§. 61. Τὰ μὲν οὖν δὴ ἄλλα πολλά τε καὶ μεγάλα καὶ παντοδαπὰ ῥεύματά ἐστι· τυγχάνει δ ̓ ἄρα ὄντα ἐν τούτοις τοῖς πολλοῖς τέτταρ ̓ ἄττα ῥεύματα, ὧν τὸ μὲν μέγιστον καὶ ἐξωτάτω ῥέον περὶ κύκλῳ ὁ καλούμενος Ωκεανός ἐστι, τούτου δὲ καταντικρὺ καὶ ἐναντίως ῥέων ̓Αχέρων, ὃς δι ̓ ἐρήμων τε τόπων ῥεῖ ἄλλων καὶ δὴ καὶ ὑπὸ γῆν ῥέων εἰς τὴν λίμνην ἀφικνεῖται τὴν ̓Αχερουσιάδα, οὗ αἱ τῶν τετελευτηκότων ψυχαὶ τῶν πολλῶν ἀφικνοῦνται καί τινας εἱμαρμένους χρόνους μείνασαι, αἱ μὲν μακροτέρους, αἱ δὲ βραχυτέρους, πάλιν ἐκπέμπονται εἰς τὰς τῶν ζώων γενέσεις. Τρίτος δὲ ποταμὸς τούτων κατὰ μέσον ἐκβάλλει, καὶ ἐγγὺς τῆς ἐκβολῆς ἐκπίπτει εἰς τόπον μέγαν πυρὶ πολλῶ καόμενον, καὶ λίμνην ποιεῖ μείζω τῆς παρ ̓ ἡμῖν θαλάττης, ζέουσαν ὕδατος καὶ πηλοῦ· ἐντεῦθεν δὲ χωρεῖ κύκλῳ θολερὸς καὶ πηλώδης, περιελιττόμενος δὲ τῇ γῇ ἄλλοσέ τε ἀφικνεῖται καὶ παρ ̓ ἔσχατα τῆς ̓Αχερουσιάδος λίμνης, οὐ ξυμμιγνύμενος τῷ ὕδα

tails of this theory regarding Tartarus, which is elaborately and most needlessly

perplexed.

§. 61. Τέτταρ ̓ ἄττα ῥεύματα.] Cf. Procl. in Plat. Rep. p. 396. ὁ ἐν τῷ Φαίδωνι Σωκράτης—καὶ τῶν ποταμῶν ἐκεῖθεν τὴν ἱστορίαν παρείληφε, καὶ γὰρ ὅτι πάντων ἐστὶν. “Ωκεανὸς μὲν πρῶτα, τὸν οὔπως ἐστι περῆσαι,” (Od. λ'. 157.) καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὡσαύτως· “Ενθα μὲν εἰς ̓Αχέροντα Πυριφλεγέθων τε ρέουσι, Κωκυτός θ' ὃς δὴ Στυγὸς ὕδατός ἐστιν ἀποῤῥώξ.” (Od. κ'. 514.) "Οθεν οἶμαι καὶ ὁ Σωκράτης Στύγιον αὐτὸν προσείρη

κεν.

Εἰς τὰς τῶν ζώων γενέσεις.] See supr. c. 15. init. c. 31 init. Ενδοῦνται. n. V. Cousin ; Sont renvoyées dans ce monde pour y animer de nouveaux êtres.

Τούτων κατὰ μέσον ἐκβάλλει.] h. e. ̓Εκρεῖ, as in c. 60. supr. here called ἐκβολή. Musgrave, ad Eurip. Iph. Τ. 1042.—Πόντον νοτερὸν εἶπας έκβολον, reads ἐκβολήν, and adds,-“ἐκBoλ hic a poeta dici videtur, tanquam scaturigo quædam a terra proveniens.

Εκβολὴ enim est fons, scaturigo. Auct. de Mundo: πηγῶν ἀναβλύσεις, καὶ ποταμῶν ἐκβολαὶ, καὶ δένδρων ἐκφύσεις, p. 12. Pausanias ; πρὸς δὲ ταῖς Ερασίνου ταῖς κατὰ τὸ ὄρος ἐκβολαις; p. 67. Ed. Sylb. Non hic loquitur de Erasini in mare exitu, sed de loco ubi e terra ἐκβάλλει.” — Κατὰ μέσον, i. e.

between Ocean and Acheron.

Καόμενον.] Att. for καιόμενον. V. Pierson on Maris, p. 231.-Τῆς παρ' ἡμῖν θαλάττης, the Mediterranean. c. 58. supr. περὶ τὴν θάλατταν.

