edges of the fquare pit, is made a large furnace to melt the metal. In the other way, it is fufficient to work the mould above ground, but with the like precaution of a furnace and grate underneath. When finifhed; 4 walls are to be run around it, and by the fide thereof a maffive made for a melting furnace. For the reft the method is the fame in both. The mould being finifhed, and inclosed as defcribed, whether under ground or above it, a moderate fire is lighted in the furnace under it, and the whole covered with planks, that the wax may melt gently down, and run out at pipes contrived for that purpose, at the foot of the mould, which are afterwards exactly clofed with earth, fo foon as the wax is carried off. This done, the hole is filled up with bricks thrown in at random, and the fire in the furnace augmented, till fuch time as both the bricks and mould become red hot. After this, the fire being extinguished, and every thing cold again, they take out the bricks, and fill up their place with earth moistened, and a little beaten to the top of the mould, in order to make it the more firm and fteady. These pre paratory measures being duly taken, there remains nothing but to melt the metal, and run it into the mould. This is the office of the f rnace above defcribed, which is commonly made in the form of an oven with three apertures, one to put in the wood, another for a vent, and a third to run the metai out at. From this laft aperture, which is kept very clofe, while the metal is in fufion, a fmall ube is laid, whereby the melted metal is conveyed into a large earthen bafon, over the mould, into the bottom of which all the big branches of the jets, or cafts, which are to convey the metal into all the parts of the mould, are inferted. These cafts or jets are all terminated with a kind of plugs, which are kept clofe, that, upon opening the furnace, the brass, which gushes over with violence, may not enter any of them, till the bafon be full enough of matter to run into them all at once. Upon which occafion they pull out the plugs, which are long iron rods with a head at one end, capable of filling the whale diameter of each tube. The whole of the furnace is opened with a long piece of iron fitted at the end of each pole, and the mould filled in an inftant. This completes the work in relation to the cafting part; the reft being the fculptor's or carver's bufinefs, who, taking the figure out of the mould and earth wherewith it is encompaffed, faws off the jets with which it appears covered over, and repairs it with chiffels, gravers, puncheons, &c.

taife a proper fence to refit the impulfion of the melted metal. The inner mould, or core is a rude mafs to which is given the intended attitude and contours. It is raised on an iron grate, ftrong enough to fuftain it, and is ftrengthened within by Several bars of iron. It is generally made either of potter's clay, mixed with hair and horfe dung; or of plafter of Paris mixed with brick duft. The ufe of the core is to fupport the wax, the fhell, and leffen the weight of the metal. The iron bars and the core are taken out of the brafs gure through an aperture left in it for that pure pole, which is foldered up afterwards. It is necesary to leave fome of the iron bars of the core, that contribute to the fteadiness of the projecting pat, within the brafs figure. The wax is a reprefentation of the intended ftatue. If it be a piece of fculpture, the wax fhould be all of the culptor's own hand, who ufually forms it on the ere: Though it may be wrought separately in arties, moulded on a model, and afterwards ar. ranged on the ribs of iron over the grate; filling the vacant space in the middle with liquid plafter and brick-duft, whereby the inner core is propor tioned as the fculptor carries on the wax. When the wax, which is the intended thickness of the metal, is finished, they fill fmall waxen tubes perpendicular to it from top to bottom, to ferve both canals for the conveyance of the metal to all parts of the work; and as vent-holes, to give paffage to the air, which would otherwife occafion grat diforder when the hot-metal came to encom pals it. The work being brought thus far, muft be covered with its fhell, which is a kind of cruft led over the wax, and which being of a foft matter, eafily receives the impreffion of every part, which is afterwards communicated to the metal upon its taking the place of the wax, between the fhell and the mould. The matter of this outer mould is varied according as different layers are applied. The firft is generally a compolition of clay, and old white crucibles well ground and fifted, and mixed up with water to the confiftence of a colour fit for painting: accordingly they ap ply it with a pencil, laying it 7 or 8 times over, and letting it dry between whiles. For the 2d impreffion, they add horse-dung and earth to the former compofition. The 3d impreffion is only horse-dung and earth. Laftly, the fhell is finifh ed by laying on feveral more impreffions of this laft matter, made very thick with the hand. The hell, thus finished, is fecured by feveral iron girths bound round it, at about half a foot diftance from each other, and fastened at the bottom to the grate under the flatue, and at top to a cirtle of iron where they all terminate. If the ftatue be fo big that it would not be eafy to move the moulds with fafety, they must be wrought on the Ipot where it is to be caft. This is performed two ways: in the firft, a fquare hole is dug under ground, much bigger than the mould to be made therein, and its infide lined with walls of free-ftone or brick. At the bottom is made a hole of the fame materials, with a kind of furnace, having its aperture outwards: in this is a fire made to dry the mould, and afterwards melt the wax. Over this furnace is placed the grate, and upon this the monte, &c. formed as above. Laftly, at one of the

