his majesty's letters patent, The specifications may be found in the ninth volume of the First Series of the Repertory. It is too long to be admitted in our work; the following is, however, an outline of the whole : Rope-yarus are spun either by hand, or by machinery in the practice of the first method rope-walks are necessary, and the fibres of the hemp are drawn into the yarn of different lengths proportionate in a given degree to their position on the outside or inside of the yarn; accordingly, when this yarn is strained, and its diameter collapses, the inside fibres of hemp bear the greatest strain, and thus they break progressively from the inside. In the spinning by a mill the fibres are all brought forward in a position parallel to each other, previously to their receiving their twist. They are consequently all of one length; and, when twisted, the outside fibres are most shortened by forming the same number of spirals round a greater axis than the interior, and thus they must consequently break the first, on the same principle that the outside yarns of strands of ropes manufactured in the old method break before the interior yarns; and consequently with less strain than ropes of the improved principle, where the strands (or immediate component parts of the rope) have been formed in such a manner as that all the yarns shall bear equally at the time of the rope's breaking. Nevertheless yarns spun by a mill have been found stronger than common yarns, on account of the great evenness with which they are spun; the manual labor in manufacturing is much less than in the common method: but on the other hand there is the expense of machinery, and the greater waste of hemp in preparing it for being drawn out in the progressive stages of its advance to the spindle. The method invented by Mr. Chapman differs from both the preceding, in causing, by an easy and simple contrivance, the fibres of the hemp to be laid in the yarn in such a manner as the yarns themselves are laid in the strands of the rope manufactured on the new principle. The machinery consists only of a spindle divided into two parts, the upper containing apparatus to draw forward the hemp from the spinner with twist sufficient to combine the fibres; which enables him to employ women, children, and invalids, and also to appropriate the rope-ground solely to the purpose of laying ropes. The remaining parts of the invention consist chiefly in giving from a stationary power internal motion to a loco-motive machine, viz. to the roper's sledge, on which the strands and the rope itself are twisted, by which contrivance they are enabled to apply a water-wheel or steam-engine to the whole process of making ropes of all kinds whatever. Mr. Huddart likewise obtained a patent for an improved method of registering or forming strands in the machinery for manufacturing of cordage; which he effects in the following manner-1. By keeping the yarns separate from each other, and drawing them from bobbins which revolve to keep up the twist whilst the strand is forming. 2. By passing them through a register, which divides them by circular shells of holes; the number in each shell being agree able to the distance from the centre of the strand, and the angle which the yarns make with a line parallel to it, and which gives them a proper position to enter. 3. A cylindrical tube which compresses the strand, and maintains a cylindrical figure to its surface. 4. A gauge to determine the angle which the yarns in the outside shall make with a line parallel to the centre of the strand when registering; and, according to the angle made by the yarns in this shell, the length of all the yarns in the strand will be determined. 5. By hardening up the strand, and thereby increasing the angle in the outside shell, which compensates for the stretching of the yarns and the compression of the strand. ROPE-YARN, among sailors, is the yarn of any rope untwisted, but commonly made up of junk: its use is to make sinnet, mats, &c. ROQUELAURE, n. s. Fr. roquelaure. A cloak for men. Within the roquelaure's clasp thy hands are pent. Gay. RORAAS, an inland town of Norway, in the bishopric of Drontheim. It stands on a high mountain the most elevated inhabited situation in the country. Frost and snow prevail during almost the whole year. It contains 3000 inhabitants, principally occupied in the copper mines of the neighbourhood. Sixty-seven miles S. S. E. of Drontheim. RO'RID, adj. Lat. roridus. Dewy. A vehicle conveys it through less accessible cavities into the liver, from thence into the veins and so in a rorid substance through the capillary cavities. Brown's Vulgar Errours. RORIDULA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and pentandria class of plants: COR. pentapetalous: CAL. pentaphyllous: CAPS. bivalved; the