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Europe in 1442, Spain soon engaged in the traffic, and, | And when it had opened a way, and when all things negro slaves abounded in some places of that kingdom. were ready, it called to its younger brother to come out After America was discovered, the Indians of His- to its aid. And that brother has gone forth. The paniola were imported into Spain and made slaves.-time, we say, has come, and these two pioneers of libThe Spaniards visited the coast of North America, and erty have joined their hands-friends, compeers, and kidnapped thousands of the Indians, whom they trans- fellow labourers-and they are going onward, each ported into slavery in Europe and the West Indies. encouraging and supporting the other, and both enColumbus himself enslaved 500 native Americans, and lightening and emancipating the world. sent them into Spain, that they might be publicly sold at Seville. The practice of selling North American Indians into foreign bondage continued for nearly two centuries. Negro slavery was first introduced into America by Spanish slaveholders, who emigrated with their negroes. A royal edict of Spain authorized negro slavery in America in 1503. King Ferdinand himself sent from Seville 50 slaves to labour in the mines. In 1511, the direct traffic in slaves between Africa and Hispaniola was enjoined by a royal ordinance. Las Cassas, who had seen the Indians vanish away like dew before the cruelties of the Spaniards, suggested the expedient that the negroes, who alone could endure severe toils, might be still further employed. This was in 1517.-The mistaken benevolence of Las Casas extended the slave trade, which had been previously

established.

Sir John Hawkins was the first Englishman that engaged in the slave trade. In 1562 he transported a large cargo of Africans to Hispaniola. In 1567 another expedition was prepared, and Queen Elizabeth protected

and shared in the traffic. Hawkins, in one of his expeditions, set fire to an African city, and out of 8000 inhabitants, succeeded in seizing 250. James Smith of Boston and Thomas Keyser årst brought upon the colonies the guilt of participating in the African slave trade. In 1645 they imported a cargo of negroes from Africa. Throughout Massachusetts the cry of justice was raised against them as malefactors and murderers; the guilty men were committed for the offence, and the representatives of the people ordered the negroes to be restored to their native country at the public charge. At the latter period there were both Indian and negro slaves in Massachusetts. In 1620 a Dutch ship entered James River, and landed 20 negroes for sale. This is the sad epoch of the introduction of negro slavery into Virginia. For many years, the Dutch were principally concerned in the slave trade in the market of Virginia. Northampton Gazette.

[From the North American Review.]
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY.

We know not a more glorious thought, and we believe it to be true,-one that should move, animate, and inspire, while it awes and controls us,-than this:that free principles of government, liberty of opinion and action upon our rights and duties, are but a part, a wider extension of that stupendous, yet beautiful plan, which originated in Judea on the birthday of our Saviour. We know not a more glorious thought, and we believe it to be true,-than that Christianity and republican institutions, as far as they are based upon the same foundation of universal liberty and personal responsibility, as far as the design of both is to elevate man by giving him his free course, are to walk hand in hand through the earth, brethren of the same family, children of the same Father. Christianity, we know, was the elder and stronger,-the nobler and more exalted brother, and it was meet, therefore, that it should lead the van as it did in the march of reformation-for that reformation began at a time when its younger and weaker brother, political freedom, would have been overwhelmed and crushed. The battle to be fought was tremendous, and it was fit that something more than human should come forth to meet its brunt. And Christianity came forth to meet it. It came forth to battle with men's prejudices and passions, to dispel the mists, to scatter the rubbish, and to teach themwhat has proved their hardest lesson-themselves.

Population.-A square mile contains 3,097,600 square yards, and at the rate of four persons, large and small, to a square yard, 12,390,400 human beings. Thus the swarming population of the United States could be crowded, without inconvenience, into a square mile, and could be walked round in an hour. In like manner the host of Xerxes, of which the Grecians represent one end as seeing the sun rise, and the other as seeing him at the same instant set, could have been ranged in close order on a field of a hundred acres, and could have all heard the voice of one speaker. The inhabitants of the whole earth, about nine hundred millions, would not fill a circle of ten miles in diameter; Osbadelston, and might hear a bell placed in the they might, therefore, be ridden round in an hour by

centre.

