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( 8 Do thou vouchsafe, with thy love-kindling light, T'illuminate my dim and dulled eyn. Spenser. -No painting canibe feen in full perfection, but as all nature is illuminated by a single light. Wott. He made the stars,

And fet them in the firmament of heav'n,. Tilluminate the earth and rule the night. Milton. Reason our guide, what can fhe more reply Than that the fun illuminates the sky; Than that the night rifes from his abfent ray, Prior. And his returning luftre kindles day? 2. To adorn with feftal lamps or bonfires. 3. To enlighten intellectually with knowledge or grace. -Satan had no power to abuse the illuminated world with his impoftures. Sandys's Travels. When he illuminates the mind with fupernatural light, he does not extinguish that which is natural. Locke. 4. To adorn with pictures or initial letters of various colours. 5. To illuftrate.-My health is infufficient to amplify thefe remarks, and to illuminate the feveral pages with variety of examples. Watts..

(1.) ILLUMINATI, [Lat. . e. Enlightened.] a name affumed by a fecret fociety, founded on the 1st of May 1776, by Dr. Adam Weishaupt, profeffor of canon law in the University of Ingoldftad. The avowed object of this order was, " to diffuse from secret societies, as from fo many centres, the light of fcience over the world; to propagate the pureft principles of virtue; and to reinftate mankind in the happiness which they enjoyed during the golden age fabled by the poets." Such a philanthropic object was doubtless well -adapted to make a deep impreffion on the minds of ingenuous young men and to fuch alone did Dr But "the Weifhaupt at first address himself. real object," (we are affured by prof. Robifon and Abbé Barruel,)" was, by clandeftine arts to overturn every government and every religion; to bring the sciences of civil life into contempt; and -to reduce mankind to that imaginary state of nature, when they lived independent of each other on the spontaneous productions of the earth."Free masonry being in high reputation all over Europe, when Weishaupt firft formed the plan of his fociety, he availed himself of its fecrecy, to in troduce his new order, of which he conftituted -himself general, after initiating some of his pupils, whom he ftyled Areopagites, in its myfteries. And when report fpread the news throughout Germany, of the inftitution of the order of ILLUMINEES, it was generally confidered as a mere college lodge, which could intereft the ftudents no longer than during the period of their studies. Weishaupt's character too, which at this time was refpectable for morality, as well as erudition, prevented all fufpicion of his harbouring any fuch dark defigns as have fince come to light. But it would far exceed the limits to which our work is reftricted, to give even an outline of the nature and conftitution of this extraordinary fociety; of its fecrets and myfteries; of the deep diffimulation, confumate hypocrily, and fhocking impiety of its founder, and his affociates; of their Jefuitical art in concealing their real objects, and their incredible industry and aftonishing ex

ILL ertions in making converts; of the abfolute defpotifm and complete fyftem of ESPIONAGE, eltablished throughout the (order; of its different degrees of Novices, Minervals, Minor and Major Illuminees; Epopts or Priefs, Regents, Magi, and Man-kings; of the Recruitors, or Infinuators, with their various fubtile methods of infinuating into all characters and companies; of the blind obedience exacted of the Novices; and the abfolute power of life and death affumed by the order, and conceded by the Novices; of the dictionary, geography, kalendar, and cypher of the order; of the new names affumed by the members, fuch as Spartacus by Weishaupt, because he pretended to wage war against oppreffors; Cato by Zwack, Ajax by Maffenhaufen, &c of the Minerval Academy and library of the questions proposed to the candidates for degrees, and the various ceremonies of admiffion to each; and of the pretended morality, real blafphemies, and abfolute atheism, of the founder, and his tried friends. Such of our readers as with to be fully informed of thefe matters, we must refer to the Abbé Barruel's works, and to Prof. Robifon's Proofs of a Confpiracy against all the Religions and Governments of Europe. But while we give full credit to the general facts related in these works, we cannot help expreffing fome doubts refpecting the ultimate object of Dr Weishaupt and his affociates in this confpiracy. That men of their principles fhould fecretly confpire to overthrow all the religions and governments at prefent in Europe, is by no means incredible: that they fhould even prevail on many well-meaning philanthropists, who are no enemies to rational religion or good govern ment, to join them, is alfo very credible: for it would be paying a poor compliment to our own conftitution in church and ftate, were we not to acknowledge, that most of the other governments and religions in Europe, are fo full of defpotifm and fuperftition, that no true friend to mankind would regret their overthrow, could it be accomplished without bloodshed. But that a fet of men of learning and abilities, fuch as Weifhaupt and his affociates are allowed to be, fhould form a con. fpiracy to overturn, and with more than Gothic rage, utterly abolish the arts and fciences, and to restore the fuppofed original savage Rate of man, appears to us a phenomenon in the hiftory of the human heart totally unaccountable. That "the heart of man is deceitful above all things and defperately wicked," is a melancholy truth, which, not fcripture alone, but the hiftory of mankind in all ages and nations, affords full proof of; as well as the fhocking biftory of the illuminati; but while pride and vanity have a place in the human heart, to say nothing of our other paffions, which are more or lefs interested in the prefervation of the difcoveries and improvements in arts, foiences, and their infeparable concomitant luxury, we are perfuaded, no man or body of men, who have enjoyed the fweets of civilized life, ever formed a ferious with for the total abolition of the arts and fciences. In the fury and rage of war, Goths, Vandals, and Turks may burn and deftroy ments of art, and repofitories of fcience; but when the wars are over, instead of returning to amalgamate the favage ftate, the barbarous conquerors mix and