antheræ scrotiform at the base. Species one only, a Cape shrub. ROSA (Salvator), a celebrated painter, born in Naples in 1614. He was first instructed by Francis Francazano, a kinsman: but the death of his father reduced him to sell drawings sketched upon paper, one of which falling into the hands of Lanfranc, he took him under his protection, and enabled him to enter the school of Spagnoletto, where he was taught by Daniel Falcone, a distinguished painter of battles at Naples. Salvator had a fertile imagination. He studied nature with attention and judgment; and always represented her to the greatest advantage. He was equally eminent for painting battles, animals, sea or land storms; and he executed these different subjects in a style altogether unequalled. His pieces are exceedingly scarce and valuable; one of the finest is that representing Saul and the witch of Endor, which was preserved at Versailles. He died in 1673; and, as his paintings are in few hands, he is more generally known by his prints; of which he etched a great number. They are chiefly historical. He is said to have spent the early part of his life among a troop of banditti; and that the rocky desolate scenes in which he was accustomed to take refuge furnished him with those romantic ideas in landscape, in the representation of which he so greatly excels. His robbers, as his detached figures are commonly called, are supposed also to have been taken from the life. He was also a musician; as appears from his musical MSS. purchased at Rome by Dr. Burney. Rosa, in botany, the rose, a genus of the polygamia order, and icosandria class of plants; natural order thirty-fifth, senticosæ: CAL. urceolated, quinquefid, corneous, and straightened at the neck; petals five. The SEEDS are numerous, hispid, and affixed to the inside of the calyx. The different kinds of roses are very, numerous; and botanists find it very difficult to determine with accuracy which are species and which are varieties. On this account Linné, and some other eminent authors, are inclined to think that there is only one real species of rose, which is the rosa canina, or dog-rose of the hedges, &c., and that all the other sorts are accidental varieties of it. However, according to the Linnæan arrangement, they stand divided into fourteen species, each comprehending varieties, which in some sorts are but few, in others numerous. The supposed species and their varieties, according to the arrangement of Gmelin, are as follow: 1. R. alba, the common white rose, grows five or six feet high, having a green stem and branches, armed with prickles, hispid pedunculf, oval smooth germina, and large white flowers. The varieties are, large double white rose, dwarf single white rose, maiden's-blush white rose, being large, produced in clusters, and of a white and blush red color. 2. R. alpina, the alpine inermous rose, grows five or eight feet high, having smooth or unarmed reddish branches, pinnated seven-lobed smooth leaves, somewhat hispid pedunculi, oval germina, and deep-red single flowers; appearing in May. This species, as being free from all kind of armature common to the other sorts of roses, is esteemed as a singularity; and from this property is often called the virgin or thornless rose. 3. R. canina, the canine rose, wild dog-rose of the hedges, or bep-tree, grows five or six feet high, having prickly stalks and branches, pinnated, five or seven-lobed leaves, with aculeated foot-stalks, smooth pedunculi, oval smooth germina, and small single flowers, There are two varieties, red-flowered and white-flowered. They grow wild in hedges, abundantly all over the kingdom; and are sometimes admitted into gardens, to increase the variety of the shrubbery collection. 4. R. Carolinensis, the Carolina and Virginia rose, &c., grows six or eight feet high, or more, having smooth reddish branches, very thinly aculeated; pinnated seven-lobed smooth leaves, with prickly foot-stalks; somewhat hispid pedunculi, globose hispid germen, and single red flowers in clusters, appearing mostly in August and September. The varieties are, dwarf Pennsylvanian rose, with single and double red flowers, and American pale-red rose. This species grows naturally in different parts of North America, and often continues in blow from August until October; and the flowers are succeeded by numerous red berry-like heps in autumn, causing a variety all winter. 5. R. centifolia, the hundred-leaved red rose, &c., grows from about three or four to six or eight feet high, with pinnated three and fivelobed leaves; and large very double red flowers, having very numerous petals, and of different shades in the varieties. The varieties are, common Dutch hundred-leaved rose, grows three or four feet high, with erect greenish branches, but moderately armed with prickles; and large remarkably double red flowers, with short regularly arranged petals. Blush hundred-leaved rose, grows like the other, with large very double pale-red flowers. Provence rose grows five or six feet with greenish-brown prickly branches, and very large double globular red flowers, with large petals folding over one another, more or less in the varieties. The varieties are, common red Provence rose, and pale Provence rose; both of which having larger and somewhat looser petals than the following sort:-cabbage Provence rose; having the petals closely folded over one another like cabbages. Dutch cabbage rose, very large. Childing Provence rose. Great royal rose, grows six or eight feet high, producing remarkably large, somewhat loose, but very elegant flowers. All these are large double red flowers, somewhat globular at first blowing, becoming gradually a little spreading at top, and are very ornamental fragrant roses. Moss Provence rose, supposed a variety of the common rose; grows erectly four or five feet high, having brownish stalks and branches, very closely armed with short prickles, and double crimson-red flowers; having the calyx and upper part of the peduncle surrounded with a rough mossylike substance, effecting a curious singularity. This is a fine delicate rose, of a high fragrance, which, together with its mossy calyx, renders it a most beautiful flower. 6. R. cinnamonea, the cinnamon rose, grows five or six feet high, or more, with purplish branches thinly aculeated; pinnated five or seven lobed leaves, having almost inermous petioles, smooth pedunculi, and smooth globular germina; with small purplish red cinnamon-scented flowers early in May. There are varieties with double flowers. 7. R. eglanteria, the eglantine rose or sweet briar, grows five or six feet high, having green branches, armed with strong spines sparsedly; pinnated seven-lobed odoriferous leaves, with acute folioles and rough foot-stalks, smooth pedunculi, globular smooth germina, and small pale-red flowers. The varieties are, common single flowered, semi-double flowered, doubleflowered, blush double-flowered, and yellowflowered. This species grows naturally in some parts of Ergland, and in Switzerland. It claims culture in every garden for the odoriferous property of its leaves: and should be planted in the borders, and other compartments contiguous to walks, or near the habitation, where the plants will impart their refreshing fragrance very profusely around; and the young branches are excellent for improving the odor of nosegays and bow-pots. 8. R. gallica, the gallican rose, &c., grows from about three or four to eight or ten feet high, in different varieties; with pinnated, three, five, or seven-lobed leaves, and large red and other colored flowers in different sorts. This species is very extensive in supposed varieties, bearing the above specific distinction, several of which have been formerly considered as distinct species, but are now ranged among the varieties of the Galician rose, consisting of the following noted varieties: common red officinal rose, grows erect, about three or four feet high, having small branches, with but few prickles, and large spreading half-double deep red flowers. Rosa mundi (rose of the world) or striped red rose is a variety of the common red rose, growing but three or four feet high, having large spreading semidouble red flowers, beautifully striped with white and deep red. York and Lancaster variegated rose grows five, six, or eight feet high, or more; bearing variegated red flowers, consisting of a mixture of red and white; also frequently disposed in elegant stripes, sometimes in half of the flower, and sometimes in some of the petals. Monthly rose grows about four or five feet high, with green very prickly shoots; producing middle-fixed, moderately double, delicate flowers, of different colors in the varieties. The varieties are, common red-flowered monthly rose, blush-flowered, white-flowered, and stripeflowered. All of which blow both early and late, and often produce flowers several months in the year, as May, June, and July; and frequently again in August or September, and sometimes, in fine mild seasons, continue till November or December: hence the name monthly rose. Double-virgin rose grows five or six feet high, having greenish branches with scarcely any spines; and with large double palered and very fragrant flowers. Red damask-rose grows eight or ten feet high, having greenish branches, armed with short aculea; and moderately double, fine soft red, very fragrant flowers. White damask-rose grows eight or ten feet high, with greenish very prickly branches, and whitishred flowers, becoming gradually of a whiter color. Blush Belgic rose grows three or four feet high, or more; having greenish prickly