HAIL, holy Light! offspring of Heaven first-born!
Or, of the Eternal co-eternal beam !
May I [thus] express thee unblamed-since God is Light,
And never but in unapproached light
Dwelt from eternity, dwelt then in thee?
Bright effluence of bright essence increate!
Or hearest thou rather: pure ethereal stream,
Whose fountain who shall tell? Before the Sun,
Before the Heavens thou wert, and at the voice
Of God, as with a mantle, didst invest
The rising world of waters, dark and deep,
Won from the void and formless infinite!
Thee I revisit now with bolder wing-[having]
Escaped the Stygian pool, though long detained
In that obscure sojourn.' While in my flight
Through utter and through middle darkness borne,
With other notes than to the Orphéan lyre
I sung of Chaos and eternal Night,
Taught by the heavenly Muse to venture down
The dark descent and up to re-ascend,
Though hard and rare ! Thee I revisit safe,
And feel thy sovran vital lamp! But thou
Revisitest not these eyes, that roll in vain
To find thy piercing ray and find no dawn 2—
So thick a drop serene hath quenched their orbs
Or dim suffusion veiled! Yet not the more
Cease I to wander where the Muses haunt
1 The reference here is to the poet's treatment of the subject in Books i. and ii., and it is continued in the following six lines: "In other strains than those which arise from the joyous and mirthful lyre, I was compelled to treat of treason and its punishment, of malice and its consequences."
2 And find not even the faint light of dawn. PARADISE LOST-BK. III.]
Clear spring or shady grove or sunny hill,
Smit with the love of sacred song; but chief
Thee, Sion, and the flowery brooks beneath
That wash thy hallowed feet and warbling flow,
Nightly I visit! nor sometimes forget
Those other two, equalled with me in fate
(So were I equalled with them in renown!)
Blind Thamyris and blind Mæonides,
And Tiresias and Phineus, prophets old.
Then feed [I] on thoughts that voluntary move
Harmonious numbers,' as the wakeful bird
Sings darkling, and in shadiest covert hid
Turns her nocturnal note.
Seasons return; but not to me returns
Day, or the sweet approach of even or morn,
Or sight of vernal bloom or summer's rose,
Or flocks or herds, or human face divine,
But cloud instead and ever-during dark
Surrounds me— -from the cheerful ways of men
Cut off!-and for [instead of] the book of knowledge fair Presented with a universal blank
Of Nature's works, to me expunged and rased,
And wisdom at one entrance quite shut out!
So much the rather thou, celestial Light,
Shine inward, and the mind through all her powers
Irradiate! There plant eyes, all mist from thence
Purge and disperse, that I may see and tell
Of things invisible to mortal sight!
Now had the Almighty Father from aboveFrom the pure Empyrean where he sits
"Our poesy is as a gum, which oozes
From whence 'tis nourished."-Shakespeare.
2 "Turns," meaning modulates, not "Tunes," as some editors have erroneously altered it. The following instance of its use is in "As You Like It: "
"And turn his merry note
Unto the sweet bird's throat."
3 "These dark orbs no more shall treat with light."-S. Agonistes.
The Almighty marks Satan's purpose.
High throned above all height-bent down his eye
His own works and their works at once to view
(About him all the Sanctities of Heaven
Stood thick as stars, and from his sight received
Beatitude past utterance: on his right
The radiant image of his glory sat,
His only Son): on earth he first beheld
Our two first parents (yet the only two
Of mankind), in the happy garden placed,
Reaping immortal fruits of joy and love—
Uninterrupted joy, unrivalled love-
In blissful solitude! He then surveyed
Hell and the gulf between, and Satan there
Coasting the wall of Heaven on this side night,
In the dun air sublime [aloft], and ready now
To stoop with wearied wings and willing feet—
On the bare outside of this world [universe], that seemed Firm land imbosomed without firmament,
Uncertain which, in ocean or in air.
