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Man is mortal. If a word cannot be so employed, as, for instance, an adverb, a preposition, &c., they call it Syncategorematic. In our system, a Categorematic term will be better called, a logical part of speech unconstructed; and a Syncategorematic term, a mere grammatical part of speech. Cause. One of the topics of internal arguments; 7 (II. 2); 154 (17). A cause is that which we have found by experience to have one uniform consequent or consequents; 157 (20). It must be added, however, that this is not all that makes up what we mean by cause. We conceive an antecedent Will wherever there is an effect, and if the immediate antecedent cannot have a will because devoid of sense, we go to a higher Will that disposes all things, and among them the conditions of the immediate antecedent with relation to its uniform consequent.See at Philosophy, Philosophers, in this Index, the concluding remarks. Characteristic. In logic, the same as specific; 137 (8). (Charientism. A civil kind of sarcasm; 20 (21).

Circle. The etymological sense of the word period; 14 (7). The fallacy of reasoning in a circle; 190 (9).

Class, Classification. By class, we mean, several things assembled under one common designation. Classification is the origin of logical definition; 130 (2). Order, genus, kind, species, sort, variety, are words that mean the same as class.

Climax. A gradation, or rising of one circumstance above another in speaking; 16 (12).

Colloquial. Colloquial style; 12 (2). Exercise for improvement in; 32. Common name. A name applicable in common to many things; 118 (22).

Comparison, Comparates. Comparison is the generic name of several topics of internal arguments; 8 (II. 3); 159 (23). Comparates are any two things which are compared together. Composition. As a general term, it implies a putting of parts properly together to form a whole. Accordingly in literature, it is the formation of discourse according to the laws of grammar, of logic, and of rhetoric. Conceits in poetry. See Fancy.

Conception. Conception is thus distinguished from Perception :-When we see, or hear, or feel, or touch, or taste, we have a perception of the thing seen or heard, &c.; but if, not seeing, or hearing, &c., we nevertheless have the thing mentally present, we are said to have a conception of it. A conception is otherwise called an idea; but note, that idea is liable to many other applications: see 108 (9, 10, and the following note); 117 (19, 20).

Concrete. The whole of that from which we mentally draw off (abstract) what we think and speak of separately. Every word stands immediately for what is abstract, but if it should be a noun common or a noun proper, the moment we apply it to a real or ideal person or thing, it is the name of a concrete, and may then, and not till then, be called a name-concrete. An adjective, as foolish, cannot be a term-concrete, though it may be a part of such a term, as of the phrase a foolish saying, which a concrete name when applied to some particular saying. The forms of language often lead us to mistake mere abstractions for things concrete; 115 (16).

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Conclusion. The expression which declares what the understanding attains or deduces from premises; 101 (1); 141 (2); 147 (10). Conclusion in the deductive process distinguished from Inference in the inductive; 164 (34). Concurrent probabilities. A rhetorical delusion in speaking of them; 125 (35).

Conditional, Conditions. Conditional, in logic, is the same as hypothetical. But the difference indicated by either of the words, if it extends no further than to the form of a proposition, is purely grammatical; 168 (39, ad finem). For preliminary conditions of a dispute or discussion, see 139 (second note to Chap. III.)

Confirmation. The argumentative part of a regular oration; 10 (2).
Confutation. An occasional part of a regular oration; 10 (2).

Connotative. That which notes something, and, along with it, something
more; 149 (foot-note). In our logic, all words are connotative: the
distinction sought to be enforced by non-connotative will be sufficiently
met by calling such a word as John, a term of single application; and
such a word as whiteness, a term of double abstraction.

Consciousness. Error of the Sensationalists with regard to this part of our nature; 110 (first foot-note).

Consequence, Consequents. A consequence, in logic, is either an inference, or a conclusion. Consequents, the name of one of the topics of internal arguments 7 (II. 2); 157 (21).

Conviction, to Convince. The object of the rhetorician is to convince, as
well as to instruct and delight:—to persuade implies all three of these,
when, and in what proportion, needed. Logic enables us to convince
others, by the practice of developing, for our own security and satis-
faction, the means of conviction obtained by our studies generally in the
several departments of learning; 1 (1−4); 140 (1).

Copula. The verb is, in Aristotelian logic; 218 (3).
Correlative. Terms are correlative which imply each other, as father,
which implies son or daughter; and son, which implies father and
mother. So likewise king and subject, master and servant, cause and
effect, antecedent and consequent, are correlatives. But note, that the
principle which such words make peculiarly and strikingly evident, is
universally operative. We could not have the knowledge included in
any word whatever, if we had not other knowledge which the word
implies, though it does not directly express it. Thus we could not
know what a man is, if we did not know what is not a man; and so
with all things whatever; 163 (33).