amalgamate with the conquered, and become them with ornamented letters and paintings. themselves more or less civilized. Dr Weishaupt We often find blanks left in MSS. for the illumiis allowed to be influenced by a high degree of va. Dators, which were never filled up. Some of the nity; as an evidence of which he communicates, ancient MSS. are gilt and burnished in a style suas the last secret to his most favoured adepts, that the perior to later times. Their colours were excel. mysteries of ILLUMINISM, which, in going thro' lent, and their skill in preparing them must have the inferior degrees, had been succeslively attri- been very great. The practice of introducing orbuted to the most ancient patriarchs and philofo. naments, drawings, emblematical figures, and even phers, and even to Christ himself, owed its origin portraits, into MSS. is of great antiquity. Varro to no other than Adam Weishaupt, known in the wrote the lives of 700 illustrious Romans, which order by the name of Spartacus. The same vani. he enriched with their portraits, as Pliny attefs ty which leads the doctor to take this traditional in his Natural History (lib. xxxv. C. 2.) Pomponius method, while secrecy is deemed necessary, of se- , Atticus was the author of a work on the actions curing to himself the honour of having found. of the great men amongst the Romans, which he ed the society, would lead him, were the illumi. ornamented with their portraits. See Corn. Ne. nati actually victorious over all religions and go- pos, chap. 18. But these works have not been vernments, to wish to have his memory recorded transmitted to posterity. There are, however, in a more durable manner by writing or printing. 'many precious documents remaining, which exBut if these and all the other arts were to perith in hibit the advancement and decline of the arts in a mass, then the memory of the doctor and the different ages and countries. These inestimable important services he had done to the order, and paintings and illuminations display the manners, to SAVAGISM, must, within a centu at the ut- customs, habits, ecclefiaftical, civil, and military, moft, perish along with them. But if, in fact, the weapons and instruments of war, utensils and artotal annihilation of the arts and sciences, as well chitecture, of the ancients ; they are of the greatest as of all religion and government, be really the ob- use in illustrating many important facts relative jects of Weishaupt and his illuminees, then we to the history of the times in which they were exemay agree with the celebrated Mandeville, that cuted. In these treasures of antiquity are pre"human nature is the true Lybian desert, daily pro. served a great number of specimens of Grecian ducing new monsters," and that of these moniters and Roman art, which were executed before the the doctor and his associates are beyond a doubt arts and scienees fell into neglect. The MSS. the most extraordinary. Prof. Robison informs containing these specimens form a valuable part us, that “the order of illuminati was abolished in of the riches preserved in the principal libraries of 1786, by the elector of Bavaria, but revived im.' Europe :— the Royal, Cottonian, and Harleian lib. mediately after, under another name, and in a raries, those in the two universities in England, the different form, all over Germany. It was again Vatican at Rome, the imperial at Vienna, the ci. detected, and seemingly broken up; but it had by devant royal, now the National, at Paris, St Mark's this time taken so deep root, that it still fubfifts at Venice, and many others. A very ancient MS. without being detected, and has spread into all of Genelis, which was in the Cottonian library, the countries of Europe.". This assertion of the and almost destroyed by a fire in 1731, contained professor, though some suspicious circumstances led 250 curious paintings in water colours: 21 frag. to it, rests on no ground of solid proof, and muft, ments, which escaped the fire, are engraved by the we presume, be now given up as utterly false. fociety of antiquaries of London. Several 1peciWe cannot conclude without expresling our mens of curious paintings also appear in Lambedoubts of apother proposition advanced by the cius's catalogue of the imperial library at Vienna, Abbé, viz. that the French revolution originated particularly in Vol. III. where 48 drawings, of from ILLUMINISM. That great numbers of the nearly equal antiquity with those in the Cottonian principal agents in the revolution of France, were library, are engraven; and several others may be both Atheists and Illuminees, we readily admit; found in various catalogues of the Italian libraries, and that many of these had an active hand in the The drawings in the Vatican Virgil made in the horrid massacres and murders that took place in 4th century, before the arts were entirely neglectthe course of it, is also undeniable ; but the revo. ed, illustrate the different subjects treated of by lution of France took its origin from more im- the Roman poet. A miniature drawing is preportant causes—the despotic power of the French fixed to each of the gospels brought over to Engs kings, the tyranny of the nobles, the progress of land by St Aguftine in the 6th century, which is light, and the example of the American revolu. preserved in the library of Corpus Chrifti college, tion; and it would have taken place, although Cambridge : in the compartments of those drawsuch a wretch as the incestuous Weishaupt and his ings are depicted representations of several transa impious associates had never existed, though pro. actions in each gospel. The curious drawings, bably with less bloodshed.