branches, five or seven-lobed leaves, and numerous, very double, blush-red flowers, with short petals, evenly arranged. Red Belgic rose, having greenish and red shoots and leaves, and fine double deep-red flowers. Velvet rose grows three or four feet high, armed with but few prickles, producing large velvet-red flowers comprising semi-double and double varieties, all very beautiful roses. Marbled rose grows four or five feet high, having brownish branches, with but few prickles; and large, double, finely-marbled, red flowers. Red-and-yellow Austrian rose grows five or six feet high, having slender reddish branches, armed with short brownish aculea; and with flowers of a reddish copper-color on one side, the other side yellow. Yellow Austrian rose grows five or six feet high, having reddish very prickly shoots, and numerous bright-yellow flowers. Double yellow rose grows six or seven feet high; with brownish branches, armed with numerous large and small yellowish prickles; and large very double yellow flowers. Francfort rose grows eight or ten feet high, is a vigorous shooter, with brownish branches thinly armed with strong prickles, and produces largish double purplish-red flowers, that blow irregularly, and have but little fragrance, 9. R. moschata, the musk-rose, supposed to be a variety only of the ever-green musk-rose, has weak smooth green stalks and branches, rising by support from six to eight or ten feet high, or more thinly armed with strong spines, pinnated seven-lobed smooth leaves, with prickly footstalks, hispid peduncles, oval hispid germen; and all the branches terminated by large umbellated clusters of pure-white musk-scented flowers, in August, &c. 10. R. pimpinellifolia, the burnet-leaved rose, grows about a yard high, aculeated sparsedly; small neatly pinnated seven lobed leaves, having obtuse folioles and rough petioles, smooth peduncles, a globular smooth germen, and small single flowers. There are varieties with red flowers, and with white flowers. They grow wild in England, &c., and are cultivated in shrub beries for variety. 11. R. sempervirens, the ever-green musk rose, has a somewhat trailing stalk and branches, rising by support five or six feet high or more, having a smooth bark armed with prickles; pinnated five-lobed smooth shining ever-green leaves, with prickly petioles, hispid pedunculi, oval hispid germen; and all the branches terminated by clusters of pure white-flowers of a musky fragrance; appearing in the end of July, and in August. The ever-green property of this elegant species renders it a curiosity; it also makes a fine appearance as a flowering shrub. There is one variety, the deciduous musk-rose. This species and variety flower in August, and are remarkable for producing in numerous clusters, continuing in succession till October or November. -12. R. spinosissima, the most spinous, dwarf burnet-leaved rose, commonly called Scotch rose, grows but two or three feet high, very closely armed with spines; small neatly pinnated sevenlobed leaves, with prickly foot-stalks, prickly pedunculi, oval smooth germen, and numerous small single flowers, succeeded by round darkpurple heps. The varieties are common whiteflowered, red-flowered, striped-flowered, and marble-flowered. They grow naturally in England, Scotland, &c. The first variety rises nearly a yard high, the others about one or two feet, all of which are single-flowered; but the flowers, being numerous all over the branches, make a pretty appearance in the collection. 13. R. villosa, the villose apple-bearing rose, grows six or eight feet high, having strong erect brownish-smooth branches, aculeated sparsedly; pinnated seven-lobed villose or hairy leaves, downy underneath, with prickly foot-stalks, hispid peduncles, a globular prickly germen; and large single red flowers, succeeded by large round prickly heps, as big as little apples. This species merits admittance into every collection as a curiosity for the singularity of its fruit, both for variety and use; for it, having a thick pulp of an agreeable acid relish, is often made into a tolerably good sweetmeat. The above thirteen species of rosa, and their respective varieties, are of the shrub kind; all deciduous except R. sempervirens, and of hardy growth, suc ceeding in any common soil and situation, and flowering annually in great abundance from May till October, in different sorts, though the general flowering season for the principal part of them is June and July; but in a full collection of the different species the blow is continued in constant succession several months, even sometimes from May till nearly Christmas; producing their flowers universally on the same year's shoots, rising from those the year before, generally on long pedunculi, each terminated by one or more roses, which in their