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Barbary height and ruggednefs. The fiege of this place was committed to Pharas, an officer of great experience, who having fhut up all avenues to the town, the unhappy Gilimer was reduced to the greatest ftraits for limer's want of provifions. Pharas being foon apprifed of the extreme di- diftrefs he was in, wrote him a moft friendly and patel. thetic letter, earneftly exhorting him to put an end to the diftrefs of himfelf and his friends by a furrender. This Gilimer declined; but at the fame time concluded his answer with a moft fubmiffive requeft, that Pharas would fo far pity his great distress as to fend him a loaf of bread, a sponge, and a lute. This ftrange request greatly furprised Pharas; but at laft it was explained By the meffenger, who told him that the king had not talled any baked bread fince his arrival on that mountain, and earneftly longed to eat a morfel of it before he died: the sponge he wanted to allay a tumour that was fallen on one of his eyes; and the lute, on which he had learned to play, was to affift him in fetting fome elegiac verfes he had compofed on the fubject of his misfortunes to a fuitable tune. At this mournful report Pharas could not refrain from tears, and immediately dispatched the meffenger with the things he

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Kindly treated by Juftinian.

23

the Sara

cens.

wanted.

Gilimer had spent near three winter months on the fummit of this inhofpitable mountain, his mifery hardening him ftill more against the thoughts of furrendering, when a melancholy fcene in his own family at once reconciled him to it. This was a bloody struggle between two boys, one of them his fifter's fon, about a flat bit of dough, laid on the coals; which the one feized upon, burning hot as it was, and clapped it into his mouth; but the other by dint of blows forced it out, and eat it from him. This quarrel, which might have ended fatally had not Gilimer interpofed, made fo deep an impreffion upon him, that he immediately difpatched a messenger to Pharas, acquainting him that he was willing to furrender himself and all his effects upon the conditions he had offered, as foon as he was affured that they were embraced by Belifarius. Pharas loft no time to get them ratified and fent back to him; after which he was conducted to Belifarius, who gave him a very kind reception. Gilimer was afterwards brought before Juftinian in golden chains, whom he befought in the moft fubmiffive manner to fpare his life. This was readily granted by the emperor; who alfo allowed him a handfome yearly penfion to live up. on as a private gentleman. But his mind and heart were too mnch unfettled and broken to enjoy the fweets of a private ftate; fo that Gilimer, oppreffed with grief, died in the year 534, the firft of his captivity, and five years after he had been raised to the throne.

Barbary being thus again reduced under the power of the Romans, its hiftory falls to be taken notice of Barbary under that of Rome. In the khalifat of Omar, this fubdued by country was reduced by the Saracens, as we have already related under the article ARABIA. It continued fubject to the khalifs of Arabia and Bagdad till the reign of Harun Al Rafhid, who having appointed Ibrahim Ebn Aglab governor of the western parts of his empire, that prefect took the opportunity, firft Principal of affuming greater powers to himself than had been city of the granted by the khalif, and then erecting a princiAlabites pality altogether independent of the khalifs. The founded. race of Aglab continued to enjoy their new principa

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lity peaceably till the year of the Hegira 297 or 298, Barbary. during which time they made feveral defcents on the island of Sicily, and conquered part of it. About this time, however, one Obeidallah rebelled against the house of Aglab, and affumed the title of khalif of Kairwan (the ancient Cyrene, and refidence of the Aglabite princes). To give the greater weight to his pretenfions he alfo took the furname of Al Mehdi, or Al Mahedi, the director. According to fome, also, he pretended to be defcended in a right line from Ali Ebn Abu Taleb, and Fatema the daughter of Mahomet; for which reafon, fay they, the Arabs called him and his defcendants Fatemites. He likewife encouraged himfelf and his followers by a traditional prophecy of Mahomet, that at the end of 300 years the fun fhould rise 25 out of the weft. Having at length driven the Agla- Driven out bites into Egypt, where they became known by the by Al Mohname of Magrebians, he extended his dominions in Fatemite Africa and Sicily, making Kairwan the place of his khalif. refidence.

di the first

gypt.

