Pompeii in seinen Gebrüden, Alterthümern und Kunstwerken 2 vols., large 8vo., with full-page plates and woodcuts intercalated in the text, tables of contents, index at the end, and map on a large scale, "Plan der Stadt Pompeii Resultat der Ausgrabungen vou 1748-1865." The parts not excavated are also indicated. For the baths see Vol. I, Section II, Cap. 3, "Die öffentlichen Gebaüde, Fünfter Abschnitt, Die Thermen," pp. 186-224, Figs. 138-149. This work has been re-edited by August Mau, who has also written Pompeii, Its Life and Art, with numerous illustrations from original drawings and photographs, 1899, one vol., 8vo.; "Baths," Chaps. XXVIXXVIII, pp. 180-205, Plate V, facing p. 182, Apodyterium of the Stabian Baths, with the ante-room leading from the Palaestra. The bathing establishments at Rome are, as might be expected in the metropolis, much larger than those at Pompeii; but the latter are more interesting and instructive on account of their excellent preservation.

est

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Armamentarium-repositorum armorum—often means a naval arsenal, as in Cicero, De Oratore, I, xiv, 62, "Philonem illum architectum, qui Atheniensibus armamentarium fecit" (with Ellendt's note); and Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. VII, cap. XXXVII, § 125, "Laudatus Philon Athenis armamentario mille navium." The reading CD, i.e. 400, is preferable. In the De Oratore, ibid., we read, Si huic M. Antonio pro Hermodoro fuisset de navalium opere dicendum." And here we must distinguish between two words which the compilers of some dictionaries have confounded. Nuvalia (vewpia of Attic orators) were docks, "where ships were built or drawn up,' usually in the plural number, which is used by Virgil, Eneid, IV, 593, "Diripientque rates alii navalibus ?" but the poets sometimes have the singular. Dict. of Antiq., 3rd edition, s.v. De Vit in his article "Armamentarium" says: "Quale item amplissimum illud, quod hodie Venetiis cernitur; arsenale." Murray, Handbook for Northern Italy, Route 31, remarks that the model-room still contains curious materials for the history of naval architecture; and it has been suggested that some medieval galleys preserved there might throw light on the construction of ancient triremes.

In Shakespeare's Othello the following line occurs :

"Lead to the Sagittary the raised search."

Act I, Scene 1. See also Act I, Scene 3. C. Knight's Pictorial Edition, cited by Halliwell, Vol. 15, p. 44, note 18, seems to explain correctly. "The Sagittary was the residence at the arsenal of the commanding officers of the navy and army of the Republic. The figure of an archer, with his drawn bow, over the gates still indicates the place."

It would be easy to collect examples showing how Mithraism was diffused in countries far distant from each other, e.g. at Trèves, "Kopf eines Cautopates, Hochrelief. Offenbar ist es der Kopf einer der fackeltragenden Jünglinge, welche neben den Mithrasbildern rechts und links dargestellt zu werden pflegen." Hettner, Die Römischen Steindenkmäler des Provinzialmuseums zu Trier, p. 67, no. 114 [XV, 1]: "Pates wird aus dem persischen pâta 'geschützt erklärt. Für die erste Hälfte des Wortes ist eine Erklärung noch nicht gefunden." Perhaps it is akin to kaiw, kavow,

καῦμα, καῦσις, καυσία, a broad-brimmed hat to keep off the heat of the sun.

The heterogeneous mixture of emblems in Mithraic monuments may remind us of the grylli-"grotesque figures formed of portions of various animals combined into the outline of a single

monster."

In addition to the authorities for the worship of Mithras cited in my paper on "Roman Antiquities of the Middle Rhine," Arch. Jour., 1890, XLVII, 378-383, 395, and 402 seq., with two illustrations, "Front and Back of Mithraic Tablet at Wiesbaden," I subjoin the following:

W. Froehner, Sculpture Antique du Louvre, "Mithras," pp. 495-503, with engraving on p. 499, No. 569, "Le grand bas-relief mithriaque du Louvre."

Fr. Cumont, Textes et Monuments figurés relatifs aux Mystères de Mithra.

C. W. King, The Gnostics and their Remains, p. 49, discussing the connexion of Mithraism with Christianity, remarks that Constantine adopted and retained long after his conversion the figure of the Sun with the legend SOLI INVICTO COMITI as being a personification either of the ancient Phoebus or the new Sun of Righteousness, equally acceptable to both Christian and Gentile. Compare Malachi iv, 2, "But unto you that fear My name shall the Sun of righteousness arise with healing in His wings."

