καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν γῆν· τόπους δ ̓ ἐν αὐτῇ εἶναι κατὰ τὰ ἐγκοιλα αὐτῆς κύκλῳ περὶ ὅλην πολλούς, τοὺς μὲν βαθυτέρους καὶ ἀναπεπταμένους μᾶλλον ἢ ἐν ᾧ ἡμεῖς οἰκοῦμεν, τοὺς δὲ βαθυτέρους ὄντας τὸ χάσμα αὑτῶν ἔλαττον ἔχειν τοῦ παρ ̓ ἡμῖν τόπου, ἔστι δ' οὓς καὶ βραχυτέρους τῷ βάθει τοῦ ἐνθάδε εἶναι καὶ πλατυτέρους. Τούτους δὲ πάντας ὑπὸ γῆν εἰς ἀλλήλους συντετρῆστ θαί τε πολλαχῇ, καὶ κατὰ στενώτερα καὶ εὐρύτερα, καὶ διεξόδους ἔχειν, ᾗ πολὺ μὲν ὕδωρ ῥεῖν ἐξ ἀλλήλων

over the second, which he supposes to be the habitation of the less pure and unenlightened mortals, and proceeds to a deliberate consideration of the third, the nethermost parts of the earth. His portraiture of the infernal regions is drawn forcibly and effectively, but is involved in no ordinary dificulty from his minute and mazy description of the four rivers by which those regions are traversed, upon which Aristotle remarks, Meteorolog. ii. 2. Τὸ δ' ἐν τῷ Φαίδωνι γεγραμμένον περί τε τῶν ποταμῶν καὶ τῆς θαλάττης ἀδύνατόν ἐστι. κ. τ. λ.

διάμετρον (i. e. on the contrary,) ευρείας τε καὶ ἐπιπολαίους· τὰς δὲ ἐπιπολαίους καὶ στενάς τὰς, δὲ καὶ βαθείας τε καὶ εὐρείας. — ̓Αναπεπταμένους, γαtentiores. GOTTL. Cf. Iliad. p. 531. πεπταμένας δ' ἐν χερσι πύλας ἔχετ'. Mosch. 2. 19. εἰς έτι πεπταμένοισιν ἐν όμμασιν εἶχε γυναῖκας.

Εστι δ' οὓς.] i. e. ἐνίους δέ. See Matthiæ Gr. s. 482.

Τούτους δὲ πάντας ὑπὸ γῆν.] i. e. But all these places have a subterranean communication, by frequent and mutual perforations, some more narrow and others broader. They have conduits also, by which means great quantities of water flow from one place to another, as into craters. There are also perennial rivers of inconceivable magnitude under the earth, both with warm and cold waters; there are vast rivers of fre too, and many of liquid mud, some thinner and some more miry ; like the streams of mud which precede the burning torrent of lava in Sicily, and the torrent of lava itself; with which those places severally are filled, to whichever each time the overflow may chance to come.

Τόπους δ ̓ ἐν αὐτῇ εἶναι-πλατυτέρους.] Cf. supr. c. 58. a med. καὶ ἄλλους ἄλλοθι πολλοὺς ἐν πολλοῖσι τοιούτοις τόποις οἰκεῖν. εἶναι γὰρ πανταχῇ περὶ τὴν γῆν πολλὰ κοῖλα καὶ παντοδαπὰ καὶ τὰς ἰδέας καὶ τὰ μεγέθη, &c. Socrates now proceeds to say, that amongst or throughout those cavities (κατὰ τὰ ἔγκοιλα) there were many places, themselves of course cavities, bearing different proportions as to shape and size, to that space which we inhabit, supr. c. 58, from Phasis to the pillars of Hercules, i.e. Europe; (those being called Europeans by Aristides, t. 2. 307. ed. Κατὰ στενώτερα.] Vulg. στενότερα. Cant., ὅσοι στηλῶν Ηρακλέους ἐντὸς Heindorf suggests the Ionic form στει καὶ ποταμοῦ Φασίδος.) Some of those νότερα. Herod. ii. 8. Cf. Schol. ad Xeplaces being deeper down and wider noph. Αnab. iii. 4. 19. in marg. Cod. Guelf. (αναπεπταμένους μᾶλλον) than the στενώτερον κοινῶς. στεινότερον κατὰ region in which we dwell; some deeper τὸν κανόνα τὸν καθόλου γραπτέον ἀναand more narrow (τὸ χάσμα—ἔλαττον - λόγως καὶ τὸ ξεινότερον καὶ ξενώτερον. χειν); others more shallow (βραχυτέ- Εtym. Μ. p. 275. τὰ διά τοῦότερος ρους τῷ βάθει and broader. Olym- καὶοτατος.-εἰ μὲν ἔχει τὴν πρὸ αὐτ piodorus mentions a fourth class, which του συλλαβὴν μακράν, διὰ τοῦ ο μικ was both shallow and narrow, Cod. i. ροῦ γράφεται—εἰ δὲ βραχεῖαν διὰ τοῦ p. 157. Ὅτι ἀπὸ τῶν ἄκρων εἰς τὰ μέσω μεγάλου, οἷον νεώτερος, σοφώτερος σα αὐτῆς καταβὰς ὁ λόγος, τετραχῇ διεῖλε τὰς κοίλας οἰκήσεις· τὰς μὲν γὰρ εἶναι βαθείας καὶ στένας· τὰς δὲ κατὰ