26

In the 300th year of the Hegira, Habbafah, one His general of Al Mohdi's generals, overthrew the khalif Al Mok- Habbafah tader's forces in the neighbourhood of Barca, and invades Emade himself mafter of that city. After which he reduced Alexandria itself; and was making great progrefs in the conqueft of the whole country, when Al Mokhtader difpatched against him his two generals Takin and Al Kafem, with an army of 100,000 men. Habbafah being informed that the khalif's troops were in motion, advanced at the head of his army to give them battle, and at last came up with them in an island called by the Arabs Ard Al Khamfin. Here he attacked them with incredible bravery, notwithstanding their force was much fuperior to his; but the approach of night obliged both generals to found a retreat.The action therefore was by no means decifive, tho' extremely bloody, the khalif's generals having loft 20,000, and Habbafah 10,000. The latter, however, durft not renew the fight next morning; but ftole off in the night, and returned home, fo that Al Mokhtader in effect gained a victory. In the 302d year of the Hegira, however, Habbafah returned, poffeffed himself of Alexandria a fecond time, defeated a body of the khalif's forces, and killed 700o of them upon the fpot. What further progrefs he made at that time we are not certainly told; but in the 307th year of the Hegira, Abul As does alKafem, fon to the Fatemite khalif Al Mohdi, again fo his fon entered Egypt with an army of 100,000 men. At first Abul Ka he met with extraordinary fuccefs, and over-ran a confem, fiderable part of that fine country. He made himself mafter of Alexandria, Al Tayum, Al Baknafa, and the isle of Al Ashmaryin, penetrating even to Al Jizah, where the khalif's army under the command of Munes was pofted in order to oppofe him. In this country he found means to maintain himself till the 308th year of the Hegira. This year, however, he was entirely Who is ut defeated by Munes, who made himself mafter of all histerly debaggage, as well as of the plunder he had acquired; feated by and this blow obliged him to fly to Kairwan with the fhattered remains of his army, where he remained without making any further attempt on Egypt.

Al Mohdi, reigned 24 years; and was fucceeded by his fon Abul Kafem abovementioned, who then took the furname of Al Kayem Mohdi. During his reign we read of nothing remarkable, except the revolt of

one.

27

28

Munes.

29

Rebellion

30

Al Manfur khalif.

BAR

BAR

Barbe.

far; but in the mean time, this enterprize did not di- Barbary
vert Al Moez from the care of his other conquests,
particularly thofe of Sicily and Sardinia: to the last
of which he failed in the year of the Hegira 361, con-
tinuing a whole year in it, and leaving the care of his
African dominions to an experienced officer named
rufef Ben Zeiri. He failed thence the following year
for Tripoli in Barbary, where he had not ftaid long
before he received the agreeable news that his general
had made himself mafter of Alexandria. He loft no
time, but immediately embarked for it, leaving the
government of his old African dominions in the hands
of his trufty fervant Yufef abovementioned, and arri-
of govern-
ving fafely at that port was received with all the demon- And trans-
ftrations of joy. Here he began to lay the foundations fers the feat
of his new Egyptian dynasty, which was to put a final
end to the old one of Kairwan after it had continued that coun-
about 65 years.

[ 5 ] Barbary, one Yezid Ebn Condat, a man of mean extraction, but who, having been raised to the dignity of chancellor, found means to raise such a strong party, that the of Yezid. khalif was obliged to shut himself up in the caftle of Mohedia. Yezid, being then at the head of a powerful army, foon reduced the capital of Kairwan, the cities of Al Rakkada and Tunis, and feveral other forcreffes. He was no lefs fuccefsful in defeating a confiderable number of troops which Al Kayem had raised and fent against him; after which he closely befieged the khalif himself in the castle where he had shut himfelf up. The fiege continued feven months; during which time the place was reduced to fuch ftraits, that the khalif muft either have surrendered it or been ftarved, when death put an end to his anxiety in the 12th year of his reign, and 334th of the Hegira. Al Kayem was fucceeded by his fon Ifhmael, who immediately took upon himself the title of Al Manfur. This khalif thought proper to conceal the death of his father till he had made the preparations neceffary for In this he was fo fuccessful, that reducing the rebels. he obliged Yezid to raise the fiege of Mohedia the fame year; and in the following gave him two great overthrows, obliging him to shut himself up in the fortrefs of Kothama, or Cutama, where he befieged him in his turn. Yezid defended the place a long time with desperate bravery; but finding the garrifon at laft obliged to capitulate, he made fhift to efcape privately. Al Manfur immediately dispatched a body of forces in purfuit of him; who overtook, and brought him back in fetters; but not till after a vigorous defence, in which Yezid received feveral dangerous wounds, of which he died in prifon. After his death, Al Manfur caufed his body to be flayed, and his skin stuffed and expofed to public view. Of Al Manfur's exploits in SICILY an account is given under that article. Nothing farther remarkable happened in his African dominions; and he died after a reign of seven years and 16 days, in the 341ft of the Hegira.

