Pool-End Street and Barnard's Green, by Dripshill or Tripshill*, and Drake's Place to the Ferry or Ford at the Rhydd or Ridd†.

In COLWALL there is a place called the Low, and a road called Evendine Street. See further relative to this parish in the account of the Malvern Hills.

In LITTLE MALVERN there are Upper Sarte Piece and Lower Sarte Piece. See p. 154 to 163, &c. concerning various ancient relics found in this parish.

In WELLAND there is a place called Tyre Hill (situated between Dane Moor Copse and Robertson or Robertsend Street); also Dain Moor Hill and Five Hill Field. It was anciently called Wenlond, or Wonlond. Dr. Nash supposes the name to have been derived from the Saxon " Won," dirty; but may it not be a contraction of Woden?

In the parish of UPTON§ upon Severn, there are Mount||, Raven Hill, Leckeridge, Lockeridge; Upper, Middle, and Lower Tuck-Mill Piece, Gilver Lane Meadow, Monsul, Hoote Common, Mancroft, Bury Field, Brants, Talver's Field, Talver's Ley, Perlons Close, Great Pickes, and Little Pickes**.

In the parish of HANLEY CASTLE are Great Tickeridge, Launtridge, and Robert's-end Street. This parish is named Hamley in Leland's "Itinerary."

In the parish of GREAT MALVERN there are Quorn Meadow, Hob Well, Twinberrow, Gorick Hill, Sembre Furlong, Sharvastor or Sharvaster, Sharvest Graffe, Upper Radnor Meadow, Lower Radnor Pasture, Bearcroft Meadow (in Garlesford Court Farm), and Cockshoot, Cockshute, or Cockshut Orchard, Lane, and Farm, at the Link.

These names, most probably, are a corruption of the word "assart," or "essart," which means land grubbed in a forest and converted into tillage.

§ It is written Uptún in the "Codex Dip.," No. 65, &c.

There is an earthwork near it in Green Fields estate.

See p. 194, &c.

** See pp. 60, 61, 62, concerning ancient relics found there.

++ See Gough's "Camden."

Twinbarrow, vulgo, Twinberrow, is situated about a quarter of a mile northward of the Moat Farm, in Barnard's Green, See pp. 166, as to the derivation of the name.

There is Radnal Field, in Elmbridge, in Doderhill; Radnal Pit, in Belbroughton; Rad Meadow, in Claines; Rad Meadow, in Hindlip; Rad Castle Orchard and Meadow, in Stoke Bliss; Radge Coppice, in Abberley, Radnall, in Rushock; Radbury Bank, in Martley; and Rad Meadow, in Great Witley*. These names are probably derived from the Saxon "ræd," council.

It is said that the name "Cock-shoot," probably designates the places where springes or nets were set to catch woodcocks; and that the syllable "shoot," means the hole or gap in the bank or hedge through which the woodcocks either ran or fled into the springe or net. Now it must be observed that the springs of water from North Malvern Hill, run by the spot in question, and it was a very likely place in days of yore to be frequented by woodcocks. Still, however, spouts or cocks for water-shoots, vulgo shuts‡, at the bottom of hills, banks, or slopes, may possibly have given rise to some of the names in question; for instance, there is Cockshute, by Dormston Hill; Cockshoot Hill, in Hadsor, near Droitwich; Cockshut§ Hill, in Lulsley; and Cockshoot Hill at Shelsley Beauchamp. But as these localities, even if they have or had spouts, would be equally favourable for woodcocks, it is probable that the first-mentioned derivation is, in some such cases, the primary one; and when Shakespeare speaks of "cockshut time " he probably refers to the twilight, when woodcocks¶ run or fly

A place called Radborough was one of the Anglo-Saxon boundaries of Codeston or Cutsdean, and Radley of Whittington. See Heming's "Cartulary," Vol. ii., pp. 348, 359.

121.

See the "Journal of the Archæological Institute," Vol. v., pp. 118 to

The peasantry call those channels made to carry rain water off ploughed lands "land shuts," and natural rills "water shuts." Thus a spring with a spout at the foot of hill or slope, would, in common language, be a "cockshut." There is one on the side of the Malvern road, just above Cockshut Farm.

§ Cockshut is also a personal name. See Nichols's "History of Leicestershire," Vol. iv., Part 2, p. 524.

|| Richard III., Act v., Scene 3.

