healdh, health: --- Beared, beardh, bearth, Obf. V. (pronounced as hearth, and earnest, and ac but quite inconfiftent with the primitive equality of mankind': and which perhaps will not be fo implicitly admitted on this fide of the water, under a jufter fubordination of political fociety. He fuppofes Jus broth to be from the Celtic U water: but does not mention his authority for faying that Jus right, originally fignified elevation. I will venture to propofe a different conjecture, I fuppofe it to be of the fame origin as de, oportet, pertinet; (concerning which fee the Appendix to Dawes, p. 516.) and AEON, decens, æquum. The ufe of N and among the more antient Greeks was very promifcuous. They faid wandos and wonder; ovos and y, from whence vinum and vinus; δεσμο and δεσμον, from whence δέσμα; they faid allo Xeray, Xpews, Xeεos, debitum ; and thus, it is probable, diwy, dews, AEO2. In later times for A was used C, and, among the Latins, J, in many words. Thus for deos, from whence tos, they faid σδους and ζευς ; for σδευγνυμι, i. e. ζεύγνυμι, they faid jungo, &c. and thus for deos JUS, quod æquum eft, debitum, right. Having thus afcertained, as I believe, one, there will be little difficulty with the other. Jus, broth, I derive from (ɛw, ferveo: that is, as it was anciently written, or spoken, iw, Zeuw, from whence un fermentum, with the fame variety as vos and vs. Jus therefore feems to have been denominated from an effential and characteristic circumftance, which CICERO expreffes in Jus fervens; and HORACE in tepidum jus. Perhaps Cos beer, may be referred to the fame origin, as denoting fermentation, effervefcence.. The preceding etymologies may be confirmed by the analogy of another, which, if I am not mistaken, has been as little understood, viz. JUPITER, which I derive from Asos warng, Deus pater, or Zwus warp, Jupiter, as deos and Leos Jus. For the fame reafon I apprehend Jupiter was called DIESPITER, not because he was diei pater, but because he was deus, or dius pater. Antiently dius fignified not only a God, but alfo day, from whence diu, and fub dio. And thus dies, day, fignified also God: Obf. V. commodated to that pronunciation in) birth: &c. But the afpirate did not always termi God for in comparing the etymologies (not thofe indeed which are commonly received) of Deus, rws, divus, dives, dius, dies, dis, it appears that the names of dius and dies were originally fynonimous; and that the name of God was denominated from Day or the Sun. But to fhew from the evidence of the words before flated, by what idea the name of Day was expreffed, in the primitive language of Greece, and why prior to that of God, is a difcuffion which would extend the prefent note too far ; and is the lefs neceffary, as it has a place in the Inquiry below mentioned. I will finish this note with some paffages in which Jupiter is mentioned as Diespiter. PLAUTUS, Captiv. II. Diefpiter te, dique perdant. Poen. III. 4. 29. Diefpiter vos perduit. Ibid. IV. 7. 47. Diefpiter me fic amabit. These paffages are quoted by the Commentators of HORACE, (who also explain diefpiter by diei pater,) Od. L. I. 34. 5. Namque Diefpiter Igni corufco nubila dividens Egit equos volucremque currum See alfo Od. L. III. 2. 29. Sæpe Diespiter Neglectus incefto addidit integrum. 4. I. In the above paffages Jupiter is introduced as the object of fear and adoration; the rewarder of the good; and avenger of the impious. The propofed explanation of Diefpiter will reftore an appellation more confiftent with those offices, by which he will be confidered not as the father of Day, but in a higher and more awful character, the father of Gods and men. It will confirm the above explanation, if we obferve that Pluto was alfo called Diefpiter: not furely as the father of Day, but as the Dius pater, or Jupiter infernus. nate nate the word; thus thrived, thriv'd, thrift: Obf. V. -gived, giv'd, gift :-heaved, heav'd, beaft: (like bereav'd, bereft,) an almost obsolete word for weight: drived, driv'd, drift: theived, theiv'd, theft: -weighed, weigh'd, weight: &c. Many adjectives feem to be formed in the fame manner; fuch as flee, flee'd, fleet, &c.-By a fimilar analogy from drove the past tenfe of drive came a drove ; from frive, to confefs, Shrove, confeffion, from deal, to distribute, dele, alms; from leave, to raise, leaven, loaf; &c. An attention to this analogy may be useful in examining the origins of our language. I will mention one inftance. Dr. JOHNSON, among others, derives toll, tribute, from the Latin tollo. But may we not much more probably derive toll, pecunia adnumerata, from tell, adnumerare, as dole, from deal? The toll of a bell feems to be, ictus et pulfus certis statifque temporibus lente pulfati, menfurati, adnumerati. And thus to tole, a word used by LOCKE, (which Dr. Johnson thinks Obf. V. thinks provincial and barbarous,) and by BACON fpelt toll, may be easily understood to fignify, to produce an effect by flow, infenfible degrees. Many Latin fubftantives and adjectives are apparently derived in the fame manner. Thus raptus for rapina; (as according to the conjecture before proposed, theft and stealth:) actus for actio: motus for motio, &c. In the fame manner, though not fo obviously, the adjectives in idus, feem to have been participles paft, according to the more antient spelling for in all languages the thick found of D feems to have been prior to T*. And thus rapio, rapidus, for rapitus, raptus: floreo, floridus, for floritus: horreo, horridus: humeo, humidus: madeo, madidus: candeo, candidus: paveo, pavidus: uyeo, uvidus: &c. An objection may be made to the last conjecture, namely, that floritus, horritus, &c. are paffive forms, but that verbs neuter (and of the above rapio is the only one which is * Οισθα ότι οἱ ΠΑΛΑΙΟΙ οἱ ἡμετεροι τῷ ιωτα και το ΔΕΛΤΑ εν Maxgo. Plato in Cratylo. not not neuter,) have no paffive voice. In an- Obf. V. fwer to this I would suggest, that in examining the origin of the Latin language, it seems neceffary to look beyond the rules of Grammarians, and confider it, as it exifted before it was a polished language; at which time it is probable, that the feveral forms of neuter, active, paffive, and deponent, were more promiscuously used, than after the language had been fettled by the custom and authority of good writers, and the observation of Grammarians. Inftances of that promifcuous use remain in foleo, folitus; crefco, cretus; caveo, cautus; venio, ventum eft; eo, itum; ftatur, itur, vivitur, &c. Inftances of the paffive form used actively* are punitus es, *I will take this occafion to propofe a conjecture, respecting the fuppofed ellipfis of fecundum after participles and verbs in fuch inftances, as ftratus membra, induitur arma, which they fay is ftratus fecundum membra, induitur fecundum arma. I conceive that ftratus governs membra for its accufative as much as fternens, and fhould therefore be rendered having repojed bis limbs, and that it has an active power not less than those forms, which are called deponent. And thus induitur, cingitur arma, appear to have not a paffive, but an active, or deponent power; and ftratus, and induor, &c. feem applied in the fame promifcuous ufe, as aggredior for I attack and am attacked; fateor I confefs, and am acknowledged; hortor 1 exhort, |