K. B. Stark, Zwei Mithraeen der Grossh. Altertümersammlung in Karlsruhe; Festschrift zur Heidelberger Philologenversammlung, 1865.

Last year (1900) the investigation of the Limes was extended to Austria, and results obtained were published by the Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, with the title Der Römische Limes in Österreich. In this volume Carnuntum, on the right bank of the Danube, west of Presburg, occupies a large space, as it was an important military station, castra stativa.

We learn from inscriptions that the fifteenth legion, surnamed Apollinaris, in A.D. 73, under the Emperor Vespasian, built or restored the fort near Deutsch-Altenburg (auf der Burg); and there is evidence from sepulchral monuments that the Romans had occupied the site previously. Carnuntum does not occur in Tacitus, whose history, as now extant, ends with the War of Civilis in Germany, A.D. 70, and therefore the circumstance above mentioned cannot be included in it, On the other hand, the Antonine Itinerary, edit. Wesseling, pp. 247, 262 (bis), 266, 267, edit. Parthey and Pinder, pp. 114, 123 (bis), 127, 128, gives the distances in Roman miles from Carnuntum to Vindobona, 27; to Arrabona (Raab) by different routes, 52 and 55; to Scarabantia (Ödenburg), 38; they are also marked in the Tabula Peutingeriana, edit. Mannert, Segmentum IVb, in the upper part of the plate Aequinoctio XIIII, Carnunto, etc., but the figures are not exactly the same. Rom. Limes in Österreich, col. 47 seq., Cap. III, "Das Strassennetz." Cf. Notitia Dignitatum Occidentis, ed. Böcking, Cap. XXXIII, "Dux Pannoniae Primae," p. 99*, [§ I], [B], [4], "Equites Dalmatae Aequinoctiae, [E], [1], Praefectus Classis Histricae Carnunto sive Vindomanae a Carnunto translatae."

This work on the Limes in Austria, from which I have derived some particulars, contains a supplement devoted to inscriptions; the following examples may serve as specimens:

"C. Cassio Mari | no Vel(ina) Aquil(eia) | filio ann (orum) VIII et Cassiae Proculae Vel(ina) Aquil(eia) sorori | ann (oram) XVI│ C. Cassius Aelia nus (centurio) leg(ionis) [X]V Apol(linaris) fecit."

Col. 130 seq., engraved Fig. 23.

Here we may observe that the tribe and birthplace of the centurion's son and sister, who were minors, are mentioned, but in his own case omitted. Compare Col. 103, No. 4, and Tafel V, "Die Gräberstrasse." "A. Eburius Celer miles | leg(ionis) XV Apol (linaris) (centuria) Decci Maxsi(mini ?); | vix(it) ann (os) XXX, | stip(endiorum) VIIII; h(ic) s(itus) e(st). | frater ei fecit."

Col. 131, engraved Fig. 24 on col. 130.

The Gentile name Deccius is very rare. Perhaps the centurion above mentioned is the same as that in an inscription found at Rome, "C. Deccius Maximinus h(eneficiarius) pr(aefecti) urb(is)," Corp. Inserr. Lat., Vol. VI, No. 2680 = 32658. Beneficiarii were soldiers who had received from their commanding officer some honour or exemption from service, and are opposed by Festus to munifices required to perform their usual duties. Cæsar, De Bello Civili, mentions them twice, I, 75, "Barbarisque equitibus paucis, beneficiariis suis" (i.e. of Petreius), and III, 88, "Haec erant millia XLV, evocatorum circiter duo, quae ex beneficiariis superiorum exercituum ad eum convenerant." B.F. frequently occurs as the abbreviation of this word, but these letters are also used with different meanings. See Gerrard, Siglarium Romanum, B.F.-B.F.V., e.g., B.F. LEG. LEG. II, Beneficiarius Legati Legionis Secundae. Orelli, Inscrr., No. 3462, SINGVLARIS BENEFIC. TRIBVN., with note 3. Forcellini, s.v., has a copious article, containing several references to Gruter. Compare Wilmanns, Exempla Inscrr., Lat. Index XVI. Compendia Scripturae, II, 713. Lapidarium Septentrionale, Nos. 189, 603, 681,

716.

Among the gravestones at Carnuntum we meet with other words that deserve notice. Fig. 28, op. citat., Praeconius, is formed like Lictorius, and seems to imply that the Praecones (public criers) were a corporate body. Fig. 29, the imaginifer, bore the Emperor's image as a standard, the general term being signifer. Cæsar, De Bello Gallico, II, 25, "Signifero interfecto, signo amisso," in his account of the war with the Nervii (B.c. 57), whom he defeated and slaughtered; ibid., chap. 28, "Prope ad internecionem gente ac nomine Nerviorum redacto.'

