Compounds of heart with other words, for the most part expressing their own peculiar meanings, and implying various degrees of suffering or pleasure, sorrow ➤or discontent. Heartburn, pain at the stomach arising from acidity, and figuratively secret discontent or enmity: heartdear, sincerely beloved; heartquelling, quering the af HEART-ACH, n. s. HEART-BREAK, n. s. HEART-BREAKER, n. s. HEART-BREAKING, adj., n. s. HEART-BURNED, adj. HEART-BURNING, n. 8. HEART-RENDING, adj. HEART-ROBBING, adj. HEART-SICK, adj. HEART-SORE, adj. HEART-STRUCK, adj. HEART-SWELLING, adj. HEART-WOUNDED, adj. HEART-WOUNDING, adj. HEART'-DEAR, adj. HEART'-EASE, n. s. HEART-EASING, adj. HEART'-FELT, adj. HEART-QUELLING, adj. HEART-STRING, n. s. HEART-WHOLE, adj. HEART'S-EASE, n. s. HEART-PEASE, n. s. fection; heart-robbing, ecstatic to a degree depriving of thought; heart-string, ligaments or nerves supposed to sustain the heart, properly the vessels by which it is suspended; heartwhole, affections yet unfixed, or vitals yet unimpaired; the other words are too obvious to require specific illustration. Heart-breaker is an obsolete word or cant term for a woman's curls, supposed to break the heart of all her lovers; heart's-ease, the name of a flower; heart-pease, a plant. con Those piteous plaints and sorrowful sad time, Which late you poured forth, as ye did sit Beside the silver springs of Helicone, Making your musick of heart-breaking mone. Spenser. Wherever he that godly knight may find, His only heart-sore and his only foe. Id. Faerie Queene. Drawn into arms, and proof of mortal fight, Through proud ambition and heart-swelling hate. Spenser. Sweet as thy virtue, as thyself sweet art; For when on me thou shinedst, late in sadness, A melting pleasance ran through every part, And me revived with heart-robbing gladness. Id. And let fair Venus, that is queen of love, With her heart-quelling son, upon you smile. Id. He was by Jove deprived Of life himself, and heart-strings of an eagle rived. Id. Better a little chiding than a great deal of heartbreak. Shakspeare. How tartly that gentleman looks! I never can see him but I am heart-burned an hour after. Shakspeare. Id. How, out of tune on the strings ? -Not so; but yet so false, that he grieves my very heart-strings. Cupid hath clapt him o' th' shoulder, but I'll warrant him heart-whole. Id. The time was, father, that you broke your word, When you were more endeared to it than now; When your own Percy, when my heart-dear Harry, Threw many a northward look to see his father Bring up his powers; but he did long in vain! Id. What greater heart-breaking and confusion can there be to one, than to have all his secret faults laid open, and the sentence of condemnation passed upon him? Hakewill. If we be heart-sick, or afflicted with an uncertain soul, then we are true desirers of relief and mercy. Taylor. If thou thinkest thou shalt perish, I cannot blame thee to be sad 'till thy heart-strings crack. Id. That grates my heart-strings; what should discontent him? Except he thinks I live too long. Denham. He added not; for Adam, at the news Heart-struck, with chilling gripe of sorrow stood, That all his senses bound! But come, thou goddess, fair and free, In heav'n ycleped Euphrosyne, Like Samson's heart-breakers, it grew In time to make a nation rue. Milton. Id. Hudibras. You have not seen me yet, and therefore I am confident Dryden. you are heart-whole. Heart's-ease is a sort of violet that blows all Summer, and often in Winter: it sows itself. Mortimer. Fine clean chalk is one of the most noble absorbents, and powerfully corrects and subdues the acrid humours in the stomach: this property renders it very serviceable in the cardialgia, or heart-burning. Woodward. There's the fatal wound That tears my heart-strings; but he shall be found,. My arms shall hold him. Granville. What nothing earthly gives, or can destroy, The soul's calm sun-shine, and the heart-felt joy, Is virtue's prize. Pope. Mean time the queen, without reflection due, Heart-wounded, to the bed of state withdrew. Id. In great changes, when right of inheritance is broke, ther will remain much heart-burning and discontent among the meaner people. Swift. HEART-BURN, in medicine, is more usually called cardialgia. In surfeits, or upon swallowing without due mastication. or when by any accident the saliva is vitiated, too scanty, or not intimately mixed with the food, the fermentation becomes tumultuous, the stomach swells with air, and this extraordinary commotion, being attended with an unusual heat, brings on the uneasiness called the heart-burn: which is remedied by whatever promotes a greater secretion of saliva, or helps to mix it with our aliment. The testaceous powders, as oyster-shells, chalk, &c., are the usual remedies for the heart-burn. HEART'ED, adj. HEART'EN, v. a. HEARTILY, adv. HEARTI'NESS, n. s. HEART'LESS, adj. HEART LESSLY, adv. HEART LESSNESS, n. s. HEART'Y, adj. HEARTY-HALE, adj. Derived from heart. Hearted, an epithet which derives its force from the words with which it is joined, implying intensity of feeling, as lion-hearted; hard-hearted: hearten, to encourage, animate, or renovate: heartily, cordially; fully; sincerely; eagerly heartless implies defect in these qualities, as spiritless; cowardly; without feeling; dejected: hearty, undissembled; zealous; healthy; strong; vigorous; durable. Hearty-hale, good for the heart; an old word. : Faerie Queene. My royal father, cheer these noble lords, And hearten those that fight in your defence: Unsheath your sword, good father; cry, St. George. Shakspeare. What, art thou drawn among these heartless hinds: Id. Turn thee, Benvolio; look