31

Death of
Yezid.

32

Al Moez

khalif.

Al Manfur was fucceeded by his fon Abu Zammin Ledinillah Moad, who affumed the furname of Al Moez Ledinillah. He proved a very warlike prince, and maintained a bloody conteft with Abdalrahman, khalif of Andalufia; for a particular account of which fee the article SPAIN. In the 347th year of the Hegira, beginning March 25th, 958, Al Moez fent a powerful army to the western extremity of Africa, under the command of Abul Hafan Jawhar, one of his flaves, whom he had advanced to the dignity of Vizir. Jawhar first advanced to a city called Tahart, which he befieged for fome time ineffectually From thence he marched to Fez, and inade the proper difpofitions for attacking that city. But finding that Ahmed Ebn Beer, the Emir of the place, was refolved to defend it to the laft, he thought proper to abandon the enterprize. However, having traverfed all the tract between that capital and the Atlantic ocean, he again fat down before Fez, and took it by ftorm the following year.

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He conquers Egypt,

But the greatest atchievement performed by this khalif was his conqueft of Egypt, and the removal of the khalifat to that country. This conqueft, though long projected, he did not attempt till the year of the Hegira 358. Having then made all neceffary preparations for it, he committed the care of that expedition to a faithful and experienced general called Giafar, or Jaa.

Al Mocz preferved all his old dominions of Kairwan or Africa Proper. But the ambition or avarice of the governors whom he appointed fuffered them to run quickly to a fhameful decay; particularly the new and opulent metropolis of Mohedia, on which immenfe fums had been lavifhed, as well as labour and care, fo as to render it not only one of the richest and statelieft, but one of the ftrongeft, cities in the world: fo that we may truly fay, the wealth and fplendor of this once famed, though fhort-lived ftate, took their final leave of it with the departure of the khalif Al Moez, feeing the whole maritime tract from the Egyptian confines to the Straits of Gibraltar hath fince become the neft of the most odious piratical crew that can be imagined.

Under the article ALGIERS we have given a fhort account of the erection of a new kingdom in Barbary by Texefien; which, however, is there no farther continued than is neceffary for the proper understanding the hiftory of that country. A general history might here be given of the whole country of Barbary; but as that would neceffarily occafion repetitions under the articles MOROCCO, TRIPOLI, TUNIS, &c. we must refer to thofe articles for the hiftorical part, as well as for an account of the climate, inhabitants, &c.

34

ment to

try.

BARBATELLI (Bernardino), otherwife called Pochetti, a painter of history, fruit, animals, and flowers, was born at Florence in 1542. He was the difciple of Ridolfo Ghirlandaio at Florence; from whofe fchool. he went to Rome, and ftudied there with fuch uncommon affiduity, that he was frequently fo abftracted, and fo abfolutely engroffed by the objects of his contemplations, as to forget the neceffary refreshments of fleep and food. He was excellent in painting every fpecies of animals, fruit, or flowers; and in those subjects not only imitated, but equalled nature. touch was free, light, and delicate, and the colouring of his objects inexpreffibly true; and, befide his merit in his mot ufual ftyle of painting, the hiftorical subjects which he defigned from facred or profane authors were much efteemed and admired. He died in 1612. BARBE, or BARB. See BARE.

Hig

BARBE, in the military art. To fire in barbe, means to fire the cannon over the parapet, instead of firing through the embrafures; in which cafe, the parapet must not be above three feet and a half high.

BARBE, O BARDE, is an old word, denoting the who armour of the horses of the ancient knights and foldiers,

Barbet.

BARBETS, the name of the inhabitants of feveral Barbets." valleys in Piedmont, particularly those of Lucern, Angrona, Perufa, and St Martin.

Barbe who were accoutred at all points. It is faid to have been an armour of iron and leather, wherewith the neck, breaft, and shoulders of the horse were covered. BARBE (St), a town of Biscay in Mexico, near which are rich filver mines. W. Long. 109. 55. N. Lat. 26. 0.