In late Latin the preposition ex denotes one who has retired from an office, just as we say ex-chancellor. Aquilifer is a compound like imaginifer. V. Hefner, Das Römische Bayern in seinen Schrift- und Bildmalen, 1852, p. 41, XXV, “Denkmal. Aschaffenburg," Taf. IV, Fig. 9:

and VII, Index Rerum, p. 363, col. 2, for other instances of ex in

composition. The use of the verb exauctoro is similar (Professor Key's Latin Grammar, § 1332).

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Vegetius, De Re Militari, II, 7, imaginarii vel imagiferi, qui imperatoris imagines ferunt. Latius tamen accipi videtur, oqueiopópoi,” (De Vit, Latin Lexicon, s.v.).

"Vibius Cn(aei) 1(ibertus) | Logus | an (norum) XIX, nat (ione) [Er]mundur(us)."

Fig. 30. This inscription corroborates a passage in Tacitus, Germania, Chap. 41, where he speaks of the Hermunduri as allies faithful to the Romans, and in the same sentence appears to refer to Aelia Augusta (Augsburg), calling it "splendidissima Raetiae provinciae colonia." Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography has a good article s.v. Hermunduri by Dr. Leonhard Schmitz; it includes a notice of the contradictory statements made by ancient writers concerning them. This powerful nation may be described roughly as extending from the western mountains of Bohemia to the kingdom of Wurtemberg, or in other words to the Roman Grenzwall that protected the Agri Decumates.

Orelli, in his note on Tacitus, loc. citat., quotes Zeuss D., p. 103, who defines the boundaries of the Hermunduri. "Von der Werra, Elbe, dem Harze und dem Walde Bacenis war das weite Land der Hermunduren umschlossen." He also gives a long extract from Dion Cassius, LIV, 10. The name must have been Ermundurus in the inscription, without the initial aspirate, as there is no room for H on the stone.

Statilius Taurus, a distinguished general in the Augustan age, was Praefectus Urbi and built the first stone amphitheatre B.C. 30.

Cohen, Médailles Consulaires, p. 305, No. 159, Statilia, says: "Famille inconnue avant l'Empire." This remark is erroneous, but the mistake has been corrected by Babelon in his Monnaies de la République Romaine, II, 468 seq.: "Marius Statilius commandait la cavalerie lucanienne qui lutta contre Annibal en 538 (216 avant J-C). Plus tard, nous trouverons un L. Statilius compromis dans la conspiration de Catilina." Three coins are mentioned by both writers, e.g. TAVRVS REGVLVS · PVLCHER. Rev., IIIVIR. A.A.A.F.F.S.C. ("Triumviri aere argento auro flando feriundo, Seuatus consulto "). The tres viri monetales were directors of the Mint. Niebuhr, History of Rome, English translation, Vol. III, p. 552, places their introduction in the year 477 (483) v.c.

Livy, XXII, 42: "Marium Statilium praefectum cum turma Lucana exploratum mittit (L. Aemilius Paullus)." Other Statilii are enumerated in Smith's Dict. of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Vol. III, p. 901.

The importance of Carnuntum is proved by the fact that a Roman fleet which guarded the Danube was for a long time stationed there. Ermanno Ferrero, L'Ordinamento delle Armate Romane, 1878, supplies inscriptions relating to this subject, pp. 185-191, Nos. 535-544, Classis Pannonica-Classis Moesica." Ibid., Iscrizioni e Ricerche Nuove intorno all' Ordinamento delle Armate dell' Impero Romano, 1884, p. 64, No. 715.

As a continuation of the work on the Limes in Austria, the following part has been just published (April, 1901), Der romische Limes in Oesterreich, Heft II, M. von Groller, Gräberfeld bei der

Villa Pälffy - Lager von Carnuntum - Retentura - Praetentura – Römische Waffen-Strassenforschung, etc., with 25 plates and 50 figures in the text.

In preparing this memoir I have made free use of Die Römischen Bäder bei Badenweiler in Schwarzwald, nach der natur aufgenommen im sommer 1855, und mit rücksicht auf frühere editionen erläutert, by Dr. Heinrich Leibnitz, and the Reports of the Obergerm-RaetLimes des Römerreiches and of the Römische Limes in Österreich.