upon thy death. I bear no malice for my death; But those that sought it, I could wish more Christians; Be what they will, I heartily forgive them. Id. This entertainment may a free face put on : deriva a liberty from heartiness, and well become the agent. Id. This rare man, Tydides, would prepare; That he might conquer, heartened him. Chapman. Oak, and the like true hearty timber, being strong in all positions, may be better trusted in cross and transverse works. Wotton. The ground one year at rest; forget not then With richest dung to hearten it again. May's Virgil. Thousands besides stood mute and heartless there, Men valiant all; nor was I used to fear. Cowley. The anger of an enemy represents our faults, or admonishes us of our duty, with more heartiness than the kindness of a friend. Taylor. They did not bring that hearty inclination to peace, which they hoped they would have done. Clarendon. There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry. Good luck befriend thee, son; for at thy birth The fairy ladies danced upon the hearth. Id. Milton. The vanquished fires withdraw from every place; Or, full with feeding, sink into a sleep: Each household genius shews again its face, And from the hearths the little lares creep. Dryden. HEAT, n. s. & v. a. Į Sax. pear, þær; Dan. HEATER, n. s. heete. The sensation caused by the approach or touch of fire; the cause of this sensation; hot weather; state of any body under the action of fire; a violent action unintermitted; a course at a race; pimples in the face; agitation; vehemence of action; passion; faction; ardor: to warm, either literally or figuratively; to agitate the blood and spirits with action: heater, an iron made hot, and put into a box-iron, to smooth linen. He commanded that they should heat the furnace one seven times more than it was wont to be heated. Dan. iii. 19. Nowe hote as fire, nowe cold as ashes ded; Of grevous colde is caused every dele! Chaucer. Complaint of the Blacke Knight. The sword which is made fiery doth not only cut by reason of the sharpness which simply it hath, but also burns by means of that heat which it hath from fire. Hooker. The friend hath lost his friend; And the best quarrels, in the heat, are curst By those that feel their sharpness. Shakspeare. They are in a most warlike preparation, and hope to come upon them in the heat of their division. Id. Thou art going to Lord Timon's feast. -Ay, to see meat fill knaves, and wine heat fools. Id. After they came down into the valley, and found the intolerable heats there, and knew no means of lighter apparel, they were forced to go naked. Bacon. Where now he flings about his burning heat Ben Jonson. The cold and heat Winter and Summer shows; Autumn by fruits, and Spring by flowers he knows. Cowley. Virtue's a faint green-sickness to brave souls, Dastards their hearts, their active heat controls. Marvell. They, seing what forces were in the city with them, issued against the tyrant while they were in this heat, before practices might be used to dissever them. Sidney. Mark well the flowering almonds in the wood; The glebe will answer to the sylvan reign; Great heats will follow, and large crops of grain. Dryden. Feigned zeal, you saw, set out the speedier pace; But the last heat, plain dealing won the race. Id. A noble emulation heats your breast, And your own fame now robs you of your rest. Id. The continual agitations of the spirits must needs be a weakening of any constitution, especially in age and many causes are required for refreshment betwixt the heats. Id. With all the strength and heat of eloquence Fraternal love and friendship can inspire. Addison's Cato. We have spilt no blood but in the heat of the battle, or the chase. Atterbury. Whatever increaseth the density of the blood, even without increasing its celerity, heats, because a denser body is hotter than a rarer. Arbuthnot. One playing at hazard, drew a huge heap of gold; but in the heat of play never observed a sharper, who swept it into his hat. Swift. The word heat is used to signify the sensation we have when we are near the fire, as well as the cause of that sensation, which is in the fire itself: and thence we conclude, that there is a sort of heat in the fire resembling our own sensation. Watts. Yet could I seat me by this ivied stone Till I had bodied forth the heated mind, Forms from the floating wreck which ruin leaves beByron's Childe Harold., hind. HEAT, in physiology, is a term that has been used both for the peculiar sensation felt on the approach of bodies in a state of combustion, and for the cause of that sensation in which last sense it is synomymous with fire. In the former sense it is opposed to cold. la modern science the term fire has been abandoned; but the term heat is generally taken for the supposed natural agent that produces the sensation we call by this name; for a great second cause, therefore, of some of the most important operations of nature, or as synonymous with the term caloric. The great question among philosophers of modern times has been whether this is to be regarded as a distinct subtile fluid, or entity; or whether it is a property of matter universally diffused, and operating in a vibratory or intestine motion of its particles. The latter is the opinion of Sir Humphry Davy on this intricate point; and, as he has many claims to our attention on such a subject, we shall here transcribe his views respecting it. Calorific repulsion,' he says, has been accounted for, by supposing a subtile fluid capable of combining with bodies, and of separating their parts from each other, which has been named the matter of heat, or caloric. Many of the