Cross divisions. The error of confounding; 203 (14).

Datum, pl. Data. The datum is that which, in an argument, is given or conceded, and occurring in a syllogism, forms one of the two premises; 147 (10). It is one of the sources from which arguments derive their technical names; 3 (I. 1-7); 160 (25-32).

Decrementum. A species of sinking or bathos in style; 16 (12). Deduction, Deductive. Deduction is the process by which knowledge is spread out before the understanding in words; 101 (2); 140-145 (1-6). Definition. An important part of logic; its theory and practice; 129– 140 (1-8, including the two notes). In attempting to develop know

ledge, it is the first proof that can be given that we have the knowledge; 146 (8). A general topic of internal arguments; 6 (II. 1); 150–158 + (13-21).

Deliberative. A term applied to the oratory of the senate, and of assemblies of the people; 2 (4). Subjects for exercise in; 82 (9, 10, 11). Delivery. The fourth part of rhetoric; 3 (4); 56–59 (1–16). Delusions of the rhetorical sophist. Cautions against; 121-129 (31–36). Demonstrative. A term applied to oratory, so far as it embraces eulogy and instruction, when it is not proposed, for any immediate object, to move the will; 2 (4). Subjects for Exercise in; 82 (1-8). Demonstrative, in logic is said of argument which proceeds from admitted premises, to conclusions involved in those premises.

Descriptive, Description. Descriptive, in rhetoric, is comprehended under Narrative composition; 2 (4). Description, in logic, is called Accidental definition, 136 (7); 146 (8). Subjects for exercising learners in description; 74 (1–10).

Diasyrm. Another name for sarcasm, especially when applied with some degree of moderation; 20 (21).

Diction. The manner or style in which, as to his words and sentences, a person speaks or writes: it is the third part of rhetoric; 11-23 (1-24). Instruction and Exercises for improvement in; 26-55. Dictum. Aristotle's dictum, the axiom of the formal syllogism, is referred to at 104 in the continuation of the note. See also 221 ("To a demonstration, an axiom," &c.)

Didactic. One of the general divisions of rhetorical composition; 2 (4). Difference. A part in every real definition; 137 (8). It is always expressed by a grammatical or logical adjective, frequently, in the latter case, of very complicate construction; ib. (third foot-note). The difference, in an Accidental definition, may be carried out into a biography; 146 (8). Difference is one of the five Aristotelian predicables; 220 (4).+ Dilemma. A description of syllogism whose peculiarity is not of a merely grammatical character; 169 (40).

Disposition. The art of arranging the arguments of a discourse. It is the second part of rhetoric; 10 (1, 2).

Disputation. Hints for ascertaining the reasonableness of a dispute or discussion, or of fixing its conditions; 139 (second note to Chap. III.) Distribution. The meaning of the word division, in logic, explained by it; 132 (2, ad finem). The doctrine of distribution in Aristotelian logic; 221 ("Another necessary doctrine towards," &c.)

Division. See Distribution above. Division is also a term for one of the sub-parts of an oration; 10 (2).

Double abstraction. See 114 (15).

Douglas. Mr. James Douglas of Cavers alluded to, and quoted from; 152, 153 (foot-note); and 199 (foot-note).

Echo. A name sometimes used in place of other names of certain figures of speech; 14 (9); 17 (13).

Ecphonesis, Exclamation. A form of sentence in rhetoric; 13 (6). Education. Specimens of faulty themes, and of a corrected one, on Education; 181, 182, 184.

Effect. One of the topics of internal arguments; 7 (II. 2); 155 (18).

Elenchus, Ignoratio elenchi. Elenchus (or elench), as a general term,
means an argument, but, specially, the point or purpose which a course
of argument keeps, or ought to keep in view. Ignoratio elenchi means
the neglect to have such a point or purpose while arguing, or the
neglect of keeping it steadily and clearly in view after having had it;
211-217 (18-22).

Elocution, Eloquence. Elocution means either Diction, or Delivery; 3
(foot-note). Eloquence is another form of the same word; but is
commonly employed with a larger meaning, such as includes all the
requisites of oratory.

Emotion. Rhetoric alone, of the three arts which teach the use of lan-
guage, (Grammar and Logic being the other two,) concerns itself with
our emotions; 1 (2); 101 (1).

Enantiosis. Antithesis or Opposition; a figure in rhetoric; 17 (14).
English History. Subjects for Narrative Exercises from; 71.