If Sheridan

STUDY INDISPENSABLE TO GREATNESS. who have the misfortune to consider themselves as It is a fact well worthy the attention of young men, great geniuses, that nearly all the master spirits of the British parliament have been distinguished as scholars, before they became eminent as statesmen. is urged as an exception, let it be remarked, that only one Sheridan has ever been heard on the floor of St. Stephen's; and that the splendid and terrible assailant of Warren Hastings sunk at last into a mere writer of comedies, and manager of a play-house. Chatham, and Pitt, and Fox, and Burke, and Canning, and Brougham, with many others, whose names shine with a lustre only a little inferior to those above mentioned, were distinguished for their classical attainments. They laid the foundation of their future greatness in the cloisters of the university. Since the world began, genius has accomplished nothing without industry; and no error can be more fatal to the young aspirant after distinctión and usefulness, than that indolent self-complacency which rests on the supposed possession of exalted genius.

POETRY.

SATURDAY EVENING.-BY BULWER.
The week is past, the Sabbath dawn comes on,
Rest-rest in peace-thy daily toil is done;
And standing, as thou standest, on the brink
Of a new scene of being, calmly think
Of what is gone, is now, and soon shall be,
As one that trembles on eternity.
For sure as this now closing week is past,

So sure advancing Time will close my last-
Sure as to-morrow, shall the awful light

Of the eternal morning hail my sight.

Spirit of good! on this week's verge I stand,
Tracing the guiding influence of thy hand;
That hand which leads me gently, calmly still,
Up life's dark, stony, tiresome, thorny hill,
Thou, thou in every storm hast sheltered me
Beneath the wing of thy benignity:

A thousand graves my footsteps circumvent,
And I exist-thy mercy's monument!
A thousand writhe upon the bed of pain;

I live-and pleasure flows through every vein.
Want o'er a thousand wretches waves her wand;
I, circled by ten thousand mercies, stand;
How can I praise thee, Father! how express
My debt of reverence and of thankfulness!
A debt that no intelligence can count,

While every moment swells the vast amount,
For the week's duties thou hast given me strength,
And brought me to its peaceful close at length,
And here my grateful bosom fain would raise
A fresh memorial to thy glorious praise.

SECTION XX.

about I had to do on Saturday fatigued me very much, else I think I might have stood it better.-Our vessel was so small too! (only 160 tons,) that she pitched about at a great rate; however she was a good sailer, a brigantine of the Water Witch class, and could almost put the wind's eye out. She bounded over the waves, or if that did not suit her so well, she went through them, deluging her deck, large quantities of water pouring down into the cabin, when our only place of retreat was our berths, to wait patiently for better times, for this was in rough weather.

The common way of going from New-York to Car

DESCRIPTION OF CARTHAGENA.

[The following letter, which we publish from MS. is from the pen of Abram Kashow, late of this city, who died of the yellow fever at Carthagena, on the 12th of September last, a brief sketch of whose character has been handed us for insertion, by one who was for many years an intimate friend of the deceased." To the Editor of the Family Magazine.

Most of the enclosed sketch I found some months since in the biography of another individual. It was so faithful in the description of the character of my late friend that I have extracted it, and with some necessary emendations and additions, send it to you for publication.

S.

