ARGUMENT. THIS dialogue, like the former, was held in the prison in which Socrates was confined. The last hours of his life were devoted to the discussion of the momentous subject, the immortality of the soul; Phædo, with whose name the dialogue is inscribed, is introduced as the historian of the scene and the arguments of the respective actors. The first part of the dialogue is occupied in establishing the incorruptibility of the intellectual principle, and its total independence of organic decay. The second contains a review of the popular and mythological creeds, respecting the ultimate condition of the soul when removed from the sphere of its earthly existence, and concludes with a circumstantial account of the philosopher's death. ΦΑΙΔΩ͂ Ν. §. 1. Αὐτός, ὦ Φαίδων, παρεγένου Σωκράτει ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ᾗ τὸ φάρμακον ἔπιεν ἐν τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ, ἢ ἄλλου τοῦ ἤκουσας ; ΦΑΙΔ. Αὐτός, ὦ Ἐχέκρατες. EX. Τί οὖν δή ἐστιν ἅττα εἶπεν ὁ ἀνὴρ πρὸ τοῦ θανάτου; καὶ πῶς ἐτελεύτα; ἡδέως γὰρ ἂν ἀκούσαιμι. to his master, with the most affectionate attachment, to the last. He instituted a school at Elis, after the Socratic model, which was continued by Plistanus, an Elean, and afterwards by Menedemus, of Eretria. - Echecrates, of Phlius, a town of Achaia, in the territory of Sicyon, is supposed to have been the same alluded to by Diogenes Laertius, viii. 46. and Iamblichus, Vit. Pythag. i. 35. Plat. Epist. ix. p. 726. A., as one of the last of the Pythagorean School. Τὸ φάρμακον.] The hemlock; κώνειον, Laert. ii. 35. Senec. Ep. 13. “Cicuta magnum Socratem fecit." Ep. 67. "Calix venenatus, qui Socratem transtulit e carcere in cælum." Cf. Persius, iv. 1.—“barbatum hæc crede magistrum Dicere, sorbitio tollit quem dira cicuta." Τί οὖν δή ἐστιν ἅττα.] Cf. Theæt. c. 10. τί ποτ ̓ ἐστὶν ἁ διανοούμεθα. Gorg. c. 136. σκεπτέον τί τὰ συμβαίνοντα, and infr. c. 2. τί ἦν τὰ λεχ καὶ γὰρ, οὔτε τῶν πολιτῶν Φλιασίων οὐδεὶς πάνυ τι ἐπιχωριάζει τὰ νῦν ̓Αθήναζε, οὔ τέ τις ξένος ἀφῖκται χρόνου συχνοῦ ἐκεῖθεν, ὅς τις ἂν ἡμῖν σαφές τι Signitur 113.6. ἀγγεῖλαι οἷός τ ̓ ἦν περὶ τούτων, πλήν γε δὴ ὅτι φάρμακον πιὼν ἀποθάνοι τῶν δὲ ἄλλων οὐδὲν εἶχε φράζειν. ΦΑΙΔ. Οὐδὲ τά περὶ τῆς δίκης ἄρα ἐπύθεσθε ὃν τρόπον ἐγένετο ; ΕΧ. Ναί, ταῦτα μὲν ἡμῖν ἤγγειλέ τις, καὶ ἐθαυμάζομέν γε ὅτι πάλαι γενομένης αὐτῆς πολλῷ ὕστερον φαίνεται ἀποθανών. τί οὖν ἦν τοῦτο, ὦ Φαίδων ; ΦΑΙΔ. Τύχη τις αὐτῷ, ὦ Ἐχέκρατες, συνέβη ̇ ἔτυχε γὰρ τῇ προτεραίᾳ τῆς δίκης ἡ πρύμνα ἐστεμμένη τοῦ πλοίου ὃ εἰς Δῆλον ̓Αθηναῖοι πέμπου σιν. θέντα καὶ πραχθέντα. Τί as predicate, Ἐπιχωριάζει ---’Αθήναζε.] Phædo Οὐδεὶς πάνυ τι.] ̓Αντὶ τοῦ οὐδαμῶς. ἐστὶ γὰρ τὸ ἑξῆς οὕτως· πάνυ ουδεὶς ἐπιχωριάζει. Schol. Cod. Bodl. Οστις ἂν ἡμῖνοἷός τ ̓ ἦν.] Οἷος τ' ᾖ. Edd. Cod. Aug. But the imperfect is correctly used here, both in reference to ἀφίκται, preced. which is to be taken in a past sense, because of χρόνου συχνοῦ subjoined, and also to εἶχε seq. HEIND. Cf. Aristoph. Lysistr. 109. Οὐκ εἶδον οὐδ ̓ ὄλισβον ὀκτωδάκτυλον, ὃς ἦν ἂν ἡμῖν σκυτίνῃ ̓πικουρία.-Πλήν ... ὅτι ... ἀποθάνοι, except that he was dead, fc. Περὶ τῆς δίκης.] Not περὶ τὴν δίκην, as infr. c. 2. περὶ αὐτὸν τὸν θάνατον, but in the genitive, as Fischer justly observes, on account of ἐπύθεσθε, seq. Cf. Xenoph. Cyrop. V. 3. 26. ώςἐπεὶ πύθοιτο τὰ περὶ τοῦ φρουρίου χαλεπῶς ἐνέγκοι. Anab. ii. 5. 37, ὅπως μάθῃ τὰ περὶ Προξένου. Herod. 2. 102. ἀριθμοῦ δὲ πέρι, μὴ πύθη, &c. Matthiæ Gr. s. 589. 5. Πολλῷ ὕστερον.] Thirty days after; Xenoph. Mem. iv. 8. 2. Τύχη τις—ἔτυχη γὰρ] An agreeable paronomasia, referring the event to its cause. Cf. Achil. Sat. i. p. 55. (speaking of the Phænix,) ἔτυχη γὰρ τύχη τινι συμβὰν τότε τὸν ὄρνιν ἀναπτε‐ ρῶσαι τὸ κάλλος. Upon the force of συνέβη, which implies a combination of circumstances, Plutarch, having quoted the passage as supr. observes : Εν γὰρ τούτοις τὸ ΣΥΝΕΒΗ οὐκ ἀντὶ τοῦ ΓΕΓΟΝΕΝ ἀκουστέον, ἀλλὰ πολὺ μᾶλλον ἐκ συνδρομῆς τινος αἰτιῶν ἀπέβη, ἄλλου πρὸς ἄλλο γεγονότος. Simplic. ad Aristot. Phys. ii. p. 79. B. καὶ Πλάτων δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τύχης τύχην καλεῖ, λέγων ἐν Φαίδωνι, Τύχη, τις αὐτῷ, ὦ ̓Εχέκρατες, συνέβη· ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀπὸ τύχης τὶ αὐτῷ συνέβη. WYTT. Τῷ προτεραίᾳ.] Thom. Μag. and Phavor. Προτέρα, ἐπὶ τάξεως· προ ΕΧ. Τοῦτο δὲ δὴ τί ἐστιν ; ΦΑΙΔ. Τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ πλοῖον, ὥς φασιν ̓Αθηναῖοι, ἐν ᾧ Θησεύς ποτε εἰς Κρήτην τοὺς δὶς ἑπτὰ ἐκείνους ᾤχετο ἄγων καὶ ἔσωσέ τε καὶ αὐτὸς ἐσώθη. τῷ οὖν ̓Απόλλωνι εὔξαντο, ὡς λέγεται, τότε, εἰ σωθεῖεν, ἑκάστου ἔτους θεωρίαν ἀπάξειν εἰς Δῆλον· ἣν δὴ ἀεὶ καὶ νῦν ἔτι ἐξ ἐκείνου κατ ̓ ἐνιαυτὸν τῷ θεῷ πέμπουσιν. Ἐπειδὰν οὖν ἄρξωνται τῆς θεωρίας, νόμος ἐστὶν αὐτοῖς ἐν τῷ χρόνῳ τούτῳ καθαρεύειν τὴν πόλιν καὶ δημοσίᾳ μηδένα ἀποκτιννύναι, πρὶν ἂν εἰς Δῆλόν τε ἀφίκηται τὸ πλοῖον καὶ πάλιν δεῦρο ̇ τοῦτο δ ̓ ἐνίοτε ἐν πολλῷ χρόνῳ γίγνεται, ὅταν τύχωσιν ἄνεμοι ἀπολαβόντες αὐτούς. ἀρχὴ δ ̓ ἐστὶ τῆς τεραῖα δὲ, ἐπὶ μόνης ἡμέρας. Πλάτων ἐν τῷ Φαίδωνι· ἔτυχε γὰρ τῷ προτεραίᾳ τῆς δίκης. Τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ πλοῖον.] Minos, king of Crete, to avenge the death of his son Androgeos, besieged Athens, and withdrew his forces only on condition that seven virgins, and so many boys [ἠϊθέους ἑπτὰ καὶ παρθένους τοσαύτας. Plutarch. Τhes. p. 6. παρθένους ἑπτὰ καὶ παῖδας ἴσους. Pausan. i. 27. extr.] should be sent every ninth year to Crete, to be devoured by the Minotaur; δὶς ἑπτὰ ἐκ. supr. The third time of paying this tribute, Theseus was included in the number to be so sacrificed, but he succeeded in killing the Minotaur, and preserving himself and his companions. Cf. Virgil Æn. vi. 20. In commemoration of this event, and pursuant to their vow, as supr. τῷ οὖν ̓Απόλλωνι, &c, the Athenians sent every year a solemn deputation, θεωρία, το Delos. The individuals who composed were called θεωροὶ and δηλιασταὶ, their principal, ἀρχιθέωρος, and the vessel in which they sailed, θεωρὶς or δηλιάς. See Robinson's Grec. Antiq. B. iii. c. 9. and Mitford's Greece, i. c. 1. s. 3. p. 60. θεωρίαν ἀπάξειν.] Schol. ad h. 1. ἀντι τοῦ θυσίαν ἀπενεγκεῖν. Θεωροὶ δέ εἰσιν οἱ πεμπόμενοι θῦσαι καὶ θεραπεῦσαι τὸν θεόν· ὅθεν καὶ αἱ ὁδοὶ δι ̓ ὧν ἐπορεύοντο, θεωρίδες κέλευθοι ἐκαλοῦντο, καὶ τὰ διδόμενα θεωρικὰ, καὶ ἡ ναῦς ἡ εἰς Δῆλον πεμπομένη θεωρὶς, καὶ ὁ ἱερεὺς θεωρός. There was another Δήλια, a quinquennial festival, held to commemorate the purification of Delos by Pisistratus ; for which see Thucyd. iii. 104. See also Potter, Grec. Antiq. i. p. 438. ̓Αεὶ καὶ νῦν ἔτι.] Plutarch. Thes. p. 10. C. τὸ δὲ πλοῖον ἐν ᾧ μετὰ τῶν ἠϊθέων έπλευσε καὶ πάλιν ἔσωθη, τὴν τριακόντορον, ἄχρι τῶν Δημητρίου τοῦ Φαληρέως χρόνων διεφύλαττον οἱ ̓Αθηναῖοι. The materials of the vessel were hence called ἀειζώοντα, Callim. Hym. in Bell., but, in reality, it had undergone so many repairs and alterations, that it might have been reasonably doubted whether it was the same ship, in consequence of which it afforded the sophists an opportunity for a zealous discussion on the subject of its identity. See a parallel case quoted by Brown, Philos. Lect. xii. ̓Επειδὰν οὖν ἄρξωνται.] The priest of Apollo decorated the poop of the vessel with garlands of laurel, as a signal for the commencement of the voyage, and the purification of the city.