Him God beholding from his prospect high-
Wherein past, present, future he beholds—
Thus to his only Son, foreseeing, spake :
Only-begotten Son, seest thou what rage
Transports our Adversary-whom no bounds
Prescribed, no bars of Hell nor all the chains
Heaped on him there, nor yet the main Abyss,
Wide interrupt, can hold? so bent he seems
On desperate revenge, that shall redound
Upon his own rebellious head!
Through all restraint broke loose, he wings his way
Not far off Heaven, in the precincts of light,
Directly towards the new-created world
And Man there placed, with purpose to assay
If him by force he can destroy or, worse,
By some false guile pervert—and shall pervert!
For Man will hearken to his glozing lies
And easily transgress the sole command,
Sole pledge of his obedience: so will fall
He and his faithless progeny! Whose fault,
Whose but his own? Ingrate, he had of me
PARADISE LOST-BK. III.]
All he could have: I made him just and right,
Sufficient to have stood though free to fall! 1
Such I created all the ethereal Powers
And Spirits, both them who stood and them who failed:
Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell.
Not [created] free, what proof could they have given sincere Of true allegiance, constant faith or love,
Where only what they needs must do appeared,
Not what they would? What praise could they receive,
What pleasure I, from such obedience paid,
When will and reason-reason also as choice [are]
Useless and vain of freedom both despoiled,
Made passive both-had served necessity,
Not me? They therefore, as to right belonged,
So were created, nor can justly accuse
Their Maker or their making, or their fate,
As if predestination overruled
Their will, disposed by absolute decree
Or high foreknowledge.
They themselves decreed
Their own revolt, not I. If I foreknew,
Foreknowledge had no influence on their fault,
Which had no less proved certain unforeknown.
So without least impulse or shadow of fate,
Or aught by me immutably foreseen,
They trespass, authors to themselves in all
Both what they [freely] judge and what they choose-(for so
I formed them free, and free they must remain
Till they enthral themselves—I else must change
Their nature and revoke the high decree
Unchangeable, eternal, which ordained
Their freedom)-they themselves ordained their fall.2
The first sort by their own suggestion fell,
Self-tempted, self-depraved: Man falls deceived
2 The connection of this clause will be found at line 123. The
passage is to be read thus:
So if without least impulse or shadow of fate
then they themselves ordained their fall. "Authors to," &c., is but a fuller restatement of" They trespass."
The Son of God pleads for Man.
By the other first-Man, therefore, shall find grace,
The other none! In Mercy and Justice both,
Through Heaven and Earth, so shali my glory excel;
But Mercy, first and last, shall brightest shine!"
Thus while God spake ambrosial fragrance filled
All Heaven, and in the blessed Spirits elect
Sense of new joy ineffable diffused.
Beyond compare the Son of God was seen
Most glorious! in him all his Father shone
Substantially expressed, and in his face
Divine compassion visibly appeared,
Love without end and without measure grace !
Which uttering, thus he to his Father spake :
"O Father, gracious was that word which closed
Thy sovran sentence-that Man should find grace!
For which both Heaven and Earth shall high extol
Thy praises with the innumerable sound
Of hymns and sacred songs, wherewith thy throne
Encompassed shall resound thee ever blest!
For should Man finally be lost? should Man,
Thy creature late so loved, thy youngest born,
Fall circumvented thus by fraud, though joined
With his own folly? That be from thee far,
That far be from thee, Father, who art Judge
Of all things made, and judgest only right!
Or shall the Adversary thus obtain
His end and frustrate thine? shall he fulfil
His malice and thy goodness bring to nought,
Or proud return-though to his heavier doom,
Yet with revenge accomplished—and to Hell
Draw after him the whole race of mankind,
By him corrupted? Or wilt thou thyself
Abolish thy creation, and unmake
For him what for thy glory thou hast made?
So should thy goodness and thy greatness both
Be questioned and blasphemed without defence !"
To whom the great Creator thus replied:
"O Son, in whom my soul hath chief delight,
Son of my bosom, Son who art alone
My word, my wisdom, and effectual might,
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