and elaborate ornaments in St Cuthbert's gospels, (2, 3.) ILLUMINATI, in church hidory. See Ile made by St Ethelwald, and now in the Cottonian LUMINED, No 1, and 2.

library, exhibit a striking specimen of the fate of ILLUMINATING, . s. a kind of miniature the arts in England in the 7th century. The same painting, anciently much pra&tised for illuftrat. may be observed with respect to the drawings in ing and adorning books. Besides the writers of the ancient copy of the four gospels preserved in books there were artists called ILLUMINATORS, the cathedral church of Litchfield, and those in whose profesion was to ornament and paint the Codex Rushworthianus in the Bodleian li. manuscripts. The writers of books first finithed brary at Oxford. The life of St Paul the hermit, their part, and the illuminators embellished now remaining in Corpus Chrifti college, CamVOL. XII. PART I.

B

bridge

bridge, (G 2), affords an example of the ftyle of combinations of them. Though Strutt's prints drawing and ornamenting letters in England in do not exhibit the bright and vivid colours of the 8th century; and the copy of Prudentius's the originals, they give us equally a view, not only Pfycomachia in the Cottonian library (Clop. c. 8.) of the perfons and dreffes of our anceftors, but exhibits the ftyle of drawing in Italy in the 9th also of their customs, manners, arts, and employcentury. Of the 10th century there are Roman ments, their arms, fhips, houses, furniture, &c. drawings of a fingular kind in the Harleian li- and enable us to judge of their skill in drawing. brary (N° 2820.), Nos. 5280, 1802, and 432, in The figures in thofe paintings are often ftiff and the fame library, contain fpecimens of ornament- formal; but the ornaments are in general fine and ed letters, which are to be found in Irish MSS. delicate, and the colours clear and bright, parfrom the 12th to the 14th century. Cædmon's ticularly the gold and azure. In fome of these Poetical Paraphrafe of the book of Genefis, writ- illuminations the paflions are ftrongly painted. ten in the 11th century, which is preferved How ftrongly, for example, is terror painted in amongft F. Junius's MSS. in the Bodleian library, the faces of the earl of Warwick's failors, when exhibits many specimens of atenfils, weapons, in- they were threatened with a fhipwreck, and grief ftruments of mufic, and implements of husbandry in the countenances of those who were present at ufed by the Anglo-Saxons. The like may be feen the death of that hero? After the introduction of in extracts from the Pentateuch of the fame age, printing, this elegant art of illuminating gradually in the Cottonian library (Claud. B. 4.) The MS. declined, and at length was quite neglected. On copy of Terence in the Bodleian library (D. 17.) the whole, it is proper to obferve, that from the difplays the dresses, masks, &c. worn by come- 5th to the 10th century, the miniature paintings dians in the 12th century, if not earlier. The in Greek manufcripts are generally good, as are very elegant Pfalter in the library of the Trinity alfo fome among thofe of Italy, England, and College, Cambridge, exhibits specimens of the art France. From the roth to the middle of the 14th of drawing in England in the fame century. The century they are commonly very bad, and may Virgil in the Lambeth library of the 13th century, be confidered as fo many monuments of the bar(N° 471.) written in Italy, fhows, both by the barity of thofe ages; towards the end of the 14th, drawings and writing, that the Italians produced the paintings in MSS. were much improved ; and works much inferior to ours at that period. The in the two fucceeding centuries, many excellent copy of the Apocalypfe in the fame library (N° performances were produced, efpecially after the 209.) contains a curious example of the manner of happy period of the restoration of the arts, when painting in the 14th century. The beautiful paint- great attention was paid to the works of the anings in the hiftory of the latter part of the reign of cients, and the ftudy of antiquity became faK. Rich. II. in the Harleian library (N° 1319) af. fhionable. ford curious fpecimens of manners and cuftoms, both civil and military, at the clofe of the 14th and in the beginning of the 15th century; as does N° 2278 in the fame library. Many other inftances might be produced; but those who defire farther information may confult Strutt's Regal and Ecclefiaftical Antiquities, 4to, and his Horda-Angelcynnan. in 3 vols. This art was much practifed by the clergy, and even by fome in the highest ftations in the church. "The famous Ofmond (fays Brompton), who was confecrated Bp. of Salisbury A. D. 1067, did not difdain to fpend fome part of his time in writing, binding, and illuminating books. Mr Strutt has given the public an opportunity of forming fome judgment of the degree of delicacy and art, with which thefe illuminations were executed, by publishing prints of a prodigious number of them, in his Regal and Ecclefiaftical Antiquities of England, and View of the Cuftoms, Sc. of England. In the firft of thefe works we are prefented with the genuine portraits, in miniature, of all the kings, and feveral of the queens of England, from Edward the Confeffor to Henry VII: moftly in their crowns and royal robes, together with the portraits of many other eminent perfons of both fexes. The illuminators and painters of this period feem to have been in poffeffion of a confiderable number of colouring materials, and to have known the arts of preparing and inixing them, fo as to form a great variety of colours: for in the fpecimens of their miniature paintings that are ftill extant, we perceive not only the five primary colours, but also various