ABRAM KASHOW was born on the 15th of February, 1810, and was by birth a member of the Society of Friends. At an early period of his life he evinced a strong disposition to acquire know-thagena is by the windward passage between St. Doledge, which he took every opportunity to gratify, and which mingo and Porto Rico, but the Capt. determined to try continued to the time of his latest moments. His acquirements were extensive for one of his years. He was an excellent Eng- the other between Cuba and St. Domingo, called the lish scholar; and his views of general science, if not minute and "Turk's Island passage," which is nearer than the extensive, were various and judicious. He was familiar with all other, though the winds are not so favourable. We the standard works in the English language, and quoted them made Turk's Island on Friday, the 28th; a barren with promptness and aptitude. He read French with a good degree of fluency, and at the time of his death had made great looking place, sandy and very low; one ship was laying progress in the Spanish. In the Science of the Philosophy of the off, loading with salt, of which you know vast quantiMind he was an early and devoted scholar. He read with avid- ties are made here. We could see large heaps of it ity every work on the subject in our language, and many in the French. piled up along the shore, ready for embarkation. The In the summer of 1833 he embraced an opportunity which pre-water is evaporated entirely by means of the sun, sented to go to Carthagena, as a clerk in an extensive mercan- which of course in this tropical region is very powertile house in that place, and died in two months after his arrival. The news of his death cast a gloom on the society of his youth, ful. The same day we passed over the S. eastward edge for he had thousands of friends, but no enemies. His talents of the Caycos Bank. The water was very clear: we had attracted their attention, and the sweetness of his dispo- could see the bottom even in 10 or 15 fathoms. At sition, with the delicacy of his manners, secured their affec- sunrise the next morning we saw St. Domingo, and tions. As a member of society he was useful beyond most persons of his years-and this usefulness was accompanied by the same day Cuba, on the starboard. We were at no large promises of future greatness. As a friend he was inesti- less than 12 or 15 miles from either; consequently I mable, for he was not subject to a caprice of feeling which often could make out very little of the appearance of blights the best affections of the young, and diminishes the value the coasts. Sunday all day we were becalmed off the life. As a son he was a father could desire, for his virtues delighted a parent's heart, and his talents gratified small Island of Navaza, which is uninhabited except by his ambition. He saw him filling a large space in society, and birds,-the S. western extremity of St. Domingo still every day advancing in improvement. The death of such a son paralyzes some of the best pulses of a parent's heart, and dims in sight. A breeze came to our relief; that night at all his earthly visions.] 12 o'clock we lost sight of St. Domingo; and Wednesday at noon we made the "Spanish Main” near Carthagena, thus crossing the whole Caribbean sea, a distance of 600 miles, in 60 hours. We passed the city about 6 o'clock, on our way to the entrance of the harbour, which is ten miles below. The city of Carthagena lies along the coast, but all vessels are obliged to come into the harbour, as the surf makes it impossible to land on the sea side.-The mouth of the harbour is defended by two strong forts, one on each side; it then extends nearly parallel with the shore, quite up to the town, and a small river, which empties into this, runs up to a lake a few miles in the interior, having communication at various places with the sea, thus making Carthagena an island.

Carthagena, July 10th, 1833.

DEAR BROTHER,

The Medina will sail on Sunday, and therefore I commence now to write you a long letter describing my first impressions of this place, and my adventures on the great deep.-This letter must suffice for all my friends, who wish to know any thing about me; and and to such as desire to see it, I wish you to show it. -My time is now entirely occupied in studying the language, and it would take far too much of it to give the same particulars to all.

First then, for my sea adventures-These may be briefly detailed; sea sickness, and occasional shower baths in the shape of a shipped sea, with a great deal We entered the harbour about eight o'clock, were of nothing to do, or rather, a great deal of the disposi- hailed by the fort, and came to anchor to wait for a tion to do nothing, reading every book of a light kind pilot. He came off in the morning from a small vilI could get hold of two or three times over, as our lage near the Fort, called Bocha Chica, the houses of library was rather limited. This constituted nearly which are built close down to the water, of bamboo or the whole of my doings and feelings at sea.-We had stone, thaned with a kind of palm, called here palno heavy gales, no long calms, saw no sharks, caught metto. The roofs are very low, the eves being only six no dolphins, were chased by no pirates, and spoke but or seven feet from the ground, like an old Dutch barn. one vessel, which we did on the second day out,-in The pilots here are all black, and receive a regular short, it was one of your matter-of-fact voyages, fur- salary. The pilotage, which is not charged by the nishing no incidents to fill up a journal-My sea-sick-tonnage as in the U. S. is collected by the government, ness lasted from the time we left the Hook, until we being eight dollars out and in for vessels of all sizes. had been a week at sea, recurring every time we had This morning a great number of pelicans were flying the weather at all rough-I think I was not in a good about the harbour in all directions. They seemed as state of body when I left, as the great deal of running large as domestic geese, very clumsy in their movements VOL. II.