BARBED, in a general fenfe, bearded like a fifh hook fet with barbs; alfo fhaved or trimmed.

BARBED and Crefted, in heraldry, an appellation given to the combs and gills of a cock, when particularized for being of a different tincture from the body. A barbed cross, is a cofs the extremities whereof are like the barbed irons used for ftriking of fish.

BARBEL, in ichthyology. See CYPRINUS. BARBELICOTÆ, an ancient fect of Gnoftics, fpoken of by Theodoret. Their doctrines were abfurd, and their ceremonies too abominable to be repeated.

BARBER, one who makes a trade of fhaving or trimming the beards of other men for money. Anciently, a lute or viol, or fome fuch mufical inftrument, was part of the furniture of a barber's ihop, which was ufed then to be frequented by perfons above the ordi nary level of the people, who reforted to the barber either for the cure of wounds, or to undergo fome chirurgical operations, or, as it was then called, to be trimmed, a word that figniñed either fhaving or cutting and curling the hair; thefe, together with letting blood, were the ancient occupations of the barber-furgeon. As to the other important branch of furgery, the fetting of fractured limbs, that was practifed by another clafs of men called bone-fetters, of whom there are hardly any now remaining. The mufical inftruments in his fhop were for the entertainment of waiting cuflomers; and anfwered the end of a newfpaper, with which at this day those who wait for their turn at the barber's amuse themselves. For the origin of the barber's pole, fee the article APPELLATION.

BARBERINI (Francis), one of the most excellent poets of his age, was born at Barberino, in Tufcany, in the year 1264. As his mother was of Florence, he fettled in that city; where his profeffion of the law, but especially the beauty of his poetry, raifed him a very confiderable character. The greateft part of his works are loft; but that which is intitled the Precepts of Love, which is a moral poem calculated to inftruct thofe in their duty who have a regard for glory, virtue, and eternity, has had a better fate. It was published at Rome, adorned with beautiful figures, in 1640, by Frederic Ubaldini: he prefixed the author's life; and, as there are in the poem many words which are grown obfolete, he added a gloffary to explain them, which illuftrates the fenfe by the authority of contemporary poets.

BARBERINO, a town of Tufcany in Italy, fituated at the foot of the Apennine mountains, in E. Long. 12. 15. N. Lat. 43. 40.

BARBERRY, in botany.
See BERBERIS.
BARBESUL (anc. geog.), a town and river of
Botica, and a colony in the refort of the Conventus
Gaditanus in Spain: now Marbella in Grenada.

BARBET, in natural hiftory, a name given by M. Reaumur, and other of the French writers, to a peculiar fpecies of the worms which feed on the pucerons or aphides. Sce APHIS.

BARBEYRAC (John), was born in Befiers in Lower Languedoc in 1674. He was made profeffor of law and hiftory at Lufanne in 1710; which he enjoyed for seven years, and during that time was three times rector: in 1717, he was profeffor of public and private law at Groningen. He tranflated into French the two celebrated works of Puffendorf, his Law of Nature and Nations, and his Duties of a Man and a Citizen; to both which he wrote excellent notes, and to the former an introductory preface. He tranflated alfo Grotius's treatise De Jure Belli ac Pacis, with large and excellent notes; and several of Tillotson's fermons. He wrote a work intitled Traité de Jeu, 2 vols 8vo.

BARBEZIEUX, a town of Saintonge in France, with the title of a marquifate. It hath a manufacture of linen cloth; and lies in W. Long. o. 5. N. Lat 45. 23.

BARBICAN, or BARBACAN. See BARBACAN. BARBIERI (Giovanni Francefco), otherwise called Guercino da Cento, an eminent hiftorical painter, was born at Cento, a village not far from Bologna, in 1590. At firft he was the difciple of Benedetto Gennari; but he afterwards ftudied for fome time in the fchool of the Caracci, though he did not adopt the manner of that famous academy. He feemed to prefer the ftyle of Caravaggio to that of Guido or Albano, imagining it impoffible to imitate nature truly, without the affiftance of ftrong lights and ftrong shadows; and from that principle, his light was admitted into his painting room from above. In effect, by the oppofition of his ftrong lights and fhadows, he gave fuch force to his pictures, that few, except those of Caravaggio, can stand near them, and not seem feeble in their effect: however, that manner is cenfured as not being like nature, because it makes objects appear as if they were feen by candle light, or by the brightnefs of a fun-beam, which alone can juftify the deepnefs of his fhadowing. The principal attention of Gu ercino feems to have been fixed on arriving at perfection in colouring; he faw the aftonishing effects produced by the colouring of the celebrated Venetian mafters; and obferved, that notwithstanding any imperfections in regard to grace, correctnefs, or elegance, the works of those mafters were the objects of universal admiration. From which obfervation, he seems to have devoted his whole ftudy to excel in colouring; as if he were convinced, that few are qualified to difcern the elevation of thought, which conftitutes the excellence of a compofition; few may be touched with the grandeur or beauty of the defign, or perhaps have a capacity to examine even the correctnefs of any part of a painting; and yet every eye, and even every imperfect judge of a picture, may be fenfibly affected by the force and beauty of the colouring. His talte of defign was natural, eafy, and often grand, but without any extraordinary fhare of elevation, correctness, or elegance. The airs of his heads often want dignity, and his local colours want truth. However, there is great union and harmony in his colours, although his carnations are not very freth; and in all his works there is a powerful and expreffive imitation of life, which will

for

Barbieri.

Barca.

[ 7

BAR Barbieri for ever render them eftimable. Towards the decline of his life, he obferved that the clearer and brighter style of Guido and Albano had attracted the admiration of all Europe; and therefore he altered his manner, even against his own judgment. But he apologized for that conduct, by declaring, that in his former time he painted for fame, and to pleafe the judicious; and he now painted to please the ignorant, and enrich himfelf. He died in 1666.-The moft capital performance of Guercino, is the hiftory of S. Petronilla, which is confidered as one of the ornaments of S. Peter's at Rome.

BARBIERI (Paolo Antonio), da Cento, painter of ftill life and animals, was the brother of Guercino, and born at Cento in 1596. He chofe for his fubjects fruit, flowers, infects, and animals; which he painted after nature with a lively tint of colour, great tendernefs of pencil, and a strong character of truth and life. He died in 1640.

BARBITOS, or BARBITON, an ancient inftrument of mufic, mounted with three, others fay feven, ftrings; much used by Sappho and Alcæus, whence it is alfo denominated Leboum.

]

hurricanes.

It labours almost every where under a great fcarcity of water; and except in the neighbourhood of towns and villages, where the ground produces fome fmall quantities of grain, fuch as millet, and fome maize, the reft is in a manner quite barren and uncultivated, or to speak more properly, uncultivable: and even of that fmall quantity which thofe few spots produce, the poor inhabitants are obliged to exchange fome part with their indigent neighbours, for dates, theep, and camels, which they ftand in greater need of and other proper food; for want of which, thofe that than they, by reafon of their great fcarcity of grafs are brought to them feldom thrive or live long. In this country flood the famed temple of Jupiter Ammon, and notwithilanding the pleafantnefs of the fpot where it ftood, this part of the country is faid to have been the moft dangerous of any, being furrounded with fuch vellers; not only as they fink under their feet, but bequick and burning fands as are very detrimental to traing light, and heated by the rays of the fun, are easily raifed by every breath of wind; which, if it chance to them for want of breath; or if vehement, often overbe in their faces, almoft burns their eyes out, and stiffles whelms whole caravans, Againit this temple Cambyfes king of Perfia difpatched an army of 50,000 men. They fet out from Thebes in upper Egypt, and under the conduct of proper guides reached the city of Oafis fate afterwards is uncertain; for they never returned feven days journey from that place: but what was their either to Egypt or to their own country. The Amhad entered the fandy defart which lies beyond Oafis, monians informed Herodotus, that, after the army a violent wind began to blow from the fouth at t'e He time of their dinner, and raised the fand to fuch a deBARBOUR (John), archdeacon of Aberdeen, was esteemed an elegant poet in the reign of David I. wrote the hiftory of Robert the Bruce, in an heroic gree, that the whole army was overwhelmed and bupoem, which is ftill extant, and which contains many facts and anecdotes omitted by other hiftorians. The latest edition of this book is that of Glafgow, 8vo, It is intitled, "The acts printed in the year 1672. and life of the moft victorious conqueror Robert Bruce king of Scotland; wherein alfo are contained the martial deeds of the valiant princes Edward Bruce, Sir James Dowglafs, Earl Thomas Randal, Walter Steward, and fundry others." In one paffage, he calls it a romance; but that word was then of good reputation: every body knows that the Romaunt of romaunts' has been innocently applied to true hiftory; as well as the Ballad of ballads' to a facred fong.