phenomena admit of a happy explanation on this idea, such as the cold produced during the conversion of solids into fluids or gases, and the increase of temperature connected with the condensation of gases and fluids.' In the former case we say the matter of heat is absorbed or combined, in the latter it is extruded or disengaged from combination. But there are other facts which are not so easily reconciled to the opinion. Such are the production of heat by friction and percussion; and some of the chemical changes which have been just referred to.' These are, the violent heat produced in the explosion of gunpowder, where a large quantity of aeriform matter is disengaged; and the fire which appears in the decomposition of the euchlorine gas, or protoxide of chlorine, though the resulting gases Occupy a greater volume. When the temperature of bodies is raised by friction, there seems to be no diminution of their capacities, using the word in its common sense; and in many chemical changes, connected with an increase of temperature, there appears to be likewise an increase of capacity. A piece of iron made red-hot, by hammering, cannot be strongly heated a second time by the same means, unless it has been previously introduced into a fire. This fact has been explained by supposing that the fluid of heat has been pressed out of it, by the percussion, which is recovered in the fire; but this is a very rude mechanical idea: the arrangements of its parts are altered by hammering in this way, and it is rendered brittle. By a moderate degree of friction, as would appear from Rumford's experiments, the same piece of metal may be kept hot for any length of time; so that if heat be pressed out, the quantity must be inexhaustible. When any body is cooled, it occupies a smaller volume than before; it is evident, therefore, that its parts must have approached to each other: when the body is expanded by heat, it is equally evident that its parts must have separated from each other. The immediate cause of the phenomena of heat, then, is motion, and the laws of its communication are precisely the same as the laws of the communication of motion. Since all matter may be made to fill a smaller volume, by cooling, it is evident that the particles of matter must have space between them; and since every body can communicate the power of expansion to a body of a lower temperature, that is, can give an expansive motion to its particles, it is a probable inference that its own particles are possessed of motion; but, as there is no change in the position of its parts as long as its temperature is uniform, the motion, if it exist, must be a vibratory or undulatory motion, or a motion of the particles round their axes, or a motion of particles round each other. It seems possible to account for all the phenomena of heat, if it be supposed that in solids the particles are in a constant state of vibratory motion, the particles of the hottest bodies moving with the greatest velocity, and through the greatest space; that in liquids and elastic fluids, besides the vibratory motion, which must be conceived greatest in the last, the particles have a motion round their own axes, with different velocities, the particles of elastic fluids moving with the greatest quickness; and that in ethereal substances, the particles move round their own axes, and separate from each other, penetrating in right lines through space. Temperature may be conceived to depend upon the velocities of the vibrations; increase of capacity, on the motion being performed in greater space; and the diminution of temperature, during the conversion of solids into fluids or gases, may be explained on the idea of the loss of vibratory motion, in consequence of the revolution of particles round their axes, at the moment when the body becomes liquid or aëriform; or from the loss of rapidity of vibration, in consequence of the motion of the particles through greater space. 'If a specific fluid of heat be admitted, it must be supposed liable to most of the affections which the particles of common matter are assuined to possess, to account for the phenomena; such as losing its motion when combining with bodies, producing motion when transmitted from one body to another, and gaining projectile motion when passing into free space; so that many hypotheses must be adopted to account for its agency, which renders this view of the subject less simple than the other. Very delicate experiments have been made, which show that bodies, when heated, do not increase in weight. This, as far as it goes, is an evidence against a subtile elastic fluid producing the calorific expansion; but it cannot be considered as decisive, on account of the imperfection of our instruments. A cubical inch of inflammable air requires a good balance to ascertain that it has any sensible weight, and a substance bearing the same relation to this, that this bears to platinum, could not perhaps be weighed by any method in our possession.' Sir William Herschel, and Sir H. Englefield, on the other hand, have been supposed to establish the materiality of caloric: or at least to have made it appear co-existent with light. Herschel found that when similar thermometers were placed in the different parts of the solar beam, decomposed by the prism into the primitive colors, they indicated different temperatures. He estimates the power of heating in the red rays to be to that of the green rays as fifty-five to twenty-six, and to that of the violet rays as fifty-five to sixteen. And in a space beyond the red rays, where there is no visible light, the increase of temperature is greatest of all. Thus a