ries, laces, gold and filver embroideries, toys, rkets, perfumery, paper, prints, drugs, dies, &c. while they import hard-ware, earthen-ware, cottrs, metals, hemp, flax, filk, wool, horfes, E. and W.kda goods, &c. employing about one million Tons of thipping, with near 50,000 feamen. Be fure the revolution, the imports were valued at though the exports at 12,500,000; and a stateut its exports, for the year 1800, will be Land under the article EXPORTATION, 2. In rredures the French ave been always diftinred for their invention, and the English for ter fuperior improvement; but as the CommerTrty was the means of glutting the French mrkets with English goods, it afforded the French on opportunity to val the English in their manundo; and they ave already eftablished feveral . France has long had very extenfive filk dures; and its woollen cloths and ftufis, plarly at Abbeville, Amiens, and Paris, are d now to be little inferior to thofe of England. Abbeville is famous for cloth, linen, fail cloth, and ap: Auvergne for fine thread, lace, ftuffs, and FT; Nimes for fine ferges; Cambray for cam; St Quintin for lawns; and Picardy for plate

FRANCE, TOWNS, CITIES, AND VILLAGES In France before the war, was faid to contain acties or walled towns, and 43,000 fmall towns ages. Paris is the capital.

miniftration thinks fit, which feldom exceeds 25 franks. The fourth part of the pupils are in general too poor to fpare any thing. Befides the central schools, they have likewife what they call the Central School of the Four Nations, in which are taught, ancient languages, natural hiftory, drawing, mathematics, experimental philofophy, and chemistry, general grammar and logic, hiftory, legislation, and fine arts. The fecond central fchool in Paris is in the Pantheon, formerly the church of St Genevieves. The regulations are entirely the fame. Some of the teachers in those feminaries have diftinguithed themf ives by their literary productions. Befides the three central ichools of Paris, ninety-feven are intended for the different departments; but fcarce one half of them are yet cftablifhed; and thole which are, chiefly in thofe departments where there had been univerfities, colleges, large cloifters palaces of emigrants, libraries, or the like. From the report of commif fioners appointed to travel through the depart. ments, in order to examine the ftate of the central fchools, they were in moft places in a very indifferent flate. There were no teachers of the foreign languages to be found in any; even fome of the teachers knew very little of what they profeffed; and in moft of the departments, the central fchools were little fought, and attended to by very few. The Polytechnic School is in the ci-devant Pa lais de Bourbon, where the Affembly of Five Hun4. FRANCE, UNIVERSITIES AND PUBLIC COL- dred held their fittings in a large hall. This is of G. France certainly holds a diftinguithed a higher order, the pupis being tranflated from Pamong the nations of Europe, with refpect the central fchools, after a preliminary examina- . terature: many are the French authors who tion, in the elements of arithmetic, algebra, geoave done honour to human nature by their polite metry, trigonometry, &c. The number of pupils ing, and elegant as well as ufeful fcience. is fettled at 360, who are divided into brigades, ere were 28 univerfities in France, before the 20 to each hall, under the infpection of the teachEristion, the most celebrated of which was the ers, and a vifitor, or chief i.fpector, whom they ne at Paris; but in confequence of that alternately choofe from among themselves. eva y thing was changed, and even the beft the first clafs are taught the higher algebra and tutions under the old government were fub- analytic geometry, together with that part of geoted or annulled, excepting only the French col- metry applicable to perfpective and the conftrucin Paris. The other fchools w ich exift at tion of maps. In the 2d clafs is taught the art of nt, are the Central Schools, the Polytechnic laying out roads, erecting bridges, &c. likewife Shs, and the Schools for Public Service For hydroftatics, hydraulics, and mechanics. In the public central schools, the regulations are as 3d clafs is taught fortification, the chemistry of Now:-There fhall be a central fchool in each minerals, metallurgy, and mining. The Polytechrtment. The whole of the inftructions fhall nic fchool is kept in very proper order; it conlivided into three parts or fections; drawing, tains a good philofophical apparatus, in three ral hiftory, the ancient and modern languages, rooms on the 3d ftorey. In the firft room are be taught in the firft; mathematics, phyfics, many conveniencies for the profecution of phyfi and chemiftry, in the fecond; and univerfal giam cal and chemical refearches: in the 2d there is a , the fine arts, hiftory, and legiflation, in the large collection of mechanical and hydroftatical, trd. The pupils to be received into the first at optical, aftronomical, electrical, and magnetical age of 12, into the fecond at 14, and into the inftruments. This fchool has a very neat and 15. There fhall be a public library in good library of about 10,0co volumes of the chicf fall central school, with a botanic garden, and works on various fubjects taught in it; it is open ratus of chemical and philofophical inftru- for the ufe of the pupils fome hours every day, The profeffors to be examined and chofen and on the decades the whole day. It has likejury of inftruction, and the choice to be con- wife two very large and fine chemical laboratories, Fred by the departmental adminiftration. A befides two of inferior extent, and fome mechani. For cannot be difmifled by the aforefaid ad- cal work fhops. The director and administrator Aration, unless there be a complaint preferred have free lodgings in the fchool.-Upon the ruins aft Lim by the jury of inftruction, which muft of the Academies of Sciences, Belles Lettres, Ine well grounded. The falary of the profefier is feriptions, Surgery, and Architecture, was founded 2400 to 360 franks, alfo to be paid by the the National "Inft: ate. See NATIONAL INSTI partmental adminiftration. They have befides arly gratuity from each pupil, as the Laid ad