furrounded the monaftery, are fill to be feen at Tulket. The remains at Fournefs breathe the plain fimplicity of the Ciftertian abbeys; the chapter-houfe was the only piece of elegant Gothic about it Part of the painted glafs from the E. window, reprefenting the crucifixion, &c. is preferved at Winder-mere church in Bowlnefs, Weftmoreland.

(3) FOURNESS FELLS, high hills, with vaft piles of rocks, in the above diftrict, (N° 1.) among which the ancient Britons found a fecure retreat from the victorious Saxons: for we find them fettled here 228 years after the arrival of the Saxons; when Egfrid king of Northumberland gave St Cuthbert the land called Carthmell, with all the Britons in it, as is related in his life. In thefe mountains are quarries of a fine durable blue Late. The inhabitants rear great numbers of fheep, which browse upon the hollies. The woods afford charcoal for melting iron ore, and oak bark for tanners, in great abundance. The forefts abound with deer and willd boars, and the legh or Jeefe, or large ftags, whofe horns are frequently found under ground here.

FOURNO, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in Caramania; 104 miles WSW. of Satalia.

FOUR-O'CLOCK FLOWER. See MIRABILIS. FOURQUE VAUX, a town of France, in the dep. of the Upper Garonne, 10 m. S. of Toulouse. FOURSCORE. adj. [four and score.] 1. Four times twenty; eighty-When they were out of reach, they turned and croffed the ocean to Spain, having loft four core of their fhips, and the greater part of their men. Bacon. 2 It is ufed elliptically for fourfcore years in numbering the age of man-Some few might be of ufe in council upon great occafions, 'til after threefcore and ten; and the two late minifters in Spain were fo 'till four jeure. Temple.

FOUR-SHIRE STONES, a village of Oxfordshire, near Castleton.

FOURSQUARE. adj. [four and Square. Quadrangular; having four fides and angles equal. The temple of Bel was invironed with a wall carried foursquare, of great height and beauty; and on each fquare certain brazen gates curioufly engraven. Raleigh's Hift.

FOURTEEN. adj. [feowerlyn, Sax] Four and ten; twice feven.-I am not fourteen pence

on the fcore for fheer ale. Shak.

(1.) FOURTH. adj. [from foul.] The ordial of four; the firft after the third.

A third is like the former: filthy hags! Why do you fhew me this? A fourth? Itart eye! What? will the line ftretch out to th' crack of doom? Shak. (2) FOURTH REDUNDANT, in mufic. See IN

TERVAL.

the Upper Garonne; 2 miles W. of Rieux, and 27 SW of Toulouse.

(1.) FOU-TCHEOU, a city of China of the Ift rank in the province of FO-KIEN. It carries on a great trade; and has a good harbour and a most magnificent bridge, which has more than 100 arches, conftructed of white ftone, and ornamented with a double baluftrade throughout. It is the refidence of a viceroy, and has under its jurif diction 9 cities of the 3d clafs. It lies 870 miles S. of Pekin. Lon. 136. 50. E. Ferro. Lat. 26. 4. N.