θολερὸς καὶ πηλώδης.] Turbid and muddy. - Περιελιττόμενος δὲ τῇ γῇ, i. e. but making the compass of the earth, it arrives, among other places, at the extremity of the Acherusian lake, &c.Heindorf proposes to read περιελιττόμενος δὲ τῆς γῆς ἄλλοσέ τε (et in alias terra partes) ἀφικνεῖται, &c.; making τῆς γῆς to depend upon ἄλλοσέ, because the reading in the text would imply that the river encompassed the earth externally, whereas the sense requires that the passage should be understood of its windings under ground. But proba

τι περιελιχθεὶς δὲ πολλάκις ὑπὸ γῆς ἐμβάλλει και τωρέρω τοῦ Ταρτάρου. οὗτος δ ̓ ἐστὶν ὃν ἐπονομάζουσι Πυριφλεγέθοντα, οὗ καὶ οἱ ῥύακες ἀποσπάσ‐ ματα ἀναφυσῶσιν, ὅπῃ ἂν τύχωσι τῆς γῆς. τούτου δ ̓ αὖ καταντικρὺ ὁ τέταρτος ἐκπίπτει εἰς τόπον πρῶτον δεινόν τε καὶ ἄγριον, ὡς λέγεται, χρῶμα δὲ ἔχοντα ὅλον οἷον ὁ κυανός, ὃν δὴ ἐπονομάζουσι Στύγιον, καὶ τὴν λίμνην, ἣν ποιεῖ ὁ ποταμὸς ἐμβάλλων, Στύγα. ὁ δ ̓ ἐμπεσὼν ἐνταῦθα καὶ δεινὰς δυνάμεις λαβὼν ἐν τῷ ὕδατι, δὺς κατὰ τῆς γῆς, περιελιττόμενος χωρεῖ ἐναντίως τῷ Πυριφλεγέθοντι καὶ ἀπαντᾷ ἐν τῇ Αχερουσιάδι λίμνῃ ἐξ ἐναντίας· καὶ οὐδὲ τὸ τούτου ὕδωρ οὐδενὶ μίγνυται, ἀλλὰ καὶ οὗτος κύκλῳ περιελθὼν ἐμβάλλει εἰς τὸν Τάρταρον ἐναντίως τῷ Πυριφλεγέθοντι ̇ ὄνομα δὲ τούτῳ ἐστίν, ὡς οἱ ποιηταὶ λέγουσι, Κωκυτός.

§. 62. Τούτων δὲ οὕτω πεφυκότων, ἐπειδὰν ἀφίκωνται οἱ τετελευτηκότες εἰς τὸν τόπον οἱ ὁ δαίμων ἕκαστον κομίζει, πρῶτον μὲν διεδικάσαντο οἵ τε καλῶς καὶ οσίως βιώσαντες καὶ οἱ μή. καὶ οἳ μὲν ἂν δόξωσι μέσως βεβιωκέναι, πορευθέντες ἐπὶ τὸν ̓Αχέ

bly περιελιτ. τῇ γῇ may be used in reference to the earth externally, and περιελιχθεὶς δὲ——ὑπὸ γῆς of its internal windings after it had reached the extremity of the Acherusian lake, and before it arrived at Tartarus. Tŷ yỳ is wanting in Theodoret. Cur. Aff. xi. p. 154. and Euseb. MS. Oxon. Præp. Evang. xi. 38. p. 567.

Κατωτέρω τοῦ Ταρτάρου.] i. e. Εἰς τι κατωτέρω μέρος τοῦ Ταρτάρου. Cf. supr. Εντεῦθεν δὲ πάλιν δυόμενα κατὰ τῆς γῆς—πάλιν εἰς τὸν Τάρταρον ἐμβάλλει.

Οὗ καὶ οἱ ῥύακες ἀποσπάσ. ἀναφ.] i. e. Of which (Pyriphlegethon), the burning currents emit with violence distinct and forcibly separated portions, in whatever part of the earth they may be.