Enthymeme. A form of argument in which the datum is not expressed;
167 (37).

Enumeration. A topic of internal argument; 6 (II. 1); 151 (15). Also,
a form of speech in rhetoric; 16 (12).

Epanalepis.

Epanaphora. Modes of rhetorical verbal repetition; 17 (13).
Epanodos.

Epanorthosis. Correction; an expedient in rhetoric; 21 (23).

Epiphora or Epistrophe. A mode of rhetorical verbal repetition; 17 (13).
Epizeuxis. A passionate repetition of words in rhetoric; 17 (13).
Erotesis. Interrogation, a form of sentence in rhetoric; 13 (5).
Essence, Essential. Essence is that (supposed something) which makes
a thing what it is; 158 (22). Essential definition; 137 (8).
Etymological, Etymology. The etymological sense of a word; 119 (24),
Etymology is one of the topics of internal arguments; 6 (II. 1)
150 (14).

Eulogy. A speech belonging to the class called Demonstrative; 2 (4).
Outline for a Eulogy on a schoolboy; 82 (1).

Euphemism. A delicate way of saying what might otherwise give offence;
21 (22).

Examination questions. In Rhetoric, page 9: page 17: pages 22, 23:
page 60. In logic, Introductory course, page 234.

Exclamation. See Ecphonesis.

Exergasia. A mode of rhetorical repetition by phrases of the same mean-
ing; 17 (13).

Exordium. The Proemium or opening of an oration; 10 (2).

Experiment, Experience. Experiment is one of the two topics of externa.
arguments; (I.); 148 (12). Experience is the original source of al.
human knowledge; 155 (19).

Expression. In oratory, expression is the language of nature, mingling
with, and giving soul to artificial language; 57 (8).

External arguments. These are employed in rhetoric when the auditore
require instruction in what they do not yet know; 6 (1). Such argu-
ments do not properly make a part of deductive logic, yet are usefully
considered under it, because logic should be so studied as to prepare for
rhetoric; 148 (12).

Extremes. The minor and major terms in the Aristotelian syllogism;
219 (4).

Fallacy, False, Falsity, Falsehood. Fallacy is a deceptive argument,
which may not be intended to deceive. False means not true, either
with, or without intention to deceive. A Falsity should mean what is
false when there is no intention to deceive; but this meaning is not
always adhered to. A Falsehood is, what is false when there is an
intention to deceive; in which sense Falsity is also liable to be less
properly used.

Familiar letters. Subjects for, 74–81.

Fancy. This is often used as a term synonymous with Imagination, but
the best custom seems to warrant this difference: Imagination implies
emotion as causing the presence of the conceptions, their character,
combination, and sequence: (see Imagination :)-Fancy implies con-
ceptions formed and continued voluntarily, that is, by choice, and with-
out emotion. Fancy therefore is the origin of the conceits, as they are
called, by which the school of poetry is distinguished which was pre-
valent in Italy at a certain period, and in our own country during the
period which intervened between the Romantic school that closed about
the end of Elizabeth's reign, and the Classical school that opened after
the Restoration. The poets of that intervening school are called the
metaphysical poets. Even Milton is often guilty of these conceits.
Thus, in a sonnet which begins very naturally by saying that Shakspeare
needs not a stone monument, he goes on with the conceit, that since we
are all astonished by his genius, that is, turned into stone, we are all
stone monuments to record his excellence; and in this manner, he fan-
cifully makes out that any other monument is rendered unnecessary.
Figurative language, Figures of speech. See from page 12 to 22 (3-24).
See an alphabetical Index, and the etymology of the names of the figures,
Instruction and Exercise for the proper use of figurative
page 24.
language, pages 52-55 (Section 10, et seq.)

Figure of a Syllogism. The difference of the four figures of the Aristo-
telian syllogism explained; 223-225 (5, 6).

Flatness of style. Exercise for correcting; pages 30, 31.

Forensic. See Judicial.

(Note); 122 (32); 133 (3); 142
Some account of the syllogism of

Formal logic, Forms of an argument, Forms of language. The Formal
logic of Aristotle objected to; 102
(Note); 144 (foot-note), 167 (39).
formal logic; 217-225 (2-6). Its principles opposed; 225-227
(7-11).

For Forms of an Argument, see 163-171 (33-41).

For certain Forms of language which are liable to produce error of thought,
see 115 (16).

Fortitude. Example of a theme upon; 174.

French Speculative Philosophy. This subject alluded to; 106 (foot-
note).

Friendship. Example of a theme upon; 185, et seq.

Function. Logical and Grammatical function distinguished; 101 (3);
144 (5).

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