(2.) FOU-TCHEOU, a city of China of the 1st rank, in the prov. of Kiang-fi; formerly one of the finest cities in the empire, but almoft ruined by the Tartar invafion. It lies 735 miles E. of Pekin. Lon. 133. 42. E. of Ferro. Lat. 27.55 N. *FOUTRA. n. f. [from foutre, French.] A fig; a fcoff: a word of contempt. Not ufed.A foutra for the world, and worldlings base. Shak. Henry IV. FOUVENT LA VILLE, a town of France, in the dep. of Upper Saone; 7 m. NE. of Champlitte. (1.) FOWEY, FAWEY, or FOY, a populous and flourishing town of Cornwall, with a commodious haven on the British Channel. It extends above a mile on the E. fide of the river, (N° 2.) and has a fpacious market houfe, with a town hall above it, erected by the reprefentatives of the borough a few years fince, Philip Rafhleigh, efq.; and Lord Vifc. Vailetort. It has also a fine old church, a free school, and an hospital. It rofe so much formerly by naval wars and piracies, that in the reign of Edward III. its fhips refufing to ftrike when required, as they failed by Rye and Winchelsea, were attacked by the fhips of thofe ports, but defeated them; whereupon they bore their arms mixed with the arms of thofe two cinque ports, which gave rife to the name of the "Gallants of Fowey." And Camden, informs us that this town quartered a part of the arms of all the other Cinque Ports with their own; intimating that they had at times triumphed over them all. In the fame reign they refcued certain fhips of Rye from diftrefs, for which this town was made a member of Cinque Ports. Edward IV. favoured Fowey fo much, that when the French threatened to come up the river to burn it, he caufed two towers, the ruins of which are yet vifible, to be built at the public charge for its fecurity: but he was afterwards fo provoked at the inhabitants for attacking the French, after a truce proclaimed with Lewis XI. that he took away all their fhips and naval ftores, together with a chain drawn across the river between the two forts, which was carried to Dartmouth. Moft of the inhabitants are in the Pilehard fishery, which employs a great number of veffels. About 28,000 hhds. of fill are annually brought into this port. The corporation confifts of a mayor, recorder, 8 aldermen, a town clerk, and 2 affiftants; the market is on Saturday; the fairs on May day and Sept. 10. The toll of the market and fairs, and keyage of the harbour, were vefted in the corporation on the payment of a fee-farm rent of about 40s. It has fent 2 mem

bers to parliament fince the 13 of Q. Elizabeth. Fowey lies 32 miles S. of Launceston; 32 ENE. of Falmouth, 26 of Plymouth, and 240 WSW of London. Lon. 4. 23. W. Lat. 50, 19. N. (2.) Foway

B

(2.) FOWEY, TAWEY, FOUTH, or Foy, a river of Cornwall, which rifes 4 miles SE. of Carelford, phics by Lefowithiel, and runs into the British Connel, a little below FOWEY, (N 1.) where it is very broad and deep. It was former. ly navigable up to Leftwithiel.

(1.) * FOWL. n. f. [fugel, fub', Saxon; veg-l, Dutch] A winged animai; a bird. It is colloquially ufed of edible birds, but in books of all the feathered tribes. Foul is fed collectively: as, we dined upon fith and focul.

The beatts, the fithes, and the winged faul, Are their males fubjects, and at their controul. Shak. (2.) Fow, among zoologifts, denotes the larger forts of birds, whether domestic or wild: fuch as geefe, pheasants, partridges, turkey, ducks, &c. Tame fowl make a neceflary part of the flock of a country farm. See POULTRY. Fowls are again diftinguished into two kinds, viz. land at water towls, thefe laft being fo called from ther living much in and about water: alfo into those which are accounted game, and those which are not. See GAME.

* To Fowl. vn. [from the noun.] To kill birds for food or game.

FOWLER. n. f. [from fowl.] A fportimen who purfues birds.

With flaught'ring guns th' unweary'd fowler

(1.) FOWLING, n. . the art of catching birds by means of bird-lime, decoys, and other devices; or the killing of them by the gun. See BIRD. CATCHING, BIRD LIME, DECOY, § 2, SHOOTING, and the names of the different birds in their order. (2.) FOWLING is also used for the pursuing and taking birds with hawks, more properly called FALCONY Or HAWKING. Sce thefe articles.

(1.) * FOWLINGPIECE.n.f. forvi and piece ] A gun for birds.—' I is neceffary that the country. man be provided with a good fowlingpiece. Mo¬t. (2. FOWLING PIECES are reckoned beft, when they have a long barrel, from 5 to 6 feet, with a moderate bore. But every fowler thould have them of different fizes, fuitable to the game be detigns to kill. The barrel thould be well polished and fmooth within, and the bore of an equal bignefs from one end to the other; which may be proved, by putting in a piece of pafteboard, cut of the exact roundness of the top: for if this goes down without ftops or flipping, you may conclude the bore good. The bridge pan must be fomewhat above the touch hole, and ought to have a notch to let down a little powder: this will prevent the piece from recoiling, which it would otherwife be apt to do. As to the locks, choofe fuch as are well filled with true work, whofe springs must be neither too ftrong nor too weak. The hammer ought to be well hardened, and plable to go down to the pan with a quick motion. (1.) FOWLNESS, a village in Norfolkshire. (2.) FOWLNESS ISLAND. See FoULNESS, N° 2.