characteristic state consist each of five large petals and many stamina; but in the doubles the petals are very numerous; and in some sorts the flowers are succeeded by fruit ripening to a red color in autumn and winter, from the seed of which the plants may be raised but the most certain and eligible mode of propagating most of the sorts is by suckers and layers; and by which methods they may be increased very expeditiously. The white and red roses are used in medicine. The former distilled with water yields a small portion of a butyraceous oil, whose flavor exactly resembles that of the roses themselves. This oil and the distilled water are very useful and agreeable cordials. These roses also, besides the cordial and aromatic virtues which reside in the volatile parts, have a mild purgative one, which remains entire in the decoction left after distillation. The red rose, on the contrary, has an astringent and corroborating virtue. ROSA, MOUNT, one of the Alpine heights, and next to Mont Blanc, the highest mountain in Europe. It stands between the canton of the Valais and Piedmont, to the east of Mont Cervin, Switzerland. Saussure calculated it to be 15,600 feet above the sea, or only seventy feet lower than Mont Blanc; Sir George Shuckburgh calls it 15,240 feet above the Mediterranean. It consists of a number of lofty peaks, all rising from a centre somewhat like the leaves of a rose. ROSALBA (Cariera), a Venetian lady, born in 1675, who became an eminent paintress. She painted portaits in crayons and miniatures, and was greatly employed by the English nobility. She died in 1755, aged eighty. ROSAMOND, the daughter of Walter lord Clifford, and concubine of Henry II., was a lady of exquisite beauty, educated in the nunnery of Godstow. The popular story of her is as follows: -Henry II. loved her, and triumphed over her honor. To avoid the jealousy of his queen Eleanor he kept her in a labyrinth at Woodstock, and by his connexion with her had William Longsword earl of Salisbury, and Geoffrey bishop of Lincoln. On Henry's absence in France, however, the queen discovered and poisoned her. The queen, it is said, discovered her apartment by a thread of silk. Some assert that she died a natural death; and the story of her being poisoned is by them said to have arisen from the figure of a cup on her tomb. She was buried in the church of Godstow, opposite to the high altar, where her body remained till it was ordered to be removed with every mark of indignity by Hugh bishop of Lincoln in 1191. She was, how ever, by many considered as a saint after her death, and fabulous legends were invented about her. ROSCIUS (Quintus), an eminent Roman actor, so highly celebrated in comedy that his name is applied as the best encomium to all modern comedians of great merit. He was intimate with Cicero and Esop the comedian; and was so much admired by the Romans that they gave him a pension for life. His eyes being distorted he wore a mask at first on the stage; but the Romans caused him to lay it aside, that they might enjoy his oratory more fully. Being calumniated by his enemies, Cicero, who had been his pupil, defended him in an elegant oration, which is still extant. Roscius wrote a treatise, in which he compared, with great talent, the profession of the orator with that of the comedian; of both which he was a competent judge. He died about A. A. C. 60. ROSCOMMON (Wentworth Dillon), earl of, a celebrated poet of the seventeenth century, born in Ireland, under the administration of the first earl of Strafford, who was his uncle, and from whom he received the name of Wentworth at his baptism. He passed his infancy in Ireland; after which the earl of Strafford sent for him into England, and placed him at his own seat in Yorkshire, under the tuition of Dr. Hall, afterwards bishop of Norwich, who instructed him in Latin. On the earl of Strafford's impeachment he went to complete his education at Caen in Normandy; and after some years travelled to Rome. He returned to England soon after the Restoration, and was made captain of the band of pensioners; but a dispute with the lord privy-seal obliged him to resign his post, and revisit Ireland, where the duke of Ormond appointed him captain of the guards. Being attacked one night when coming out of a gaming house by three ruffians, he had despatched one of them, when a disbanded officer coming past generously took his part and disarmed the other, on which the third fled. The earl next day rewarded his brave assistant by resigning to him his post of captain of the guards. He returned to London, was made master of the horse to the dutchess of York, and married the lady Frances, eldest daughter of Richard earl of Burlington. He here distinguished himself by his writings. In 1683 he was seized with the gout; and, being