πλὴν τοῦ στενότατος καὶ κενότατος, ἅπερ φησὶν ἀπὸ τοῦ στεῖνος καὶ κεῖνος γεγονέναι.

او

εἰς ἀλλήλους ὡς περ εἰς κρατῆρας, καὶ ἀενάων ποταμῶν ἀμήχανα μεγέθη ὑπὸ τὴν γῆν, καὶ θερμῶν ὑδάτων καὶ ψυχρῶν, πολὺ δὲ πῦρ καὶ πυρὸς μεγάλους ποταμούς, πολλοὺς δὲ ὑγροῦ πηλοῦ, καὶ καθαρωτέρου καὶ βορβορωδεστέρου, ὥς περ ἐν Σικελίᾳ οἱ πρὸ τοῦ ῥύακος πηλοῦ ῥέοντες ποταμοὶ καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ ῥύαξ· ὧν δὴ καὶ ἑκάστους τοὺς τόπους πληροῦσθαι, ὧν ἂν ἑκάστοις τύχῃ ἑκάστοτε ἡ περιῤῥοὴ γιγνομένη. ταῦτα δὲ πάντα κινεῖν ἄνω καὶ κάτω ώς περ αἰώραν τινὰ ἐνοῦσαν ἐν τῇ γῇ. ἔστι δὲ ἄρα αὕτη ἡ αἰώρα διὰ φύσιν τοιάνδε τινά. ἕν τι τῶν χασμάτων τῆς γῆς ἄλλως τε μέγιστον τυγχάνει ὂν καὶ διαμπερὲς τετρημένον δι ὅλης τῆς γῆς, τοῦτο ὅ περ Ὅμηρος εἶπε, λέγων αὐτὸ

Κρατήρας.] V. Wesseling, ad Diodor. ν. 4. where Ceres is said to have lighted the torches with which she continued to search by night for Proserpine, K Tv κατὰ τὴν Αἴτνην κρατήρων, i. e. from the fires which burst from the summit of Etna. Cf. Lucret. vi. 701. "Nunc tamen, illa modis quibus inritata repente Flamma foras vastis Ætnæ fornacibus eflet, Expediam .... In summo sunt ventigeni Crateres, ut ipsi Nominitant, nos quos fauceis perhibemus et ora."

Πηλοῦ ῥέοντες ποταμοὶ.] Strabo, vi. p. 413. Β. τακείσης ἐν τοῖς κρατ τῆρσι τῆς πέτρας, εἶτ' ἀναβληθείσης τὸ ὑπερχυθὲν τῆς κορυφῆς ὑγρὸν πηλός ἐστι μέλας, ῥέων κατὰ τῆς ὀρεινῆς· εἶτα πῆξιν λαβὼν γίνεται λίθος μυλίας τὴν αὐτὴν φυλάττων χρόαν ἣν ῥέων εἶχεν, &c.

Ο ρύαξ.] So the stream of burning lava, from the craters of Ætna, was properly called; Diod. S. xiv. 59. ἐφθαρμένων τῶν παρὰ τὴν θάλατταν τόπων ὑπὸ τοῦ καλουμένου ῥύακος, ἀναγκαῖον ἦν τὸ πεζόν στρατόπεδον περιπορεύεσθαι τὸν τῆς Αἴτνης λόφον. Thucyd. iii. 116. Εῤῥύη δὲ περὶ αὐτὸ τὸ ἔαρ τοῦτο ὁ ῥύαξ τοῦ πυρὸς ἐκ τῆς Αίτνης.