(1.) FOX,† Charles James, an illustrious statel man, who took a large and important fhare in all the public bufinefs of the British empire, fron 1768 to 1805 The period of Mr F's poli tical life was filled with meatures of fuch intereft and magnitude, as would have conferred celebrity on a meaner agent; while his talents were fo pro digious, as to exalt and dignify even the ordinary comfe of affairs. His æra and character, therefore, mutually aid each other's immortality; and, when taken together, command a double portion of that historical intereft which either of them would have feparately poffeffed. Another acceffury cir cumftance, which ferves to augment his natural and intrinfic claims to fame, was the diftinguished eminence of his political opponent. The mind, like the body, is generally ditposed to exert no more of its power than the occasion requires; and from the want of a fufficient ftimulus, many have allowed their intellectual vigour to degenerate by inaction, and its extent to remain unknown, both to others and themfelves. But the coexiftence and competition of Fox and Pitt talked the faculties of each to their full ftrength, and revealed to the world the ultimate refources of two of the mot diftinguished men, who were ever destined to huggle for fuperiority, by eloquence and wifdom. The nearness of their deaths too fecures the com. plete coincidence of their hiftories; fo that, in eil future periods, the name of the one muit naturaly fuggeft that of the other, and each communi. cate to his rival a portion of his own renown. It is fair however to obferve that, if their compara. tive merit is to be weighed by their celebrity alone, the balance will perhaps rather turn in favour of Mr F.; who, without place or power, and acting more as a commentator on great national measures, than as their author, created for himself a fp'er. dor of reputation, equal to that of an opponent, who enjoyed nearly through life the moft eminert and efficient ftation. No antagonist of Godolphia or Harley, of Walpole or Pelham fills to large a space in the eye of the hiftorian, as thefe long established difpenfers of profit and preferment: and even of the great Chatham it is the glorions adminiftration, not the animated oppofition, that is moft frequently in the mouths of his admirers. If Fox, therefore, contrary to all former example, contrived during a life of political adverfity, and in fpite of many political errors, to acquire an equal name with his more fortunate competitor, it is natural to afcribe to him at least an equality in that bril liancy of genius, which captivates popular attention.

Mr F. was born on the 13th of January 1749: a circumftance that can hardly be miftated, that day having fo often been folemnized as a feftival by his admirers. He was the 2d fon of Henry Lord Hol land, who by a public career in an oppolite direction to that of his fon, at once ennobled and enriched his family. The former was as zealous in maintaining, as the latter in refifting, the prirciples of the court; yet, notwithstanding this contrariety

trariety of conduct, fome features of a family like nels may be traced between the father and the fon. We find in both a certain mafculine vigour of character, united with a kind, indulgent and affectionute tumper; political activity with domeftic indolence; and an equal ardour in public eamities and private friendships. The more pleafing qua Lord Holland's character were remarkably daved towards his favourite boy, whofe geni1 had futhcient penetration very carly to difTo its growth he is reported to have given the fallet feope, by freeing him from every fpeess of reftraint, indulging all the wantonnefs of Es human, converting with him on ftate affairs, and at times even profiting by his fuggeftions. It the was actually the cafe, it fhews the frength of For's natural tendency to what is great and piedad. In ordinary characters, unbridled licence gly leads to dishonourable idleness, or to fill e difgraceful activity: but the more "wild and f" the mind of Fox was fuffered to fhoot, the are vigorously it feems to have afpired to intelcual excellence. His mother was Lady GeorCaroline Lennox, fifter to the late Duke of kahmond, through whom he inherited the blood, and even the features, of the royal Houfe of Stewart; but in character, as has been obferved by Mr Burke, he bore a much ciofer refemblance to HenIV. of France, another of his royal progenitors. Le enjoyed the full advantage of a public educafin, having been fent to Eton, during the master

of Dr Barnard, and under the private tuition of Dr Newcombe, the late Primate of Ireland. Pitt (pent his boyhood at home, and it is amuling to remark how complete a contraft, in every par tacular, thefe illuftrious men have been destined to eibt to the world; fince they even affift us to preciate, in minds nearly of equal force, the Comparative benefits of public and private educa

like the northern year, in which fummer com men. ces without any ipring, feemed to leap at once from infancy to manhood, without any intervening period of adolefcence. Nature had, no doubt, laid the foundation of this difference; but what nature began, was confummated by education.