*ILLUMINATION. n. f. [illuminatio, Lat. illumination, Fr. from illuminate.] 1. The act of fupplying with light. 2. That which gives lightThe fun is but a body illightened, and an illumination created. Raleigh's Hiftory. 3. Feftal lights hung out as a token of joy.

Flow'rs are ftrew'd, and lamps in order plac'd,

And windows with illuminations grac'd. Dryd 4. Brightnefs; fplendour.-The illuminators of manufcripts borrowed their title from the illumination which a bright genius giveth to his work. Felton on the Clafficks. 5. Infufion of intellectual light; knowledge or grace.-Hymns and pfalms are fuch kinds of prayer as are not conceived upon a fudden; but framed by meditation beforehand, or by prophetical illumination are infpired. Hooker. -We have forms of prayer imploring God's aid and bleffing for the alumination of our labours, and the turning them into good and holy uses. Bacon-No holy paffion, no illumination, no infpiration, can be now a fufficient commiffion to warrant thofe attempts which contradict the common rules of peace.

* ILLUMINATIVE. adj. [illuminatif, French from illuminate.] Having the power to give light. What makes itself and other things be feen, being accompanied by light, is called fire: what admits the illuminative action of fire, and is not feen, is called air. Digby on Bodies.

(1.)* ILLUMINATOR.z. /. [from illuminate.] 1. One who gives light. 2. One whofe bufinefs it is to decorate books with pictures at the begin

ning

ning of chapters.- Illuminators of manuscripts bor. delightful; and this confifts in exposing the beft rowed their title from the illumination which a lide only of a shepherd's life, and concealing its bright genius giveth to his work. Felton.

miferies. Pope. (2.) ILLUMINATORS. See ILLUMINATING. * ILLUSIVE. adj. [from illufus, Lat.) Deceiv

TO ILLUMINE. v. a. (illuminer, Fr.] 1. To ing by false Mow.enlighten; to supply with light.

The heathen bards, who idle fables dreft, To confirm his words, outflew

Illufve dreams in mystic forms expreft. Blackm. Millions of flaming swords. drawn from the

While the fond soul, thighs

Wrapt in gay visions of unreal bliss, Of mighty cherubims: the sudden blaze Still paints th' illusive form. Thomson. Far round illumin'd hell.