Ως περ αἰώραν τινὰ.] Olympiod. Cod. i. p. 162. "Οτι τῆς τῶν ὑπογείων ῥευμάτων ἀντιθέσεως αἰτίαν εἶναι φησι τὴν αἰώραν, ἡ ἐστιν ἀντιταλάντωσις καὶ πρὸ αὐτῆς ἡ ψυχὴ ζῶον ποιοῦσα τὴν γῆν, εἰσπνέον καὶ ἐκπνέον· καὶ

ὅτι (f. ἔτι) πρὸ ταύτης ἡ δαιμονία καὶ θεῖα αἰτία: where αιώρα is correctly explained by ἀντιταλάντωσις, a reciprocal preponderance of the bowls of a balance when set in motion, in which there are equal weights. So this alúpa, or libration which existed in the earth, caused a perpetual efflux and influx of those rivers, according to the elevation and depression of the places themselves. Αἰώρα, in gymnastics, is applied to an exercise familiar to early life; two boys, one at either end of a beam whose centre rests on a log, reciprocally rising and falling, are said ἀντιταλαντεύειν, i. αἰωρεῖν. See infr. αἰωρεῖται καὶ κυμαίνει ἄνω καὶ κάτω. Ficinus, Scap. Lex., and others, explain αἰώρα by vas pensile, which is wholly inconsistent with the sense and tenor of the passage. Εστι δὲ ἄρα αὕτη ἡ αἰώρα,—i. e. that this αἰώρα is owing to a certain innate property in the earth. One of the chasms or ἔγκοιλα in the earth is far larger than the rest, called by Homer and other poets Tartarus; into this all the rivers already mentioned are emptied, and from this they are again discharged to their respective beds and currents ; hence the αἰώρα, which some interpreters removing the stop after τινά, explain as if it was itself ἕν τι τῶν χασμάτων, &c. which is utterly inadmissible as far as regards both meaning and grammar.

"Ο περ Όμηρος.] Iliad. θ'. 13. See notes to Pope's Homer, Iliad. θ'. Odyss. λ'. and ὠ.

τῆλε μάλ', ᾗχι βάθιστον ὑπὸ χθονός ἐστι βέρεθρον ὅ καὶ ἄλλοθι καὶ ἐκεῖνος καὶ ἄλλοι πολλοὶ τῶν ποιητῶν Τάρταρον κεκλήκασιν. εἰς γὰρ τοῦτο τὸ χάσμα συῤῥέουσί τε πάντες οἱ ποταμοὶ καὶ ἐκ τούτου πάλιν ἐκρέουσι γίγνονται δὲ ἕκαστοι τοιοῦ τοι δί οἵας ἂν καὶ τῆς γῆς ῥέωσιν. Ἡ δ ̓ αἰτία ἐστὶ τοῦ ἐκρεῖν τε ἐντεῦθεν καὶ εἰσρεῖν πάντα τὰ ῥεύματα, ὅτι πυθμένα οὐκ ἔχει οὐδὲ βάσιν τὸ ὑγρὸν τοῦτο. αἰωρεῖται δὴ καὶ κυμαίνει ἄνω καὶ κάτω, καὶ ὁ ἀὴρ καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ περὶ αὐτὸ ταυτὸν ποιεῖ· ξυνέπεται γὰρ αὐτῷ καὶ ὅταν εἰς τὸ ἐπ ̓ ἐκεῖνα τῆς γῆς ὁρμήσῃ καὶ ὅταν εἰς τὸ ἐπὶ τάδε, καὶ ὥς περ τῶν ἀναπνεόντων ἀεὶ ἐκπνεῖ τε καὶ ἀναπνεῖ ῥέον τὸ πνεῦμα, οὕτω καὶ ἐκεῖ ξυναιωρούμενον τῷ ὑγρῷ τὸ πνεῦμα δεινούς τινας ἀνέμους καὶ ἀμηχάνους παρέχεται καὶ εἰσιὸν καὶ ἐξιόν. ὅταν τε οὖν ὁρμῆσαν ὑποχωρήσῃ τὸ ὕδωρ εἰς τὸν τό

βάθιστον—βέρεθρον.]

