If the two nouns are single, no pause is required, as Paul the Apostle. But if either of them has several adjuncts, a short pause is necessary, as Paul the Apostle of the Gentiles.

The following are examples of words in opposition to each other:

Homer was the greater genius, Virgil the better artist; in the one we must admire the man, in the other the work. Homer hurries us with a commanding impetuosity; Virgil leads us with an attractive majesty.

Some place the bliss in action, some in ease; Those call it pleasure, and contentment these. The pleasures of the imagination taken in their full extent are not so gross as those of sense, nor so refined as those of the understanding.

In this example we shall find all writers and printers agree in placing but one point between the four contrasted parts; and this point is at sense. Here it must be owned is the principal pause; but it will be acknowledged by every judicious ear that if a short pause be made at gross, and another at refined, the sense is conveyed more forcibly and distinctly.

V. After the word which forms the principal subject of a discourse.

A quibble is to Shakspeare, what luminous pours are to the traveller; he follows it at all adventures; it is sure to lead him out of his way, and sure to engulf him in the mire. It has some malignant power over his mind, and its fascinations are irresistible. Whatever be the dignity or the profundity of his disquisitions, whether he be enlarging knowledge or exalting affection, whether he be amusing attention with incidents or enchanting it in suspense, let but a quibble spring up before him, and he leaves his work unfinished. A quibble is the golden apple for which he will always turn aside from his career, or stoop from his elevation. A quibble, poor and barren as it is, gave him such delight, that he was content to purchase it by the sacrifice of reason, propriety, and truth. A quibble was to him the fatal Cleopatra, for which he lost the world, and was content to lose it.-Johnson's Preface to Shakspeare.

In this passage quibble is evidently the principal subject; it must therefore be followed by a pause, to make it more distinct and conspicuous.

This rule must be extended to a proper name, or to any word of importance, which commences a sentence. Thus,

Plato expresses his abhorrence of some fables of the Poets, which seem to reflect on the Gods as the authors of injustice; and lays it down as a principle, that whatever is permitted to befal a just man, whether poverty, sickness, or any of those things which seem to be evils, shall either in life or death conduce to his good.

** Wisdom comprehends at once the end and the means, estimates easiness or difficulty, and is cautious or confident in due proportion.

God beholds with pleasure that being which he has made, converting the wretchedness of his natural situation into a theatre of triumph, bringing all the headlong tribes of nature into subjection to his will; and producing that order and uniformity upon earth, of which his own heavenly fabric is so bright an example.

VI. Before who, which, what, and before that used relatively.

A man can never be obliged to submit to any power, unless he can be satisfied who is the person who has a right to exercise it.

To which, their want of judging abilities, add also their want of opportunity to apply such a serious consideration as may let them into the true goodness and evil of things, which are qualities which seldom display themselves at the first view.

Call now to mind what high capacious powers
Lie folded up in Man.

O Thou that with surpassing glory crown'd
Look'st from thy sole dominion, like the God
Of this new world.

The same rule generally applies when the relative pronoun is not expressed, but understood. Thus,

The dreadful circumstances you have supposed did not occur.

The adverb how may be considered as included in this rule, since it signifies in what manner. Thus,

Tell me how I may serve you.

C

VII. Before that used conjunctively.

I am glad that my weak words
Have struck but thus much show of fire from Brutus.

I must therefore desire the reader to remember, that, by the pleasures of the imagination, I mean only such pleasures as arise originally from sight.

VIII. Before the infinitive mood when not immediately preceded by a modifying word.

He left the room to see whether all was secured. The practice among the Turks is to destroy or imprison for life any presumptive heir to the throne.

Now, because our inward passions and inclinations can never make themselves visible, it is impossible for a jealous man to be thoroughly cured of his suspicions.

Where the first verb stands alone, this pause may be omitted; as,

Some persons seem to have the gift of speaking much and saying little.

IX. Before and after a parenthetic member.

It is this sense which furnishes the imagination with its ideas; so that by the pleasures of the imagination or fancy (which I shall use promiscuously) I here mean such as arise from visible objects.

There is a place

(If ancient and prophetic fame in heaven
Err not) another world, the happy seat
Of some new race called man. --Milton.

It must here be observed, that there is often a parenthetic clause where no parenthesis is marked; thus, the words taken in their full extent in the following sentence;

The pleasures of the imagination, taken in their full extent, are not so gross as those of sense, nor so refined, as those of the understanding.

X. Generally before prepositions.

As an example of this, we may take the first passage quoted under the preceding rule.

It is this sense which furnishes the imagination with its ideas; so that by the pleasures of the imagination or fancy (which I shall use promiscuously) I here mean such as arise from visible objects.

It may also be remarked that there should always be a pause near the close of a sentence, and that the pauses in the conclusion of a discourse, or of any impressive paragraph, should be more numerous and longer than they would be if occurring elsewhere.

The above are the principal pauses which good reading requires, in addition to many which are usually indicated by the points in grammar. But it must not be supposed that these are all which are necessary. The form and structure of sentences, and the passions and emotions which they imply, are so various, that it is impossible to lay down rules which shall apply to every case which may occur: the only