TUTE.

In

(H.) FRANCE, ISI OF, a ci-devant province of Irance,

immunity; right granted.-They granted th markets, and other franchises, and erected corp rate towns among them. Davies on IrelandHis gracious edict the fame franckife yievk To all the wild increase of woods and fec

France, fo called, because it was formerly bounded by the rivers Seine, Marne, Ofe, Ailne, and Ourque. It comprehended the Beauvoifis, the Valois, the county of Senlis, the Vexin, the Hurepois, the Gatinois, the Multi n, the Goele, and the Mantois. Paris was the capital. It is now divided into 4 departments; viz. Oife, Seine and Oife, Seine and Marne, and Paris.

(III.) FRANCE, ISLE OF, or MAURITIUS, an illard in the Indian Ocean. See MAURITIUS.

(IV.) FRANCE, LITTLE, a village of Scotland, 2 miles SE. of Edinburgh, near CRAIGMILLAR Castle; built in the 16th century, for the accommodation of the French retinue, that attended Queen Mary after her return from Paris.

FRANCESCA, Peter, an eminent Florentine painter of night pieces and battles, who was employed to paint the Vatican. He alfo painted portraits, and wrote on arithmetic and geometry. He died in 1458.

(1.) FRANCFORT ON THE MAINE, an Imperial and Hanfeatic town of Germany, in Franconia, where the emperors were formerly elected. It is a handfome, ftrong, and rich place, and has a great deal of commerce. Here the golden bull is preferved, which is the original of the fundamen. tal laws of the empire. The town is feated in a fine fertile plain; and extremely well fortified. It has 2 great fairs, and has great conveniency for carrying on an extenfive trade with the other parts of Germany, by the Maine, which runs through it. The fuburbs are called SAXEN-HAUSEN, and are joined to the town by a ftone bridge over the Maine. Lutheranifm is the established faith, but the Calvinifts are richest and moft numerous. It is 20 miles E. of Mentz, and 3;0 W. by N of Vienna. It was taken by the French in Oct 1792, by the Pruffians in Dec.; retaken by the French, in 1796, and afterwards by the Auftrians. Lon. 8. 40. E. Lat. 49. 55. N.

(2.) FRANCFORT ON THE ODER, a rich and handfome town of Germany, in the middle Marche of Brandenburgh, formerly imperial, but now fubject to the king of Pruilia. It has 3 great fairs, an academy and 2 colleges; and is 43 miles SE. of Berlin, and 72 S. of Stettin. Lon. 14. 39. E. Lat. 52. 23. N.

FRANCHE COMPTE, a ci-devant province of France, bounded on the S by Breffe; on the W. by Burgundy; on the N. by Lorrain; and on the E. by Alface and Switzerland It is 125 miles long from N. to S. and 85 broad. It is partly flat and partly hilly. The flat country is fruitful in grain, wine, hemp, and pafture; and the hills abound in cattle, copper, lead, iron, filver, mineral waters, ftone, marule, and alabafter. It is now divided into 3 departments; viz. Doubs, Jura, and Upper Saone.

DJ

3. District; extent of jurisdiction.—There are ther privileges granted unto moft of the corpo tions, that they thall not be travelled forth of t own franchises. Spenfer's Ireland.