Though, in the traditionary hiftory of Eton, Mr F. is better remembered for his extravagances, than for his literary industry, yet he by no means ne glected the proper bufiuefs of the place. His active and elaftic mind found no enjoyment in idlenefs. Difipation requires frequent intervals: and every paule in its purfuit was occupied by the acquifition of knowledge. He was not the first scholar of his day, but certainly, parvo intervallo proximus. As a fpecimen of bis boyith talents, we fhall quote from his fchool exercifes the concluding lines of his addrefs to the dove.

Fox, by mingling with fociety, and acting that little world, where all the principles and pions, which are afterwards to operate in the great one, are exercifed and difciplined on a narrawer fcale, acquired, together with literary accompliments, a wider knowledge of human nature and human condu&t, than his rival ever at. tained. There, he was formed to that compani sable cordiality; that open and friend-making benity; and that kill to manage, to attach, and to act with others, which diftinguished him through life; and probably alfo to that love of pation and profufenefs, which can be indul only in fociety. In Pitt, on the contrary, were feen that fobriety and caution, that back wardness and referve, that deficiency in interef Engels, attraction, and power of popular capti. vation, and perhaps that high fenfe of his own fufficiency, which are too often the effect of priacy and feclufion, and of the want of an early ne ty to conciliate and compare ourselves with oHis attachments, we have reafon to believe, had more steadiness, than enthufiafm; his manner unexceptionable, than engaging; and his conduct more guarded by difcretion, than the frength of his paffions appeared to require. Fox pailed through all the gradations of boyhood, youth, and maturity, with that change of charac, which is naturally created by each; but Pitt,

was more

Quis cæli tibi claudet iter? dura lumina fallens
Vana virum, feindis tuta fub allra fugam.
Sævit unda maris, moveant infana tumultus

quora, et everías concitet Eurus aquas.
Tu fugis incolumis, volucri pernicior Euro,
Carpis et acrias inviolata vias.
Garrulitas noftræ quondam temeraria linguæ
Indicio prodit multa tacenda leviz

At tibi vox nulla eft; nec, fi loquereris, amoris
Furta Cytheriacæ lingua loquatur avis.
Hoc Venus ipfa vetat, te fæpe experta fidelem,
Ufa minifteriis in fua furta tuis:

Nempe alis invećta tuis, tibi femper amores
Fidit in amplexus Martis itura Venus.
Nunc quoque (dilectam docet hoc Cytherea vo-
lucrem)

Nunc quoque amatori, fida columba, fave. I, pete per cœlos noftram feftina Sufannam, Sic mihi, fic Veneri grata futura tuæ. Thefe lines are a fair example of the claffical common-places of fchool compofitions; but they give no promife of that ardour of feeling, and o riginality of thought which their author afterwards difplayed. It has indeed rarely happened that any modern writer has been able to exhibit the full vi gour of his powers, or to produce any thing deeply and permanently interefting, in the trammels of Latin verfification.

From Eton he was removed to Oxford, where his ailociates and mode of life continued nearly the fame. At both places he was to lavithly fupplied with money, that fimilar fupplies became neceifay to the companions who wished to keep pace with him in his amufements; and larger fums were about that period rifqued at the gaming-table, than was ever previously known to be the cafe, either at school or College. It is reported that one member of this difiipated circle lately demanded of another a debt of L10,000, which had been contracted while they were fellow ftudents. And though the latter

declared that he never believed this tum to have been feriously staked, yet the rate of the frolic ma ferve, in fome meature, as a ftandard, by which we may eftimate the rate of their play.

From Oxford Mr Fox, according to the fashionable plan of education, fet out on a tour to the continent, during which a mind, endowed with fuch acute and indefatigable powers of obfervation must have made great additions to its knowledge of human character, and of the political condition