Εἰς τόπον πρῶτον δεινόν ] i. q. Εκπίπτει πρῶτον εἰς τόπον δεινόν. — Κυανός, not only signifies a cerulean, or

ροντα, ἀναβάντες ἃ δὴ αὐτοῖς ὀχήματά ἐστιν, ἐπὶ τούτων ἀφικνοῦνται εἰς τὴν λίμνην, καὶ ἐκεῖ οἰκοῦσί τε καὶ καθαιρόμενοι τῶν τε ἀδικημάτων διδόντες δίκας ἀπολύονται, εἴ τίς τι ἠδίκηκε, τῶν τε εὐεργεσιῶν τιμὰς φέρονται κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν ἕκαστος· οἳ δ ̓ ἂν δόξωσιν ἀνιάτως ἔχειν διὰ τὰ μεγέθη τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων, ἢ ἱεροσυλίας πολλὰς καὶ μεγάλας ἢ φόνους ἀδίκους καὶ παρανόμους πολλοὺς ἐξειργασμένοι ἢ ἄλλα ὅσα τοιαῦτα τυγχάνει ὄντα, τούτους δὲ ἡ προσήκουσα μοῖρα ῥίπτει εἰς τὸν Τάρταρον, ὅθεν οὔ ποτε ἐκβαίΟἳ δ ̓ ἂν ἰάσιμα μέν, μεγάλα δὲ δόξωσιν ἡμαρτηκέναι ἁμαρτήματα, οἷον πρὸς πατέρα ἢ μητέρα ὑπ ̓ ὀργῆς βίαιόν τι πράξαντες, καὶ μεταμέλον αὐτοῖς τὸν ἄλλον βίον βιῶσιν, ἢ ἀνδροφόνοι τοιούτῳ τινὶ ἄλλῳ τρόπῳ γένωνται, τούτους δὲ ἐμπεσεῖν μὲν εἰς τὸν Τάρταρον ἀνάγκη, ἐμπεσόντας δὲ αὐτοὺς καὶ ἐνιαυτὸν ἐκεῖ γενομένους ἐκβάλλει τὸ κῦμα, τοὺς μὲν ἀνδροφόνους κατὰ τὸν Κωκυτόν, τοὺς δὲ πατραλοίας καὶ μητραλοίας κατὰ τὸν Πυριφλεγέθοντα· ἐπειδὰν δὲ

νουσιν.

peravit.” Tacit. Hist. i. 49. de Galba. "ipsi medium ingenium magis extra vitia, quam cum virtutibus."-"A di avroiç ὀχήματά,—it is not certain what Plato meant by ὄχημα, the material vehicle of the soul; upon which Wyttenbach;— Itaque accipiendum ex fabulæ verisimilitudine, in fluvialis itineris usum navigia postulantibus." V. Cousin ; ils s'embarquent sur des nacelles, &c.

66

Καθαιρόμενοι.] Cf. Virgil, neid. vi. 735. “Quin et supremo quum lumine vita reliquit, Non tamen omne malum miseris, nec funditus omnes Corporeæ excedunt pestes; penitusque necesse est Multa diu concreta modis ino

lescere miris. Ergo exercentur penis, veterumque malorum Supplicia expendunt. Suid. v. ’Αχέρων ̔Ο δὲ ̓Αχέρων καθαρσίῳ ἔοικε καὶ οὐ κολασ· τηρίῳ, ῥύπτων καὶ σμήχων τὰ τήματα τῶν ἀνθρώπων.

γεσίας εὐεργετηκότες καὶ δίκαιοι καὶ ὅσιοι γεγονότες εἶεν.

̓Ανιάτως ἔχειν.] Cf. Eneas Gaz. in Theophr. p. 52. οἱ δὲ κακοὶ εἰς Τάρταρον ἐμπεσόντες, ὅθεν οὔποτε ἐκβήσονται, αὐτοὶ μὲν οὔκετι ὀνίνανται, παράδειγμα δὲ τῆς δίκης γενόμενοι, εἰς ἀεὶ κείσονται· ταῦτα γὰρ ἐν Φαίδωνι καὶ Γοργίᾳ Σωκράτης διϊσχυρίζετο.

Καὶ μεταμέλον αὐτοῖς.] And when it has repented them.-Matthiæ Gr. s. 564. ̓Εκβαλλει τὸ κῦμα.] Cf. supr. c. 60. Αἰωρεῖται καὶ κυμαίνει ἄνω καὶ κάτω.

Κατὰ τὸν Κωκυτόν.] i. e. Into Cocytus, so as to be borne along the course of its current. Cf. Xenoph. Cyrop. vii. 5. 16. τὸ ὕδωρ κατὰ τὰς τάφρους ἐχώρει ἐν τῷ νυκτί. But κατὰ τὴν λίμνην τὴν ̓Αχερουσιάδα seq., at the Acheἁμαρ-rusian lake. Χen. Αnab. v. 2. 16. Ξενοφῶν στὰς κατὰ τὰς πύλας ὁπόσους ἐδύνατο κατεκώλυε τῶν ὁπλιτῶν ἐξω.—Φερόμενοι, sc. ὑπὸ τούτων τῶν ποταμῶν.