(2.) FRANCHISE and LIBERTY, in law, are as fynonymous terms; for "a royal privilege, branch of the king's prerogative, fubfifting in hands of a fubject." Being therefore derived r the crown, they muft ari.e from the king's gr or, in fome cafes, may be held by prefcript. which prefuppofes a grant. The kinds are nur rous and various. We shall briefly mention t of the principal; premiling only, that they .. be vefted either in natural perfons or bodies p tic; in one man, or in many: but the fame x tical franchife, that has before been granted one, cannot be bestowed on another, for t would prejudice the former grant. A Cotar PALATINE is a franchise vested in feveral per.. It is likewife a franchife for a number of peri to be incorporated and fubfift as a body po with a power to maintain perpetual fucced and do other coporate acts: and each indivat.. member of fuch corporation is also faid to have tranchife. Other franchises, are to hold a coun leet; to have a manor or lordship; or, at ke to have a lordship paramount: to have wa wecks, eftrays, treature-trove, royal fish, lơ feitures, and deodands: to have a court of on own, or liberty of holding pleas and trying caus to have cognizance of pleas; which is ftill a grea liberty, being an exclusive right, fo that no o Court shall try caufes arining within that juris tion: to have a ba nwic, or liberty exempt t the sheriff of the county; wherein the Tanter y, and his officers, ale to execute all proce to have a fan or market; with the right of tak toll, either there are at any other public places, at bridges, waarts, or the like; which tolls have a reasonable caule of commencement, confideration of repairs, or the like,) eife the tr chile is legal and void: or aftry, to have a tor chafe, park, warren, or hithery, endowed with p vileges or royalty. See CHASE, FOREST, &e.

(5) FRANCHISE is alfo uled for an afylum fanctuary, where people are fecure of their p fous, xe

Churches and monasteries in Spain franchites for criminais; fo were they ancient England, tid they were abufed to fuch a da that there was a uscetti y for aboithing the c tom. One of the mot roma habie capitulars m by Charlemagne in its palace of Heriftal, in was that relaung to the fianchies of church% The right of tranchife was held fo facred, th even the wt is religious kings obferved it to a de of fcrupulout.ets; but to fuch excefs in ime it carried, that Charlemagne refolved to reduce Accordingly he forbad any provifion to be cam to criminals retired into churcnes for retuge. FRANCHIS, a town NW. of Burwash. Suffex. (4) RANCHISE OF QUARTERS is a cont (1.) FRANCHISE. n. f. 【 franchise, Fr] 1. Ex- or diftrict at Rome, wherein are the b emption from any onerous duty. 2. Privilege; of the ambaladors of the princes of Europe;

FRANCHEMONT, or a town and diftri& FRANCHIMONT, of France, in the dpartment of Ourte; formerly a marquitate of Germany, in the bifhopric of Liege. The town lies 13 miles SE. of Liege.

FRANCHIRE, a river of Magafcar, in the province of Anoffi.

fp

where fuch as retire cannot be arrested or feized, por profecuted at law. The people of Rome look on this as an old ufurpation and a scandalous pri vilege, which ambasadors, out of a jealoufy of ther power, carried to a great length in the 15th century, by enlarging infenfibly the dependencies of their palaces or houses, within which the right of franchife was anciently confined. Popes Julius III, Pas XIV, Gregory XIII, and Sixtus V. pubMed bulls and ordinances againft this abufe; which had rescued fo confiderable a part of the from their authority, and rendered it a rethat for the most abandoned perfons. At length Lacent XI. exprefsly refused to receive any more ambaffadors, but fuch as would make a formal reconciation of the franchife of quarters.

T FRANCHISE. v. a. from the noun.] enfranchife; to make free; to keep free.I lofe no honour

In feeking to augment it; but still keep My bolom franchis'd, and allegiance clear. Shak. (1.) FRANCIA, Francis, a celebrated Bolognefe pater, born in 1450. He was firtt a jeweller, af1-ads a graver of coins and medals; and apPng at laft to painting, obtained great reput

by his works, particularly by a piece of St Sean, whom he had drawn bound to a tree, with his hands tied over his head. He pined himmto a confumption, by despairing to equal Raphael; and died in 1518.