Cf. Virg. Eneid. vi. 577. " tum Tartarus ipse Bis patet in præceps tantum, tenditque sub umbras, Quantus ad ætherium cæli suspectus Olympum.” Hesiod. Theogon. 720. Τόσσον ἔνερθ ̓ ὑπὸ γῆς, ὅσον οὐρανός ἐστ ̓ ἀπὸ γαίης. Paradise Lost, Β. 1. “ Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace And rest can never dwell; hope never comes That comes to all; but torture without end Still urges, and a fiery deluge fed With ever-burning sulphur unconsum'd: Such place eternal Justice had prepared For those rebellious: here their prison ordained In utter darkness, and their portion set As far removed from God and light of Heaven, As from the centre thrice to the utmost pole.” Βέρεθρον, Hesych. interpr. βαθος, βάραθρον, κατώτατον, ἔσχατον, ἢ πηλώδης τόπος, ἢ κοίλωμα καταχθόνιον. *Αλλοι πολλοι των ποιητων.] Hesiod. loc. cit. Æschyl. Prom. 154. Eurip. Hippol. 1290.

Εἰς γὰρ τοῦτο.] These words are to be referred to ἓν τι-τετρημένον δί ὅλης τῆς γῆς, supr. of which they explain the cause, whence γάρ. τ. τ. χ.

Τοιοῦτοι δί οἵας ἂν κ.] h. e. οἵα ἐστὶν ἡ γῆ, δί ἧς ἂν ῥεώσιν.

Πυθμένα οὐχ ἔχει οὐδὲ βάσιν.] Hic liquor nec fundum nec fundamentum habet. WYTT.-Αἰωρεῖται δὴ καὶ κυ μαίνει, rolls or librates, and fuctuates up and down; ἄνω and κάτω are not to be understood of two places only, but of all the parts of this earth which are diametrically opposed. It is to be observed that the cause of this motion in this liquid body is its being equally attracted on all sides towards its own centre, as in the case of the earth, supr. c. 58.

Τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ περὶ αὐτὸ] Olympiod. "Οτι ὄντος πυρὸς ἐν μέσῳ τῆς γῆς, καὶ ὕδατος καὶ ἀέρος, εἰκότως γίνεται πολυ πνεῦμα ἐκεῖ. τοῦ μὲν πυρὸς ἐξατμιδοῦντος τὸ ὕδωρ (turning the water into vapour), τὸ δὲ ὕδατος εἰς πνεῦμα ἀναλομένου.—Περὶ αὐτὸ, sc. τὸ ὑγρόν.

Ὅταν τε οὖν ὁρμῆσαν—ἐπαντλοῦντες.] When, therefore, the water rushing with violence, descends into that place which is called κάτω, the region underneath, (—καλούμενον is added because in reality neither ἂνω nor κάτω can be applied to the earth, except relatively, according to the different situations of its inhabitants), then (τότε) having passed through the earth (διὰ τῆς γῆς) it flows

πον τὸν δὴ κάτω καλούμενον, τότε κατ ̓ ἐκεῖνα τὰ ῥεύματα διὰ τῆς γῆς εἰσρεῖ τε καὶ πληροῖ αὐτὰ ὡς περ οἱ ἐπαντλοῦντες· ὅταν τε αὖ ἐκεῖθεν μὲν ἀπολίπῃ, δεῦρο δὲ ὁρμήσῃ, τὰ ἐνθάδε πληροῖ αὖθις, τὰ δὲ πληρωθέντα ῥεῖ διὰ τῶν ὀχετῶν καὶ διὰ τῆς γῆς, καὶ εἰς τοὺς τόπους ἕκαστα ἀφικνούμενα εἰς οὓς ἑκάστους ὁδοποιεῖται, θαλάττας τε καὶ λίμνας καὶ ποταμοὺς καὶ κρήνας ποιεῖ. Ἐντεῦθεν δὲ πάλιν δυόμενα κατὰ τῆς γῆς, τὰ μὲν μακροτέρους τόπους περιελθόντα καὶ πλείους, τὰ δὲ ἐλάττους καὶ βραχυτέρους πάλιν εἰς τὸν Τάρταρον ἐμβάλλει, τὰ μὲν πολὺ κατωτέρω ἢ ἐπηντλεῖτο, τὰ δὲ ὀλίγον πάντα δὲ ὑποκάτω εἰσρεῖ τῆς ἐκροῆς. καὶ ἔνια