BARBLES, or BARBS, in farriery, the knots or fuperfluous flesh that grow up in the channels of a horfe's mouth; that is, in the intervals that feparate the bars, and lie under the tongue. Thefe, which are alfo called barbes, obtain in black cattle as well as horfes, and obftruct their eating. For the cure, they cast the beaft, take out his tongue, and clip off the barbles with a pair of scissars, or cut them with a fharp knife; others choose to burn them off with a hot iron.

BARBUDA, one of the British Caribbee islands, about 20 miles long and 12 broad. It is low land, but fruitful and pretty populous. The inhabitants addict themselves to hufbandry, and find always a ready market for their corn and cattle in the fugar iflands. Barbuda is the property of the Codrington family, who have great numbers of negroes here as well as in Barbadoes. It lies in W. Long. 61. 3. N. Lat. 18. 5.

BARCA, a large country of Africa, lying on the coafts of the Mediterranean fea, between the kingdoms of Egypt and Tripoli, extending itfelf in length from eaft to weft from the 39th to the 46th degree of eaft longitude, and in breadth from north to fouth about 30 leagues, as is generally fuppofed. It is for the moft part, especially in the middle, a dry fandy defart; on which account the Arabs call it Sahart, or Ceyart Barka, that is, the defart or road of whirlwinds or

ried alive.

Concerning the government or commerce of this country we know nothing certain. Moft probably the maritime towns are under the protection of the Porte: whether they have formed themfelves into independent but whether under the bafha of Egypt or Tripoli, or states like thofe of Algiers and Tunis, we cannot fay; towns are more civilized than those that dwell in the only we are told that the inhabitants of the maritime inland parts. The firft profefs Mahometanism, and whilft the latter, who have neither religion nor any have imbibed fome notions of humanity and juftice; fign of worship among them, are altogether favage and entirely upon theft and plunder. By them this tract, brutish. They are a fort of Arabs, and like them live which before was a continued defart, was first inhabited. At their first coming in, they fettled themfelves in one of the best places of the country; but as they multiplied, and had frequent wars with one another, the fent them to wander in the defart parts, where they live ftrongeft drove the weakest out of the beft fpots, and in the most miferable manner, their country hardly affording one fingle neceffary of life. Hence it is that they are faid to be the ugliest of all the Arabs: their bodies having fcarcely any thing but skin and bone, their faces meagre, with fierce ravenous looks; their garb, which is commonly what they take from the paffengers who go through thefe parts, tattered with long They are moft expert and to cover their nakednefs. refolute wearing; while the poore of them have fearce a rag

Barcalon, refolute robbers, that being their chief employment Barcelona. and livelihood; but the travellers in these parts are fo few, that the Barcans are often neceffitated to make diftant excurfions into Numidia, Libya, and other fouthern countries. Thofe that fall into their hands arr made to drink plenty of warm milk: then they hang them up by the feet, and shake them, in order to make them vomit up any money they think they have fwallowed; after which, they ftrip them of all their clothes, even to the laft rag: but with all this inhumanity, they commonly fpare their life, which is more than the other African robbers do. Yet notwithstand ing every artifice they can ufe, the Barcans are fo poor, that they commonly let, pledge, or even fell, their chil dren to the Sicilians and others from whom they have their corn, especially before they set out on any long excurfion.

BARCALON, an appellation given to the prime minifter of the king of Siam. The barcalon has in his department every thing relating to commerce, both at home and abroad. He is likewife fuperintendant of the king's magazines.