Εὐεργεσιῶν τιμὰς φέρονται.] They obtain the reward of their good works.Cf. de Rep. x. p. 615. Β. εἴ τινας εὐερ

U

φερόμενοι γένωνται κατὰ τὴν λίμνην τὴν ̓Αχερουσιάδα, ἐνταῦθα βοῶσί τε καὶ καλοῦσιν, οἱ μὲν οὓς ἀπέκτειναν, οἱ δὲ οὓς ὕβρισαν, καλέσαντες δ ̓ ἱκετεύουσι καὶ δέονται ἐᾶσαι σφᾶς ἐκβῆναι εἰς τὴν λίμνην καὶ δέξασθαι, καὶ ἐὰν μὲν πείσωσιν, ἐκβαίνουσί τε καὶ λήγουσι τῶν κακῶν, εἰ δὲ μή, φέρονται αὖθις εἰς τὸν Τάρταρον κἀκεῖθεν πάλιν εἰς τοὺς ποταμούς, καὶ ταῦτα πάσχοντες οὐ πρότερον παύονται, πρὶν ἂν πείσωσιν οὓς ἠδικήκασιν· αὕτη γὰρ ἡ δίκη ὑπὸ τῶν δικαστῶν αὐτοῖς ἐτάχθη. Οἳ δὲ δὴ ἂν δόξωσι διαφερόντως πρὸς τὸ ὁσίως βιῶναι, οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ τῶνδε μὲν τῶν τόπων τῶν ἐν τῇ γῇ ἐλευθερούμενοί τε καὶ ἀπαλλαττόμενοι ὥς περ δεσμωτηρίων, ἄνω δὲ εἰς τὴν καθαρὰν οἴκησιν ἀφικνούμενοι καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς οἰκιζόμενοι. τούτων δὲ αὐτῶν οἱ φιλοσοφίᾳ ἱκανῶς καθηράμενοι ἄνευ τε σωμάτων ζῶσι τὸ παράπαν εἰς τὸν

̓Εὰν μὲν πείσωσιν.] i. e. If they should succeed in appeasing them.

Λήγουσι τῶν κακῶν.] Cf. Eurip. Phæn. 1078. ἔξελθε—λήξας ὀδυρμῶν πενθίμων τε δακρύων.

Εἰς τοὺς ποταμούς.] Sc. The homicides into Cocytus, the matricides and parricides into Pyriphlegethon.

Οἳ δὲ δὴ ἂν δόξωσι, κ. τ. λ.] See upon this construction, Matthiæ Gr. s. 634. 1. where βιῶναι, only once expressed, is understood after προς το Wyttenbach takes τὸ ὁσίως in the sense of τὴν ὁσιότητα, and explains the sage-qui autem egregie ad sanctitatem vixisse videatur: adverbs being frequent ly used with the article for substantives,

pas

of either of the interpretations given
above, is alike independent of any cor-
rection.

*Ανω δὲ εἰς τὴν καθαρὰν οἴκησιν.]
Cf. supr. c. 59. Milton, Il Penseroso:
Or let my lamp at midnight hour,
Be seen in some high lonely tower,
Where I may oft outwatch the Bear,
With thrice-great Hermes, or unsphere
The spirit of Plato, to unfold

What worlds, or what vast regions hold
The immortal mind, that hath forsook
Her mansion in this fleshly nook.
Επὶ τῆς γῆς.] h, e. In supernas illas
terræ regiones, ubi omnia sunt illustriora,

pulchriara, diviniora. SrALL,

Those who have weaned themselves from Οἱ φιλοσοφίᾳ ἱκ. καθηράμενοι.] i. e. the body and its appetites, and in the study of the sublime precepts of philosophy, enjoy the only real freedom, that of

the unpolluted and unshackled mind.
Wisdom's self

Oft seeks to sweet retired solitude;
Where, with her best nurse, Contemplation,
She plumes her feathers, and lets grow her
wings,

as τὸ ἀδίκως for ἡ ἀδικία, τὸ δικαίως for ἡ δικαιοσύνη : so in Phileb. p. 92. G. τοῦ καλῶς ἂν μάλιστα ἐπιτύχοιμεν, for τοῦ καλοῦ. Heindorf proposes, from Theod. Cur. Aff. viii. p. 118. xi. p. 115. to read οἳ δὲ δὴ δόξωσι διαφ. πρ. το ὁσ. β. προκεκρίσθαι, Quicunque antem videntur, præ cæteris sancte vivendo excelluisse ; but it is probable that προκεκρῖσθαι was inserted in Theod. as supr. in explanation of διαφερόντως. But be, that mides a dark soul and foul thoughts, Besides the reading in the text is sanctioned by all the copies, and in the case

That in the various bustle of resort
Were all-to ruffled, and sometimes impaired.
He that has light within his own clear breast,
May sit i' the centre and enjoy bright day:

Benighted walks under the mid-day sun;
Himself is his own dungeon.-Comus.

