town, a history of Persia, a history of Crete, and other works. The loss of the Cretan history is to be regretted, as we possess so few materials for the antient state of that island. (See Suidas, Xápov; Creuzer, Historicorum Græcorum Antiquiss. Fragmenta, &c. Heidelberg, 1806, 8vo.)

Suidas mentions two other writers of the name; one of Carthage, and the other of Naucratis, in Egypt.

CHARON, the fabulous boatman who conveyed the shades of the departed across the rivers which girt the infernal regions. (Eurip. Alcest. 253, 441; Aristoph. Ran. 202; Virgil, Eneis, v. 298.) His fare was an obol (the sixth part of a drachme), which was laid in the mouth of a person about to be buried, in order that he might have wherewith to pay the freight. (vaðλov, daváeŋ. Aristoph.; J. Pollux, ix. 82; and Juvenal, iii. 267.) Charon does not appear in Homer; his origin is referred to Egypt (Diodor. i. 90), where he had a representative in Amenthes, the emblem of a future state: his name is thought to point to the joy produced by a freedom from sublunary troubles. (See Creuzer, Symbolik, i., p. 341.)

CHART, or SEA-CHART, a hydrographical map, or a projection of some part of the sea, in plano, for the use of navigation. Fournier, in his Hydrographie, (fol. par. 1667, p. 505,) ascribes the invention of charts to Henry, son of John, king of Portugal: certain it is that marine charts appear first to have issued from the Portuguese. Bagford says, the first step that was made toward a knowledge of our own coasts was by an almanac, with a chart of the coasting part of England, printed on vellum or parchment, by Wynken de Worde, 1520, and bound in a small portable volume. This was the first he had seen of the kind. (See Bagford's Letter to Hearne, prefixed to Leland's Itinerary, vol. i., p. lxxx., and Spicileg. ad Gul. Neubrig., p. 749.) John Rotz, a native of Dieppe, and servant to King Henry VIII., made for the king's use a Book of Hydrography, so called, being an account of the compass, elevation of the pole, latitude, sea coasts, &c., 1542, finely painted on eighteen very large skins of parchment, still preserved among the royal manuscripts 'n the British Museum, marked 20 E., ix. Of this description also is a very curious chart, preserved in the same collection, formerly belonging

to Lord Oxford, and probably of as early if not an earlier date than Rotz's charts. New Holland is laid down upon it as an island, under the name of Java le Grand. The writer of the present article, many years ago, consulted the late Captain Flinders for his opinion whether this portion of the chart could have been laid down from actual observation. The answer was,most certainly; for lines of red dots are made to border the coast exactly to the extent to which it is coral-bound, and no farther; I was wrecked upon | one of those reefs, and have reason to remember them."' The names of places are occasionally given upon the different shores in this chart, in French; and the very spot upon it which Captain Cook afterwards named Botany Bay is designated as Côte des Herbages.

The generality of the early Portuguese charts seem to have been made toward the close of the fifteenth century. The particular species of charts most used at sea will be explained under the head MERCator's PROJECTION. See also MAP, and STEREOGRAPHIC, ORTHOGRAPHIC, GNOMONIC, and CONICAL PROJECTIONS, under which last head look for Flamsteed's and the modern French projections. CHARTA, MAGNA. [MAGNA CHARTA.]

CHARTE, from charta, paper,' was the name given to the letters of franchise granted by the kings of France during the middle ages to several towns and communities, by which they were put in possession of certain municipal rights or privileges, such as the free election of their local magistrates, &c. At present the word charte is used in France to signify the solemn acknowledgment made by Louis XVIII. on his restoration in 1814 of the rights of the nation, which is the fundamental law of the French constitutional monarchy, and the principle of which resembles that of the English constitution as founded on Magna Charta and the Bill of Rights. The legislative power is vested in two chambers, peers and deputies, subject to the king's sanction. All laws are promulgated by the king. The executive power is vested solely in the king, who appoints to all the offices of the administration, both civil and military, and has the command of all the military and naval forces. He also appoints the judicial officers, who however, when once appointed, cannot be removed by him. The king makes all treaties of peace, alliance, or commerce. His person is inviolable; but the ministers are responsible. One article of the Charte, having given occasion to a false interpretation, of which the ministers of Charles X. availed themselves to issue the famous ordonnances which gave rise to the revolution of July, was altered on the accession of Louis Philippe, and it was clearly explained that the king issues the necessary ordonnances and regulations for the execution of the laws, without having the power in any case to suspend the course of the law or to delay its execution.' The Charte, with this and one or two more modifications of minor importance, was sworn to by Louis Philippe on the 9th of August, 1830. Since that date, a change has been made by the legislature in the constitution of the Chamber of Peers. The Peers are for life, and the peerage is not hereditary in their families.

The Charte consists of sixty-nine articles, and is inserted in the Almanac Royal et National, which is published every year. [LOUIS XVIII.]

CHARTER, or CHARTA. The primary meaning of Charta, or Carta, is paper, or any material to write upon, as charta pergamena (parchment). It then came to signify any deed or writing, in the same manner as liber (the inner bark of a tree), from which a sort of paper was made, now signifies any description of book.

The word Charter, though formerly used as synonymous with deeds and writings (Co. Litt., 6a), is now applied only to those grants of the king which create corporations, or confer some privilege or exemption; in fact, the word has acquired the secondary meaning of privilege or immunity. Many charters, of great antiquity, are extant. The city of London possesses two granted by William the Conqueror in 1066, and several copies of Magna Charta and the Charta de Forestâ are in good preservation. Blackstone, quoting Matthew Paris, says, that an original great charter, under seal, was sent to every county in England, and to those which had forests within them a charter of the forest also; notwithstanding which, he continues, it is surprising how few of these originals are at present extant.

CHARTER-HOUSE, London. Sir Walter de Manny, knight, a stranger born, lord of the town of Manny, in the diocese of Cambray, in the Netherlands, who for service