ragon, out of hatred to his queen Donna Juanna; the Barcelona. confequence of which was, that Barcelona was befieged by that monarch in 1471. Various efforts were made by Lewis XI. of France and the duke of Lorrain in order to raise the fiege, but without effect. Things at length were brought to the utmost extremity, when the king offered to pardon them all, without the smalleft punishment either in perfon or property, provided they would fubmit: but thefe terms they rejected, chiefly through the influence of the count de Pailhars, who had been pardoned the year before. The army, on the other hand, was very earnest in being led on to the affault, in hopes of plunder. The king, however, wrote a letter to the citizens, dated the 6th of October, in terms as affectionate as if he had been writing to his children, bewailing the miseries they had brought on themfelves, and concluding with a proteftation that they, and not he, must be anfwerable for the confe quences. Upon this, at the perfuafion of a priest who had a reputation for fanctity, they fent deputies to the king, and made a capitulation on the 17th of the fame month. In this the king acknowledged they had taken up arms on juft motives; and forgave every body except Pailhars, who was, however, fuffered to efcape. On the 22d of October the king made his entry into the city, and confirmed all their ancient privileges. In 1697, Barcelona was taken by the French, after a bloody fiege of 52 days; and the lofs of this city had a confiderable effect in difpofing the Spaniards to agree to the treaty of Ryfwick. to the treaty of Ryfwick. In Queen Anne's time it was taken by the allies under the Earl of Peterborough ; but being afterwards fhamefully denied affiftance by the English miniftry, was obliged to fubmit to Philip II. by whom the whole province was deprived of its ancient privileges; for a particular account of which, see the article SPAIN.

BARCELONA, a handfome, rich, and ftrong city of Spain, in the province of Catalonia, of which it is the capital. This city was originally founded by Hamilcar Barcas, and from him called Barcino. It was reduced by the Romans, and continued fubject to them till the kingdom of Spain was over-run by the Goths and Vandals, and afterwards by the Saracens or Moors. In the beginning of the 9th century, Barcelona was in the hands of the Moors, and under the government of one Zade. This governor having more than once abufed the clemency of Charlemagne, at laft irritated Lewis king of Aquitain, and fon to Charles, to fuch a degree, that he gave orders to his generals to inveft the city, and not to rife from before it till they had put Zade into his hands. The Moor made a moft obftinate refiftance, so that the fiege lafted many months: at laft, finding it impoffible to preferve the city much longer, and being deftitute of all hopes of relief, he determined, or rather was compelled by the inhabitants, to go to the Christian camp and implore the emperor's mercy; but here he was no fooner arrived than he was arrefted and fent prifoner to Charlemagne, who condemned him to perpetual banishment. The people gaining nothing by this expedient, continued to hold out for fix weeks longer, when the king of Aquitain himself took the command of the fiege. To him they made a propofal, that if he would allow them to march out and go where they pleafed, they would furrender the place. Lewis having agreed to this, made his public entry into Barcelona, where he formed a delign of extending his father's dominions as far as the Ebro; but being recalled before he could put his defign in execution, he appointed one Bera count of Barcelona. The city continued fubject to him and his fucceffors, who ftill enjoyed the title of counts of Barcelona, from the year 802 to 1131; during which time we find nothing remarkable, except that the city was once taken by the Moors, but foon after retaken by the afliitance of Lewis IV. king of France. In 1131 it was united to the crown of Arragon by the marriage of Don Raymond V. count of Barcelona with the daughter of Don Ramiro the Monk, king of Arragon. In 1465 the Catalonians revolted against Don Juan II. king of Ar

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Barcelona is fituated by the fea-fide, of a form between a fquare and an oval; it is furrounded with a good brick wall, round which is another, with 14 baflions, horn-works, ramparts, and ditches; the ram parts are high, broad, and fpacious, infomuch that 100 coaches may be feen every evening driving thereon for pleasure. The city is divided into two parts, the Old and the New, which are feparated from each other by a wall and a large ditch; the ftreets are handfome, well paved with large ftones, wide, and very clean. It is the refidence of a viceroy, is a bishop's fee, has a fine univerfity, a mint, a good port, and is adorned with handfome buildings. Here is a court of inquifition, which the inhabitants look upon as an advantage. The remarkable buildings are the cathedral, which is large, handfome, and adorned with two high towers, the church of the Virgin Mary, the palace of the bishop, that of the inquifition, and feveral religious houfes : add to thefe the palace of the viceroy; the ai fenal, which contains arms for 1000 men; the exchange, where the merchants meet; the terfana, where they build the galleys; and the palace where the nobility of the country meet, called La Cafa de la Deputation. This laft is built with fine large free ftone, and adorned with columns of marble: there is in it a large hall, with a gilt cieling and a handfome portico, wherein perfons may either walk or fit; the hall is adorned with the portraits of all the counts of Barcelona. There are feveral fine fquares, particularly that of St 4

Michael,

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