Almost all classes in the country, when speaking of woodcocks, scarcely ever use the prefix.

out of the covers, and were caught at the shoots in the springes or

nets.

In MADRESFIELD, Maddersfield, or Madersfield*, there are places named Stamperfield, Stampal or March Field, Dripshill or Tripshill†, and Cleve Lode or Clyve Lode.

Perhaps from the Saxon "madere," a plant. This parish does not appear to be noticed in "Domesday Book."

See the "Folk-Lore."

Iter XIV.

PORT-WAY FROM KENCHESTER, THE
ANCIENT MAGNA*,

THROUGH

CRADLEY, ACROSS THE NORTH END OF GREAT MALVERN HILL TO BRANOGENA (WORCESTER), AND THENCE THROUGH OMBERSLEY, HARTLEBURY, AND WOLVERLEY, TO OVER ARLEY.

DUNCUMB, in his "History of Herefordshire," says, " a third Roman road enters this county [Herefordshire] from Worcester, and passing Frome Hill, Stretton Gransham (Grandison), Luggbridge, Holmer, and Stretton Lugwas, reaches Kenchester. This road is wholly unnoticed in the Itineraries before quoted; but Dr. Stukeley treats it as Roman, and its own internal evidence confirms it. Two Strettons are named in its course, and it invariably preserves that particular uniformity of direction. which distinguishes the roads constructed by that people. Several writers mention an entrenchment on this line, at Stretton Grandison, it was probably Roman; but in that, and other instances where the site has been appropriated to the more useful labours of the plough, the traces have been gradually obliterated."

It is also stated, in the "Beauties of England and Wales", that there is a paved way from Kenchester, leading to a passage

See p. 1, as to the opinion of some antiquaries that Ariconium was the ancient name of Kenchester.

+ Vol. i., p. 29. See also " Topographical and Historical Description of Herefordshire," by Brayley and Britton, p. 406.

The name Stretton is derived from "Via Strata," or the street. § Vol. 15, Part 2, p. 6.

over the river Lug, and thence towards Ledbury, pointing to Worcester, supposed to be Roman.

66

This road is also thus noticed in Gough's "Camden"*

Ariconium [querie Magna] stands on a little brook called the Ince, which thence encompassing the walls of Hereford, falls into the Wye. Two great Roman ways here cross each other; one, called the Port-way, comes from Bullæum, now Buelt, in Brecknockshire, and passing eastward by Kenchester through Stretton, to which it gives name, and over the river Lug to Stretton Grantham, upon the Frome, goes to Worcester."

The line of this road, from Frome Hill to Worcester, most probably was by Cradley Court, Ridgeway Cross, and over the brook at Stifford's Bridge (all in Cradley §, Herefordshire), thence through Cowley Park, Upper Howsell, in the parish of Leigh ||, Newland, and Powick, across the Teme, and through Upper Wick, in the parish of St. John, to Worcester.

In the parish of NEWLAND (formerly a hamlet of Great Malvern) there are places called Little Ridgeway, Campson, Long Dole, Limburrow, and Jack's Close. Pins Green lies on the border.

In POWICK, or Powycke, are Pykesham or Pixam; Moan Land, in Pixham's Ham; Big Stampall Ground, Oldneys, Old Hills, Callow-end, Stoney Lake; Rudgeway, or Ridgeway Ham, or Common Field; Ridgeway, Great and Little Ridgeway, Puckcroft, Astridge, Soar Oak Field, Bear-croft, or Ashridge Hill, The Vineyard, and Cinders Perry. The name of this parish is spelled Poincgwic in the Codex Dip.," No. 570, and Poiwic in "Domesday Book ¶."

66

The pieces of land named Ridgeway belong to the Ridgeway

Vol. iii., p. 73.

The prevailing opinion now is, that Ariconium stood at Penyard, near Ross, and that Magna means Kenchester.

With respect to the derivation of this name, see "Bewdley." There is a hill called Bual, or Bewill, in Alfrick (see p. 247), on the line of road from Walls Hill Camp and Malvern Hills, to Woodbury Hill.-See p. 238.

§ See p. 256, 257.

|| See P. 240.

See p. 73, relative to Roman antiquities found in this parish; and also see the "Folk-Lore."