the church, was folemnly approved and confirm ed by Honcrius III. in 1223, Francis, through an exceffive humility, would not fuffer the monks of his order to be called fratres, i. e. brethern or friars, but FRATERCULI, i, e. little brethren, or friars minor, by which denomination they till continue to be diftinguished. They are alto called grey friars, on account of the colour of their clothing, and CORDELIERS, &C. The Francif cans and DOMINICANS were zealous and active friends to the papal hierarchy. In 1287, Matthew of Aqua Sparta, being elected general of the order, difcouraged the ancient difcipline of the Francifcans, and indulged his monks in abandoning even the appearance of poverty. This conduct raised the indignation of the fpiritual or auftere To Francifcans; fo that from 1290, fchifms arofe in an order that had been famous for its pretended difinterestedness and humility. Such was the enthufiaftic frenzy of the Francifcans, that they impiously maintained, that St Francis was a fecond Chrift, in all refpects fimilar to the firft; and that their inftitution and dicipline were the true gof pel of Jefus. Accordingly, Albizi, a Francifcan of Pifa, published a book in 1383, with the ap plaufe of his order, intitled, The Book of the Conformities of St Francis with Jefus Chrift! In the beginning of the 18th century, the whole Francifcan order was divided into two parties; the one called Spirituals, who embraced the fevere difcipline and abfolute poverty of St Francis; and the other, Brethren of the Community, who infifted on mitigating the auftere injunctions of their founder. Thefe wore long, loofe, and good habits, with large hoods; the former were clad in a ftrait, coarfe, and fhort drefs, pretending that this drefs was enjoined by St Francis, and that no power on earth had a right to alter it. Neither the moderation of Clement V, nor the violence of John XXII, could appeafe the tumult occafioned by these two parties? however their rage fubfided from A. D. 1329. In 1368 thefe two parties were formed into two large bodies, which still fublift, comprehending the whole Francifcan order; viz. the conventual brethren, and the brethren of the obfervances or obferd vation, from whom fprung the Capuchins and Recollects. The Francifcans are faid to have come into England in 1224, and to have had their first houfe at Canterbury, and their fecond at London but there is no certain aceonnt of their being here till Henry VII. built a or 3 houfes for them. At the diffolution of the monafterics, the conventuai Franciscans had about 55 houfes, which were under 7 wardenfhips; viz. thofe of London, York, Cambridge, Briftol, Oxford, Newcaftle, and Worcefter.

() FRANCIA, a town of Naples, in the prov. Calabria Ultra; 8 miles NE. of Nicotera. FRANCIADE, or ST DENYS. See DENYS, No 5. FRANCIPLEGIUM. See FRANKPLEDGE. (1, 2) FRANCIS I, and II, kings of France. SP. FRANCE, 39, 40.

3) FRANCIS, Philip, D. D. a very ingenious wner, of Irish extraction, if not born in Ireland. father being dean of a cathedral in that kingdon, he was bred to the church. He was more doghed as a tranflator than as an original writer His verfions of Horace and Demofthenes have been juftly valued; the former is accompaLied with learned and useful notes. He was alfo confiderable political writer; and is supposed to have been employed by the government; for which ervice he was appointed rector of Barrow in Sufok, and chaplain of Cheffea hofpital. He was a fo the author of two tragedies, Eugenia, and Conantia. He died at Bath in March 1773; leaving a fon, then one of the fupreme council at Bengal. 4) FRANCIS, ST, the founder of the fociety of the FRANCISCANS, was the fon of a merchant of Afia, in the province of Umbria. Having led a diffolute life, he was reclaimed by a fit of ficknefs, and afterwards fell into an extravagant kind of devotion, that looked lefs like religion then alienation of mind. In 12c8, hearing the passage quoted, (Matt. x. 9, 10.) Provide neither gold, nor filver," &c. he was led to confider a voluntary and abfolute poverty as the effence or the gofpel, and to preferibe it as a facred rule to himself and thofe who followed him. See FRANCISCANS. He died in 1226.

FRANCISCANS, in ecclefiaftical hiftory, religious of the order of ST FRANCIS, founded by him in 1209. This fociety, which appeared to Innscent III. extremely adapted to the ftate of

VOL. X. PART. I.

FRANCKEMONT. See FRANCHEMONT. FRANCKENBERG, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, and principality of Heffe; 16 m. N. of Marpurg, and 29 SW. of Caffel.

FRANCKENMARK, or FRANKEMARK, atown of Germany, in Auftria; 8 m. SW. of Voglabruck. FRANCKS, a town of Kent, E. of the Cray. FRANCOCCI, a town of Italy in the duchy of Spoleto, 7 miles WNW. of Spoleto.

FRANCOIS, CAPE, a town in the N. part of Hifpa iol. It has fuffered much from the decad ful commotions that took place in that inland Lace

L

the