more extended, and much more elegantly stated, he will find it in the "Philosophy of the Mind," by Mr. J. DOUGLAS of Cavers. If he should wish to know, beyond what he can learn from the hints. scattered in this Manual, the state of Speculative Philosophy at the present day, he cannot do better than consult Mr. MORELL'S History previously alluded to. And if my meagre allusion, in the Index, to Schoolmen and Scholastic learning, should raise a desire to know more, Mr. HALLAM's Introduction to the Literature of Europe, and Dr. WHEWELL'S two works, the History, and the Philosophy, of the Inductive Sciences, will supply all that can be needed. Theory of Inductive Logic, Sect. 2-10. Practical Remarks, based on the foregoing Theory, Sect. 11-17 Recapitulation of Distinctions and Differences, Sect. 18-30 Theory of Logical Definition, Sect. 2, 3 Practical Distinctions and Directions, grounded on the fore- Theory of Deductive Logic, Sect. 2-6 Distinctions and Directions to assist in the practice of Deduc- tive Logic, based on the foregoing Theory, Sect. 7-11 Practical Distinctions continued: (i.) Names of Arguments from the Topics whence they are taken, Sect. 12-24. Practical Distinctions continued: (ii.) Names of Arguments from the data on which they rest, Sect. 25-32. Practical Distinctions continued: (iii.) Names of Arguments Practical Directions continued: Exercises suggested for Im- Some account of the Syllogism of formal Logic, Sect. 2-6 Recapitulation of the leading Principles in this Manual of Logic, as opposed to the Principles on which (as explained in the Outline of an Introductory Course of Instruction in Logic, for pupils MANUAL OF LOGIC. #1. CHAPTER I. OUTLINE THEORY OF LOGIC. 1. LOGIC is a branch of learning connected with Grammar and Rhetoric. While Grammar looks only to correctness of construction, or properly putting the parts of speech together so that they shall be accurate forms of language; and Rhetoric varies those forms in order to make them expressive of emotion; Logic looks to the sense which language has to convey, clear from any emotion which may, or may not be its effect. The sense of any single word is the knowledge which it signifies; the sense of two or more words put together, is the development of the knowledge included, or assumed to be included, in each of the separate words, and meeting in the more particular knowledge, which the two or more words unite to express. Thus red denotes the knowledge of what red is, derived from a great many particular things; earth denotes the knowledge of what an earth is, derived in the same way; while red earth, which is one expression for one - meaning, indicates the development of the previous knowledge in one of the particulars assumed to be already included in the knowledge denoted by each separate word. We may call red and earth the premises of a conclusion which must rationally follow from their union: we may call red earth the conclusion from these premises. 2. The process of the understanding by which knowledge is accumulated and included under a sign, is called Induction ;* the process by which the knowledge so accumulated is spread again before the understanding in words, which being joined together, make evident sense, that is to say, make one expression with one meaning, is called Deduction. 3. The logical function of a word is one thing; its grammatical function, another: logical completeness is one thing; and grammatical completeness another. Take the four words, B Every man is mortal, separately, and each has a separate meaning; each is the sign of knowledge. The grammatical function is something added to this its logical function; but being added, it has this effect, that we are required not to rest in the meaning of the separate parts, but to go on till a whole is formed out of the parts, and to understand that whole as one expression for one meaning. But logical completeness may, or may not coincide with grammatical completeness. The construction is complete when we say Every man is mortal; yet we may go on developing our knowledge in forms of expression grammatically independent of each other, as when we add to the foregoing expression, Every king is a man. These two expressions which are grammatically distinct, have the same ground of logical connection as the following two, which are grammatical parts of one construction: A king like every other man; and, Is mortal. In both instances, the expressions signify premises involving a conclusion. In the former instance, the conclusion must be expressed, like the premises, in a sentence of independent form; Therefore, every king is mortal. In the other instance, we have but to put the two grammatical parts together, and the same conclusion will be signified; as, A king like every other man is mortal. 4. Every one who learns and uses a language learns and practises logic both inductively and deductively. A book on logic can do nothing more, and therefore ought to propose nothing more, than to assist this practice by unfolding its theory, in order that the practice may, as far as possible, be free from the mistakes and failures, to which all practice is liable, which is unsupported by correspondent theoretical knowledge. Note to Chapter I. To any one acquainted with the Science of the formal Syllogism, it will at once appear that the art or practice shadowed out in the previous brief sections, must be a logic distinct from Aristotle's. It is so-vet it is the logic of our race,-with reference to which fact we may call it OUR logic, the logic in use-that always has been in use by mankind, including the Aristotelians themselves when not occupied within their especial domain. With this declaration, we might pass on, and leave the Aristotelians to themselves, if their science were not asserted to be the theory of our logic,-the science of reasoning as it is exercised by all man The pages, on account of the common Index, follow those of the Manual of Rhetoric. |