Milton. * ILLUSOR Y. adj. (from in and luforius, Lat. What in me is dark

illusoire, Fr.] Deceiving ; fraudulent.-Subtility, Illumine ! what is low, raise and support! Milt. in those who make profession to teach or defend 2. To decorate ; to adorn,

truth, hath passed for a virtue ; a virtue indeed, To Cato, Virgil paid one honest line ; which, consisting for the most part in nothing but O let my country's friends illumine miné. Pope. the fallacious and illusory use of obscure or deceit

(1.) ILLUMINED, ILLUMINATI, in church ful terms, is only fit to make men more conceited history, a term anciently applied to such persons in their ignorance. Locke. as had received baptisin. This name was occa- * TO ILLUSTRATE. v.n. (illuftro, Lat. illustrer, fioned by a ceremony in the baptism of adults; Fr.) 1. To brighten with light. 2. To brighten which consisted in putting a lighted taper in the with honour.hand of the person baptized, as a symbol of the Matter to me of glory! whom their hate faith and grace he had received in the sacrament. Illustrates, when they see all regal pow'r

(2.) ILLUMINED, ILLUMINATI, is also the name Giv'n to me to quell their pride. Milton. of a feet of heretics, who sprang up in Spain

Thee she enroll'å her garter'd knights among, about A. D. 1575, and were called by the Spa- Illustrating the noble lift.

Philipso niards Almabrados. Their principal doctrines were, 3. To explain; to clear ; to elucidate.--Authors that by means of a sublime manner of prayer, take up popular conceits, and from tradition, unwhich they had attained to, they entered into so justifiable or false, illuftrate matters of undeniable perfect a state, that they had no occafion for ordi- truth. Brown. nances, facraments, or good works; and that they ILLUSTRATION. n.). (illuftration, Fr. from could give way, even to the vilest actions, with- illuftrate.] Explanation ; elucidation; exposition. out fin. The sect of Illumined was revived in It is feldom used in its original fignification for France in 1634, and were soon after joined by material brightness. Whoever looks about him the Guerinetes, or disciples of Peter Guerin, who will find many living illustrations of this emblem. together made but one body, called also ILLU- L'Estrange.-Space and duration, being ideas that MINED: but they were to hotly pursued by Louis have something very abftrufe and peculiar in their XIII. that they were soon destroyed. The bro- nature, the comparing them one with another may thers of the Rosy Cross are sometimes also called perhaps be of use for their illustration. Locke. Illumined. See RosiCRUCIANS.

* ILLUSTRATIVE. adj. (from illuftrate.) HaILLUMINEES. See ILLUMINATI, N° 1. ving the quality of elucidating or clearing.–They ILLUMINISM. n. f. The system and mysteries play much upon the fimile, or illustrative arguof the ILLUMINATI.

mentation, to induce their enthymemes unto the TO ILLUMINIZE. v. &. To propagate the people. Brown, doctrines of the ILLUMINATI.

* ILLUSTRATIVELY. adv. (from illufira. ILLURCIS, or ILOrcis, a town of Hispania tive.) By way of explanation.- Things are many Tarraconensis, afterwards called Gracchueis, from times delivered hieroglyphically, metaphorically, Gracchus; and now Lorca. Plin. l. 3. c. 3. illufratively, and not with reference to action.

* ILLUSION. n. f. [illufio, Lat. illufion, Fr.) Brown.Mockery; false show; counterfeit appearance ; ILLUSTRES. See ILLUSTRIOUS, 2. error.

(1.) * ILLUSTRIOUS. adj. [illuflris, Latin, That diftill’d by magic fights,

illuftre, Fr.] Conspicuous; noble ; eminent for exShall raise such artificial sprights,

cellence.-In other languages the moft illustrious As by the strength of their illusion,

titles are derived from things sacred. South. Shall draw him on to his confufion.

Shak..

Of ev'ry nation, each illuftricus name, -There wanted not some about him that would Such toys as those have cheated into fame. have persuaded bim that all was an illufion. Bacon.

Dryden. So oft they fell

(2.) ILLUSTRIOUS, ILLUSTRIS, was heretofore, loto the same illusion, not as man,

in the Roman empire, a title of honour peculiar Whom they triumph'd, once laps'd. Milton, to people of a certain rank. It was first given to -Ao excuse for uncharitableness drawn from pre- the most diftinguifhed among the knights, who tended inability, is of all others the most general had a right to bear the latus clarus; afterwards, and prevailing illufion. Atterburg:- Many illufions those were entitled illuftrious who held the firf by which the enemy endeavours to cheat men in. rank among these called HONORAT!; viz. tie præto fecurity, and defeat their salvation. Rogers. fecti prætorii, præfecti urbis, treasurers, corsites,

To dream once more I close my willing eyes; &c. . There were, however, different degrees Ye foft illufions, dear deceits, arise ! Pope. among the illustrious : as in Spain they have gran-We must use some illufion to render a pałoral dees of the it and ad class, so in Rome they had

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