ἔπειτα χρόνον, καὶ εἰς οἰκήσεις· ἔτι τούτων καλλίους ἀφικνοῦνται, ἃς οὔτε ῥᾴδιον δηλῶσαι οὔτε ὁ χρόνος ἱκανὸς ἐν τῷ παρόντι.

§. 63. ̓Αλλὰ τούτων δὴ ἕνεκα χρὴ ὧν διεληλύθαμεν, ὦ Σιμμία, πᾶν ποιεῖν ὥστε ἀρετῆς καὶ φρονήσεως ἐν τῷ βίῳ μετασχεῖν· καλὸν γὰρ τὸ ἆθλον καὶ ἡ ἐλπὶς μεγάλη.

Τὸ μὲν οὖν ταῦτα διισχυρίσασθαι οὕτως ἔχειν, ὡς ἐγὼ διελήλυθα, οὐ πρέπει νοῦν ἔχοντι ἀνδρί· ὅτι μέντοι ἢ ταῦτ ̓ ἐστὶν ἢ τοιαῦτ ̓ ἄττα περὶ τὰς ψυχὰς ἡμῶν καὶ τὰς οἰκήσεις, ἐπεί περ ἀθάνατόν γε ἡ ψυχὴ φαίἡ νεται οὖσα, τοῦτο καὶ πρέπειν μοι δοκεῖ καὶ ἄξιον κινδυνεῦσαι οἰομένῳ οὕτως ἔχειν· καλὸς γὰρ ὁ κίνδυνος καὶ χρὴ τὰ τοιαῦτα ὥς περ ἐπᾴδειν ἑαυτῷ, διὸ δὴ ἔγωγε καὶ πάλαι μηκύνω τὸν μῦθον. ̓Αλλὰ τούτων δὴ ἕνεκα θαῤῥεῖν χρὴ περὶ τῇ αὑτοῦ ψυχῇ ἄνδρα, ὅς τις ἐν τῷ βίῳ τὰς μὲν ἄλλας ἡδονὰς τὰς περὶ τὸ σῶμα καὶ τοὺς κόσμους εἴασε χαίρειν ὡς ἀλλοτρίους τε ὄν

*Ανευ τε σωμάτων.] Olympiod. Αἱ καθαρθεῖσαι τελέως εἰς τὸν ὑπερκόσμιον τόπον ἀποκαθίστανται ἄνευ σωμάτων.

§. 63. Πᾶν ποιεῖν ὥστε.] i. e. Παντι τρόπω μηχανᾶσθαι; to make every effort, to leave no means antried, so as to, &c.-Καλὸν γάρ τὸ ἆθλον καὶ ἡ ἐλπὶς μεγάλη,for the prize is glorious, and the hope is great.

Τὸ μὲν οὖν ταῦτα δισχυρίσασθαι.]

It is to be observed that Socrates expresses himself strongly here against any one insisting upon the truth of the theory just laid down, of which and all such it is impossible but that the principles should be speculative and vague. The grand point of the whole discussion had been fully established as an immutable and incontrovertible truth; this once disposed of, as if to unbend the minds of his auditors, and to divert them, for the brief remaining period of his life, from dwelling upon its afflicting close, the philosopher entered upon the subject of a future state, and its concomi

tant punishments and rewards. From the first he disclaimed being himself assured, or any attempt to assure others that these opinions were to be admitted as well founded or true; that the good and evil should be after this life requited according to their works, was not to be denied, but the nature of this retribution, upon which reason can only speculate, as still remaining unrevealed,

it would be absurd to endeavour to illus

trate or define.

Τοῦτο καὶ πρέπειν.] h, e. Τοῦτο καὶ πρέπειν μοι δοκεῖ οἰομένῳ οὕτως ἔχειν καὶ ἄξιον κινδυνεῦσαι (sc. οίομένῳ οὕτ. ἔχ.) i. e. this (ὅτι μέντοι ἢ ταῦτ' ἐστιν ἢ τοιαῦτ, ἄτ. κ. τ. λ.), it appears to me to be both becoming in one who so thinks, and worth one's while who so thinks to run the risk of the belief, or to run the risk of having it so thought.V. Cousin; La chose vaut la peine qu'on hasarde d'y croire.—Επάδειν, see supr. c. 24. a med.

Περὶ τῷ ἑαυτοῦ ψυχῇ.] In respect

to his soul.