-Ev T χρόνῳ τούτῳ, during the celebration of the Δήλια. ̓́Ανεμοι ἀπολαβόντες αὐτούς.] 'Απολαμβάνειν is used sometimes of contrary winds which intercept and de θεωρίας ἐπειδὰν ὁ ἱερεὺς τοῦ ̓Απόλλωνος στέψῃ τὴν πρύμναν τοῦ πλοίου ̇ τοῦτο δ ̓ ἔτυχεν, ὥς περ λέγω, τῇ προτεραίᾳ τῆς δίκης γεγονός. διὰ ταῦτα καὶ πολὺς χρόνος ἐγένετο τῷ Σωκράτει ἐν τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ ὁ μεταξὺ τῆς δίκης τε καὶ τοῦ θανάτου. §. 2. EX. Τί δὲ δὴ τὰ περὶ αὐτὸν τὸν θάνατον, ὦ Φαίδων ; τί ἦν τὰ λεχθέντα καὶ πραχθέντα, καὶ τίνες οἱ παραγενόμενοι τῶν ἐπιτηδείων τῷ ἀνδρί; ἢ οὐκ εἴων οἱ ἄρχοντες παρεῖναι, ἀλλ ̓ ἔρημος ἐτελεύτα φίλων ; ΦΑΙΔ. Οὐδαμῶς, ἀλλὰ παρῆσάν τινες, καὶ πολλοί γε. ΕΧ. Ταῦτα δὴ πάντα προθυμήθητι ὡς σαφέστατα ἡμῖν ἀπαγγεῖλαι, εἰ μή τίς σοι ἀσχόλία τυγχάνει οὖσα. ΦΑΙΔ. ̓Αλλὰ σχολάζω τε καὶ πειράσομαι ὑμῖν διηγήσασθαι καὶ γὰρ τὸ μεμνῆσθαι Σωκράτους καὶ αὐτὸν λέγοντα καὶ ἄλλου ἀκούοντα ἔμοιγε ἀεὶ πάντων ἥδιστον. ΕΧ. ̓Αλλὰ μήν, ὦ Φαίδων, καὶ τοὺς ἀκουσομένους γε τοιούτους ἑτέρους ἔχεις. ἀλλὰ πειρῶ ὡς ἂν δύνῃ ἀκριβέστατα διελθεῖν πάντα. tain those at sea. Cf. Herodot. ii. 115. ὅσοι ὑπ' ἀνέμων ἤδη ἀπολαμφθέντες ἦλθον, κ. τ. λ. and Wesseling in loc. Demosth. de Chers. p. 98. δέκα μῆνας ἀπογενομένου τἀνθρώπου καὶ νόσῳ καὶ χειμῶνι καὶ πολέμοις ἀποληφθεντος, ὥστε μὴ ἂν δύνασθαι ἐπανελθεῖν οἴκαδε. So the Latins use deprendere and prendere.-Αὐτούς, sc. τοὺς πλέοντας implied in πλοῖον preced. Ως περ λέγω.] See Apol. Socr. c. 5. sub. fin. ὁ περ λέγω. Πολὺς χρόνος.] Xen. Memor. iv. 8. 2. ̓Ανάγκη μὲν γὰρ ἐγένετο αὐτῷ, μετὰ τὴν κρίσιν τριάκοντα ἡμέρας βιῶναι, διὰ τὸ Δήλια μὲν ἐκείνου τοῦ μηνὸς εἶναι, τὸν δὲ νόμον μηδένα ἐᾷν δημοσίᾳ ἀποθνήσκειν, ἕως ἂν ἡ θεωρία ἐκ Δήλου ἐπανέλθῃ. Suidas v. Σωκράτης· -- ἐδέδετο οὖν ἐπὶ πολὺ, μέχρις ἂν ἡ ἀπὸ Δήλου θεωρὶς ἀφίκηται. §. 2. Τῶν ἐπιτηδείων.] Maris. Gl. p. 164. Επιτηδείους, οὐκ ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς Ὑπομνήμασι [i. e. Scholiis Grammatic.] μόνους τοὺς ἐκ γένους προσήκοντας, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἑταίρους, ὡς Πλάτων Φαίδωνι. WYTT. Οἱ ἄρχοντές.] sc. οἱ ἕνδεκα. Apol. Socr. c. 27. c. 31. Crit. c. 2. Τινὲς, καὶ πολλοὶ γε.] Aderant aliqui, imo vero multi. STALL. Cf. Αpol. Socr. c. 9. Καὶ οὐδενὸς n. Wyttenbach loses the force of καὶ in explaining the passage Aderant quidam, et multi adeo. See Matthiæ Gr. 5. 602. 'Ως σαφέστατα--ἀπαγγεῖλαι.] Quam diligentissime referre, narrare. FiscH. Τοιούτους ἑτέρους ἔχεις.] such have you to listen to you, i. e, si Even |