too impatient of pain, he permitted a French empiric to apply a repelling medicine to give him relief; which drove the distemper into his bowels, and put a period to his life in January 1684. He was buried with great pomp in West minster-abbey. His poems, which are not numerous, are in the body of English poetry collected by Dr. Johnson. His Essay on Translated Verse, and his translation of Horace's Art of ·Poetry, have great merit. ROSCOMMON, a county of Ireland, in the province of Connaught, bounded on the east by the counties of Leitrim, Longford, and Meath; on the north by Sligo and Leitrim; on the south by Galway; and on the west by part of Galway and Mayo, being about forty-seven miles in length, and nine to twenty-nine in breadth. It is very fruitful, and in general level, having but few hills. It yields excellent corn, as well as pasturage; but there are some extensive bogs. The chief town is Athlone, but the assizes are held at Roscommon the shire town, situated sixty-nine miles W. N. W. of Dublin. ROSE, n. s. Fr. Dan. Swed. and RO'SEATE, adj. Teut. rose; Lat. Ital. and ROSED', Span. rosa. A flower. For ROSEMARY, n. s. the phrase to speak under ROSENOBLE, the rose,' see the extract ROSE WATER, from Browne: roseate and RO'SET, rosed mean rosy; red; RO'SIER, blooming: rosemary (Lat. Ro'sy, adj. ros marina), a weed; a herb: rosenoble, an ancient English gold coin stamped with a rose rose-water, water distilled from the rose: roset, a red color: rosier (Fr. rosier), a rose-bush: rosy, resembling the bloom, color, or fragrance of the rose. Her yellow golden hair Was trimly woven, and in tresses wrought, But crowned with a garland of sweet rosier. Spenser. Shakspeare. Can you blame her, being a man yet rosed over with the virgin crimson of modesty, if she deny the appearance of a naked blind boy?" Id. Bedlam beggars, with roaring voices, Strike in their numb'd and mortified bare arms Pins, wooden pricks, nails, sprigs of rosemary; And with this horrible object, from low farms, Inforce their charity. Id. King Lear. Attend him with a silver bason Full of rosewater. Shakspeare. The succeeding kings coined rose-nobles and double rose-nobles, the great sovereigns with the same inscription, Jesus autem transiens per medium eorum ibat. Camden's Remains. Grind ceruss with a weak water of gum-lake, roset, and vermillion, which maketh it a fair carnation. Peacham. Here without thorn the rose. A smile that glowed Cœlestial rosy red, love's proper hue. Milton. Id. That age, which you may know so soon; Here pride has struck her lofty sail VOL. XIX. Id. Followed with wistful look the damsel bier, For her the unfaded rose of Eden blooms. Pope. I come, ye ghosts! prepare your roseate bow'rs, Celestial palms and ever blooming flow'rs. Id. The flower of the rose is composed of several leaves, which are placed circularly, and expand in a beautiful order, whose leafy flower-cup afterwards becomes a roundish or oblong fleshy fruit inclosing several angular hairy seeds; to which may be added, it is a weak pithy shrub, for the most part beset with prickles, and hath pinnated leaves. Sleep'st thou, or wak'st thou, fairest creature? Rosy morn now lifts his eye, Numbering ilka bud with Nature Waters wi' the tears o' joy. ROSE, in botany. See ROSA. ROSE, CHINA. See HIBISCUS. ROSE, DOG. See ROSA. Miller. Burns. ROSE, GUELDER. See VIBURNUM. ROSE, ROCK. See SISTUS. ROSE ROOT. See RHODIOLA. ROSEMARY. See ROSMARINUS. ROSEMARY, WILD. See LEDUM, ROSES, CONSERVE of. See PHARMACY. ROSES, ESSENTIAL OIL OF, or OTTO OF ROSES, an essential oil obtained from roses. It may be made in the following manner :-A quantity of fresh roses, for example forty pounds, are put in a still with sixty pounds of water, the roses being left as they are with their calyxes, but with the stems cut close. The mass is then well mixed together with the hands, and a gentle fire is made under the still; when the water begins to grow hot, and fumes to rise, the cap of the still is put on, and the pipe fixed; the chinks are then well frigeratory at top: the receiver is also adapted at luted with paste, and cold water put on the rethe end of the pipe; and the fire is continued under the still, neither too violent nor too weak. When the impregnated water begins to come over, and the still is very hot, the fire is lessened by gentle degrees, and the distillation continued till thirty pounds of water are come over, which is generally done in about four or five hours; this rose-water is to be poured again on a fresh quantity (forty pounds) of roses, and from fifteen to twenty pounds of water are to be drawn by distillation, following the same process as before. The rose-water thus made and cohobated will be found, if the roses were good and fresh, and the distillation carefully performed, highly scented E |