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and ungainly in their appearance. This day was the 4th of July, and the captain thereupon fired a salute of four guns, which was the whole number of cartridges we could muster. The anchorage for the shipping is about one mile from the town, where they are loaded or unloaded by lighters called Bungos, large canoes scooped out of a single log, and manned by blacks, who perform all the hard labour here. The whole shipping in the harbour when we came to anchor was four schooners, one of them a French cruiser. We were boarded by the custom-house boat, having on board the Collector, Captain of the Port, Doctor, Inspector, Interpreter, and half-a-dozen officers more of various grades; for it seems they all turn out on such occasions:-rowed by eight negroes fancifully dressed. They were very fearful of the cholera, and kept the boat off at oar's length, until they had read the bill of health, seen the list of the crew, and had the Jacks called to the side to see if all was right, and nothing choleric in their phizes. Being satisfied, they at length ventured on board, took the letter-bags, sealed down the hatches, drank some wine, for which they seemed to have a particular gusto, and left us. I was not allowed to go ashore that night, as it was necessary to have a permit to land, and it was too late to get one. All their forms of business are most perplexing and

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Carthagena is said to be more strongly fortified than any other city in the two Americas. The wall which surrounds it has a circumference of nearly three miles; it is on an average 30 feet high and 30 feet wide the whole distance, i. e. along its plain extent; but wherever there are bastions, portals, angles, (I don't know the terms,) the walls in these places are sometimes 100 or 200 feet wide. One is absolutely astonished at the vastness and strength of these fortifications. There is one at the N. and N. W. part where the wall is nearly 100 feet wide for an extent of about 2000 feet, and must be at least 40 feet high; with a bastion at the angle extending out into the sea more than 150 feet. Underneath a part of this wall are said to be 7 or 800 rooms, where the galley prisoners are confined, and over these cells, on the top of the wall, there is an oblong space of about 700 feet long and nearly 100 wide, paved with large bricks, which was used by the old Spanards, and is still used on some occasions, as a ballroom, or rather a ball-floor, there being no room in the question-and I cannot conceive a more magnificent one, when we consider the size and the prospect it commands;-over head the starry vault of heaven; on one side the city with its living thousands, and on the other the vast expanse of ocean, with the surf driven by the eternal trades foaming and thundering against the rocks, and dashing its spray half way up the wall. It is a beautiful promenade just at sunset, which is seen in all its splendour from this place. One must see in order to appreciate all the splendour of a Tropical sunset. The tints are far more glowing and delicate, and the clouds assume the most fantastic shapes. At sea I used to watch with the greatest pleasure the gradual change of colours which the heavens put on ere they all faded from the horizon. There was one peculiarity I noticed that I had never seen before. After the sun had sunk apparently to his bed in the ocean, the heavens in that quarter became coloured with the most delicate vermillion, in separate radii, diverging from the sun-and these were not pencils of light, but large fields converging to a point at

the horizon, the blue sky being seen between them at regular intervals, and five or six of them occupying the whole field.

There is at the back of the town, across the river, a citadel called Fort San Philip, an immense mass of stone and brick work, having a circumference of nearly a mile, and towering far above the city, which it commands completely. The building of this must have required as much time and labour as the city walls. These massive and vast fortifications are said to have cost the lives of more than fifty thousand Indians, who were compelled by the old Spaniards to perform all the labour, and who died by thousands, in building up the strong holds of their enslavers.

It is impossible to describe, so as to make you understand, the great difference between a Spanish town in S. America, and New York. The streets are very narrow and have no side-walks. The houses are all built of stone or brick, with tiled roofs, the walls covered with stucco. The best houses are two or three stories high. I believe our house is a very good specimen of the whole, though as yet I have been out but little, and therefore am not very well qualified to judge of the internal arrangements of others. I will however describe ours as near as I can. It is built in the shape of an E, having an inner paved court; the lower story is used as store-rooms, stable, &c. and the upper for dwelling rooms; all the floors are paved with brick, dining, sitting, sleeping, and all. They have of course no glazed sashes, but their windows have bars running across them like prison-grates. There is generally a balcony built from the second or third story, which is a favourite sitting place of the ladies; you may see them there at all times of day except siesta time, which is from 12 to 2 o'clock, busily engaged in sewing and talking with Spanish fluency, or in dressing their hair, of which they are very proud, and which is generally long, fine, and black as the "raven's wing."