thermometer in the full red ray rose 7° Fahr. in ten minutes; beyond the confines of the colored beam entirely, it rose in an equal time 9°. His experiments were repeated by Sir H Englefield. Mr. Berard, however, came to a conclusion somewhat different. To render his experiments more certain, and their effects more sensible, this philosopher availed himself of the heliostat, an instrument by which the sunbeam can be steadily directed to one spot during the whole of its diurnal period. He decomposed by a prism the sunbeam, reflected from the mirror of the heliostat, and placed a sensible thermometer in each of the seven colored rays. The calorific faculty was found to increase progressively from the violet to the red portion of the spectrum, in which the maximum heat existed, and not beyond it, in the unilluminated space. The greatest rise in the thermometer took place while its bulb was still entirely covered by the last red rays; and it was observed progressively to sink as the bulb entered into the dark. Finally, on placing the bulb quite out of the visible spectrum, where Herschel fixed the maximum of heat, the elevation of its temperature above the ambient air was found, by M. Berard, to be only onefifth of what it was in the extreme red ray. He afterwards made similar experiments on the double spectrum produced by Island crystal, and also on polarised light, and he found in both cases that the calorific principle accompanied the luminous molecules; and that, in the positions where light ceased to be reflected, heat also disappeared. Newton has shown that the different refrangibility of the rays of light may be explained by supposing them composed of particles differing in size, the largest being at the red, and the smallest at the violet extremity of the spectrum. The same great man has put the query, Whether light and common matter are not convertible into each other? and, adopting the idea that the phenomena of sensible heat depend upon vibrations of the particles of bodies, supposes that a certain intensity of vibrations may send off particles into free space; and that particles in rapid motion in right lines, in losing their own motion, may communicate a vibratory motion to the particles of terrestrial bodies. In this way we can readily conceive how the red rays should impinge most forcibly, and therefore excite the greatest degree of heat. This controversy on the nature of heat is, therefore, far from being settled. There is little room, as Dr. Ure has observed, for being dogmatic on either side. But, if the essence of this most important cause be hid in mystery, we are well acquainted with many of its properties and effects. We shall, in this paper, chiefly attend to them as displayed — I. In the distribution of heat. II. In the general sympathies of heat with the different forms of matter. PART I. OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT. Newton, in his Opuscula, suggests a law respecting the communication of heat which has long served as a basis for the calculation of phibody exposed to a constant cooling cause, such losophers. He assumes, a priori, that a heated to lose at each instant a quantity of heat proas the uniform action of a current of air, ought that of the ambient air; and that consequently portional to the excess of its temperature above its losses of heat, in equal and successive portions of time, ought to form a decreasing geoHeat, pointed out, however, long ago the inaccumetrical progression. Martin, in his Essays on racy of this law, and Erxleben proved, by very supposed law increases more and more as we accurate observations, that the deviation of the consider greater differences of temperatures: he concludes that we should fall into very great errors if we extended the law much beyond the temperature at which it has been verified. Yet Mr. Leslie since, in his Researches on Heat, has made this law the basis of several determinations; and Messrs. Dulong and Petit have investigated the true law in a masterly manner. They employed in this research mercurial the"mometers, whose bulbs were froin 0-8 of an inch to 2.6; the latter containing about three pounds of mercury. They found, by preliminary trials, that the ratio of cooling was not affected by the size of the bulb, and that it held also in comparisons of mercury, with water, with absolute alcohol, and with sulphuric acid, through a range of temperature from 60° to 30° of the centigrade scale; so that the ratio of the velocity of cooling between 60° and 50°, and 40° and 30°, was sensibly the same. in a tin plate, and in a glass sphere, they found On cooling water the law of cooling to be more rapid in the forbut, by a very remarkable casualty, the contrary mer, at temperatures under the boiling point; effect takes place in bodies heated to high temperatures, when the law of cooling in tin plates becomes least rapid. which cools by a most rapid law at the lower Hence, generally, that part of the scale, becomes the least rapid at high temperatures. Mr. Leslie, says these gentlemen, obtained such inaccurate results respecting this question, because he did not make experiments on the cooling of bodies raised to high temperatures. They terminate their preliminary researches by experiments on the cooling of water in three tin-plate vessels of the same capacity, the first of which was a sphere, the second and third cylinders; from which we learn that the law of cooling is not affected by the difference of shape. The researches on cooling in a vacuum were made with an exhausted balloon; and a compensation was calculated for the minute quantity of residuary gas. The following series was ob |