into the beds of the rivers (τὰ ῥεύματα) there (κατ' ἐκεῖνα), and fills them up in the manner of those who pump up the water from the hold of a ship. This is suggested as a feasible interpretation of a passage involved in some perplexity. It is to be observed, that τότε κατ' ἐκ. has been adopted supr. after Zeunius and Wyttenbach, as corresponding to örav preced., for τοῖς κατ' ἐκ. the reading of Bekker and Heindorf, who arranges the passage in explan. τὰ ῥεύματα εἰσρεῖ διὰ τῆς γῆς τοῖς κατ' ἐκεῖνα καὶ πληροῖ αὐτὰ, in which, however, he admits, "duriusculum esse ἐκεῖνα sejungere a seq. τὰ ῥεύματα, durum itidem, εἰσρεῖν ad dativum τοῖς κατ' ἐκεῖνα trahere ; sed aliter tamen non constare sensus.' The latter and more serious difficulty is obviated by τότε; but with regard to the former it is absolutely necessary to the sense that κατ' ἐκεῖνα should have the force of ἐκεῖ, as being opposed to ἐνθάδε infr. Further, as κάτω is but a relative term, the water may be said, when it has reached the opposite surface, to have emerged, ἂνω, διὰ τῆς γῆς, and to have spread itself not through the rivers, (as Wyttenbach explains τὰ ῥεύματα, in fumina, and again, ὡς περ οἱ ἐπαντλοῦντης, κι apud nos faciunt hi, qui aquam antlia haurientes eam alteri aquæ affundunt;) but through the beds of the rivers, which became empty again on the return or ascent of the waters to us here, ἐνθάδε, who dwell in some one of the, relatively speaking, superior ἔγκοιλα τῆς γῆς. So V. Cousin ;-vers des lits de fleuves.

The sense in which ἐπαντλοῦντες is taken supr. clearing a ship's sink by pumping, evidently accords both with κυμαίνει άνω καὶ κάτω supr. and ἢ ἐπαντλεῖτο infr. It agrees also with the interpretation of Schleiermacher and Schneider V. ̓Αντλία. V. Cousin in loc. "Tous les traducteurs: Comme quand on verse de l'eau qu'on a puisée, ou quelque chose d' équivalent, à l'exception de Dacier : comme quand on puise de l'eau avec deux seaux, interprétation arbitraire et ridicule. Quant à la première, elle est tout-a-fait insignifiante et indigne de Platon. Il faut qu'il ait voulu indiquer quelque mecanisme particulier dont on se servait de son temps pour vider les vaisseaux, et par lequel on mettait l'eau en movement dans une autre direction que celle de la pesanteur. Nous n'avons que le mot pompe pour exprimer cela."

Τὰ ἐνθάθε.] Intell. ρεύματα.—Διὰ τῶν ὀχετῶν, through the channels. Εἰς οὓς ἑκάστους, into which severally they make their way.

Πολὺ κατωτέρω ἢ ἐπηντλεῖτο.] Far deeper down than they were drawn up; referring to οἱ ἐπαντλοῦντες supr., and so obviously as to preclude the emendation of Heindorf, ἐξηντλεῖτο. See upon this construction ἢ ἐπηντ. Matthiæ Gr. s. 450. Obs. 2. Wyttenbach explains it more fully κατωτ. ἢ ᾗ ἐπ. inferius quam ubi, &c., but he is certainly wrong in giving adfundebatur as the sense of έπηντλεῖτο.

Πάντα δὲ ὑποκάτω τῆς ἐκροῆς.] But all below or lower than their efflux,

μὲν καταντικρὺ ἡ εἰσρεῖ ἐξέπεσεν, ἔνια δὲ κατὰ τὸ αὐτὸ μέρος· ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἃ παντάπασι κύκλῳ περιελθόντα, ἢ ἅπαξ ἢ καὶ πλεονάκις περιελιχθέντα· περὶ τὴν γῆν ὡς περ οἱ ὄφεις, εἰς τὸ δυνατὸν κάτω και θέντα πάλιν ἐμβάλλει. δυνατὸν δ ̓ ἐστὶν ἑκατέρωσε μέχρι τοῦ μέσου καθιέναι, πέρα δ ̓ οὔ· ἄναντες γὰρ ἀμφοτέροις τοῖς ῥεύμασι τὸ ἑκατέρωθεν γίγνεται μέρος.