The streets present a singular spectacle to a northerner. You see priests with their long, flowing, black dresses, and black hats with a low crown, a trim turned up over the crown at the sides, and extending out nearly a foot before and behind, in shape the same as the sombrero of Doctor Bartolo, but exceeding that worthy's in dimensions. Donkeys but little larger than a six month's calf, with a load of grass, Indian corn, dyewood, hides, charcoal, or some other country production, apparently as large as themselves, placed upon their backs, and above this a great negro or wench with legs crossed over the animal's neck, guiding or urging him along with a pointed stick. Children running about entirely naked, this is a universal prac tice; all children from infancy to four or five years, and the majority to ten, twelve, and fifteen, never have a vestige of clothing. Then there are volantes, a kind of chaise drawn by one horse, the negro driver riding on the horse's back. Water is peddled about the streets by negroes, crying out el aqua, (the Spanish for water.) Rain-water is alone used here-they have no other; this is caught in large cisterns or tanks, and in the dry season when it becomes old it is boiled to purify it.

The market is held on a level space of ground outside of the wall. This is quite a fashionable promenade in the morning, and is a most animating scene; such a confusion of tongues! to a stranger they all seem to be quarrelling, and just on the point of coming to blows. Such rapidity of utterance-such animated gesticulation-such a perfect bedlam I never before heard or saw in my life. And then the manner of doing things. Here you see a bevy of black women from the country with a little fruit, a few guanas or cocoanuts, the whole stock in trade perhaps not amounting to 3 rials (3 shillings) which they have come five or six miles to sell. There again stands a lusty negro at a little table with a cleaver in his hand, before him a lot of livid looking stuff in strings, that would puzzle any one to guess what it consists of; but that man is the butcher, and

that questionable heap before him is the meat that he | be the only effectual safeguard. But mental or moral is vending by the measure.--His customer puts down cultivation is very limited among both men and women. his rial, and the fellow measures off the yard or half The young Senoritas of some families are even kept yard of meat, throws it into the basket, each abusing from the society of the other sex, with all the jealous the other most volubly, the one for charging so much, watchfulness peculiar to the old hidalgos of Spain. and the other for being obliged to sell so cheap. But An amusing instance of this we have next door to us, I have not time to tell you half the singularities or in the dwelling of a rich old Senior, who has three or peculiarities I saw. four very handsome daughters, who are kept most strictly secluded. To one of these a young Columbian is strongly attached, and I believe the attachment is reciprocated; but he cannot muster courage to face the pride of the old man, and pop the question, or indeed he dares not enter the house, but is obliged to resort to an expedient to carry on his courtship, and obtain his interviews. The balconies of the house of the old Spaniard and ours are upon the same level; and though the space of some 10 or 12 feet apart, he has by some means obtained Mr. ****** acquaintance, and every day after business hours he is our never-failing visitor. He takes his station on our balcony and his inamorata on theirs; and there day after day, month after month, and year after year, for this liason has been kept up in this way these three years, is the poor swain tantalized, by seeing happiness within his reach, yet not having the courage to stretch forth his arm lest it might escape him for ever-Poor fellow! I don't know whether he will ever succeed, but most certainly his perseverance deserves success.

When I first arrived, I asked if there were any scientific men here, but was told such things were unknown.

The most important article of a lady's dress, that which at once decides the ton of an individual, is the comb. The fashions in these are watched with the greatest attention. At the least change of form or ornament, every one must be exchanged for the new mode. Even the poorest class will sacrifice almost any thing else for the sake of a comb in the fashion. They wear them very large, with a margin or top extending up and around the head, like one of our fashionable ladies' bonnet fronts; and this is all carved and worked beautifully. Of course they never wear hats, their combs precluding the possibility of that, even if the climate required it.

The eating hours are about ten in the morning, and six in the afternoon-only twice a day. So far I like the living very much-their coffee is excellent. We have fowls, which are very plentiful, eggs, fish, a kind of sausage, beef, pork, (beef is very poor,) kid's meat this is preferable to mutton or lamb; and then for vegetables we have the plantain, which I like exceedingly; it is generally fried; yams, and many others. Bread is very dear here, the duties being at present $4 per barrel for flour, to be raised on the first of October to $8, with a city duty of $4 more, making in all, after the 1st October, $12 per barrel, duties. The land here is said to be well adapted to the cultivation of wheat, as they have in the interior all the various temperatures of the different latitudes, from the Torrid to the Frigid zone but none is raised at present. The government is in hopes that the high duty will encourage the people to commence its cultivation. Among the Yankees this would be done as quick as the season would let them; but here, even with this immense premium before them, it will be a long time ere much will be done. There is nothing that I have yet seen like cultivation any where around Carthagena. Every thing that does grow is spontaneous. Indian corn, of which there is a great deal here, is sowed over the ground without any preparation, before the rainy season, and left to take its chance; the rain washes it in, and they are sure of a crop; nothing more is done till they gather it. Indolence in the very extreme is the order of the day.

For fruits they have bananas, the cocoanut, oranges, water and musk melons, papaya, a kind of melon, guanas, alligator pears, having the appearance of a pear, with a large stone inside, eaten with pepper and salt. There are many kinds more of which as yet I do not know the names. You know I was always very fond of fruit. Well, ever since I have been here, I have been anxious to have a good feast. So yesterday I sent out the negro, and he bought a fine lot of bananas, melons, and other things. Although I was cautioned, I helped myself freely, and the consequence was such that I shall be very careful how I eat fruit here again. They were delicious certainly, but it does not answer for one not used to the climate to eat them; he cannot digest them. I was soon seized with dizziness of the head, and sickness of the stomach; vomiting relieved me; I arose this morning well as ever, but with a firm determination to eat no more fruit.

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There is no society here; at least I have found none, and they tell me there is none. The Spanish ladies are most strictly kept from social intercourse with strangers, for the state of morals is loose in the extreme, and the parents trust more to their own vigilance in preserving their daughters from contamination than to their moral education, which would of course

The city of Carthagena contains about ten or twelve thousand inhabitants: mostly or by far the greater part are blacks, who have several times attempted a rising, but the conspiracies were discovered in time to prevent them. For this reason a garrison of 500 men is constantly kept in the city. There are a few slaves, though the greater part of the blacks are free, and entitled to all the privileges of citizens, some of them being magistrates, and officers in the army. General Lucas, the former governor of Carthagena, is said to be a black man, or at least a mulatto. The old Spaniards kept up constantly a garrison of 15000 men. The barracks and buildings for their accommodation are still standing. There was an Inquisition here, which was abolished at the revolution. It is said that all the instruments of torture &c. are still preserved in the old church of St. Domingo. A gentleman has promised to go with me to see them. If we go before the Medina sails, I will send you an account of them; if not, the next time. Their soldiery have been very well disciplined, but the men are all small, scarcely any, I should think, exceeding five feet. They are dressed in white cotton, very coarse, made entirely plain, black leathern belts, and low bell-crowned caps, covered with white muslin : all go barefooted. They are continually parading about the streets, with fife and drum, which at scarcely any time are unheard.

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P. S. I cannot obtain any books giving an account of this country in this place, and I neglected to bring any. I wish you would endeavour to procure me some works of the kind.

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There is an interesting problem for the moralist to solve in the state of this country. The question is very natural which asks, why there is so much of misery and degradation, why there is so little of mental cultivation, and so much of ignorance and imbecility and vice, among a people so blessed with a soil that produces every thing spontaneously, and a climate that varies in the whole year only from 86 to 92 degrees, and where one might think so little time and labour is required for the production of every thing necessary for life, that mental and moral improvement might go on with rapid strides. But I can spin on no longer. A. K.

[graphic]

THE STATUE OF MOSES, BY MICHAEL ANGELO BUONAROTTI. The statue, of which we give an engraving above, is | sternness of expression, marking a vigorous intellect, Considered as the master-piece of Michael Angelo, and and not inconsistent with the character given of him one of the most beautiful pieces of sculpture in the in Scripture: "Moses was very meek, above all the world. The inspired law-giver of the Jews is repre- men which were upon the face of the earth." Besides sented sitting, and seems severely reproving the people the grandeur of air and attitude of this figure, its for their idolatry. In his countenance is a dignified anatomical truth has been highly praised and admired

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